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2008
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Birkeland, K.W.,
P. Bartelt, and T. Meiners. Avalanche survival strategies
for different parts of a flowing avalanche: Merging theory
and practice to increase your odds. The Avalanche Review
26(3), February, 2008. [Article] |
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2007
|
Simenhois, R.
and K.W. Birkeland. 2007. An update on the Extended Column
Test: New recording standards and additional data analyses.
The Avalanche Review 26(2), December, 2007. [Article] |
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2006
|
Birkeland, K.W. and D. Chabot. 2006. Minimizing "false
stable" stability test results: Why digging more snowpits
is a good idea. Proceedings of the 2006 International
Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W., S. Savage, S. Trautman, K. Kronholm, S.
Logan, and J. Schweizer. 2006. Uncertainties in assessing
the stability of fractured slopes. Proceedings of the
2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride,
Colorado. [Article
- 3.4 MB]
Greene, E. T. Wiesinger, K.W. Birkeland, C. Coléou,
A. Jones, and G. Statham. Fatal avalanche accidents and
forecasted danger levels: Pattern in the United States,
Canada, Switzerland, and France. Proceedings of the 2006
International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado.
[Article]
Lutz, E., K.W. Birkeland, M. Schneebeli, K.J. Hansen, and
K. Kronholm. 2006. Associations between shear strength of
a buried surface hoar layer and stratigraphic, topographic
and vegetation characteristics on a "uniform"
slope. Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science
Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Extended
abstract]
McCollister, C. and K.W. Birkeland. 2006. Using geographic
information systems for avalanche work. The Avalanche
Review, Vol. 24, No. 4 [Article
(large file!) - 14 MB]
Schweizer, J., K. Kronholm, J.B. Jamieson, and K. Birkeland.
2006. Spatial variability - So what? Proceedings of the
2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride,
Colorado. [Article]
Simenhois, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2006. The extended column
test: A field test for fracture initiation and propagation.
Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop,
Telluride, Colorado. [Article]
Trautman, S., E. Lutz, K.W. Birkeland, and S.G. Custer.
2006. Relating wet snow avalanching to surficial shear strength.
Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop,
Telluride, Colorado. [Article
- 5.5 MB]
|
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2005
|
Mock, C.J., K.W.
Birkeland, J.J. Shinker, and M. Bergen. 2005. Snow avalanche
climate and extremes of the western United States mountain
ranges. Poster presented at the 2005 Meeting of the American
Geophysical Union. [Poster] |
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2004
|
Abromeit, D. 2004. United States military for avalanche
control program: A short history in time. Proceedings
of the International Symposium on Snow Monitoring and Avalanches,
Manali, India, in press. [Article
- 7.5 MB]
Birkeland, K.W. 2004. Comments on using shear quality and
fracture character to improve stability test interpretation.
The Avalanche Review, Vol. 23, No. 2. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and K. Kronholm. 2004. A comparison of
the spatial patterns of penetration resistance of slabs
and weak layers. Proceedings of the 2004 International
Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Extended
abstract]
Birkeland, K., K. Kronholm, and S. Logan. 2004. A comparison
of the spatal structure of the penetration resistance of
snow layers in two different snow climates. Proceedings
of the International Symposium on Snow Monitoring and Avalanches,
Manali, India, in press. [Article]
Chabot, D., M. Kahrl, K. Birkeland, and C. Anker. 2004.
Snowpilot: A "new school" tool for collecting,
graphing, and databasing snowpit and avalanche occurrence
data with a PDA. Proceedings of the 2004 International
Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Extended
abstract]
Cooperstein, M., K. Birkeland, and K. Hansen. 2004. The
effects of slope aspect on the formation of surface hoar
and diurnally recrystallized near-surface faceted crystal:
implications for avalanche forecasting. Proceedings of
the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson
Hole, Wyoming. [Article]
Greene, E.M., K.W. Birkeland, K. Elder, G. Johnson, C.
Landry, I. McCammon, M. Moore, D. Sharaf, C. Sterbenz, B.
Tremper, and K. Williams. 2004. Snow, weather, and avalanches:
Observational guidelines for avalanche programs in the United
States. American Avalanche Association, Pagosa Springs,
Colorado. 140 pp. [To view the guidelines, go here]
[Article for ISSW
Proceedings]
Kronholm, K. and K.W. Birkeland. 2004. Relating spatial
variability to snow stability using a cellular automaton
model initialized with field data. Proceedings of the
2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole,
Wyoming. [Article]
Lutz, E.R., K.W. Birkeland, K. Kronholm, K. Hansen, and
R. Aspinall. 2004. Correlating snow micro-structure with
snow shear strength. Proceedings of the 2004 International
Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Extended
abstract]
Logan, S., K. Birkeland, K. Kronholm, and K. Hansen. 2004.
Temporal changes in the spatial variability of shear strength
and stability. Proceedings of the 2004 International
Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Article]
Romig, J., S. Custer, K. Birkeland, and W. Locke. 2004.
March wet avalanche prediction at Bridger Bowl Ski Area,
Montana. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science
Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Article]
Trautman, S., S. Custer, and K. Birkeland. 2004. Investigations
of melt-induced deformation in an isothermal snowpack. Proceedings
of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson
Hole, Wyoming. [Abstract]
[Poster]
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2002
|
Abromeit, D. and B. Cardozo. 2002. Avalanche accident case
study: Persistent buried weak layer in the Central Idaho
Mountains. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow
Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 194-199. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and C.C. Landry. 2002. Changes in spatial
patterns of snow stability through time. Proceedings
of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton,
BC, Canada, 482-490. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and C.C. Landry. 2002. Size/frequency power
law relationships for several groups of snow avalanche paths.
Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop,
Penticton, BC, Canada, 31. [Article]
Deems, J., K. Birkeland, and K. Hansen. 2002. Topographic
influence on the spatial patterns of snow temperature gradients
in a mountain snowpack. Proceedings of the 2002 International
Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 384-391.
[Article]
Deems, J., K. Birkeland, and K. Hansen. 2002. Geographic
variation in snow temperature gradients in a mountain snowpack.
Proceedings of the 2002 Western Snow Conference,
Granby, Colorado, May 20-23, 2002, p. 130-137. [Article]
Johnson, R.F. and K.W. Birkeland. 2002. Integrating shear
quality into stability test results. Proceedings of the
2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton,
BC, Canada 508-513. [Article]
Kozak, M., K. Elder, K. Birkeland, C. Chapman. 2002. Investigating
the relationship between slab hardness and the stuffblock
stability test. The Avalanche Review, 21(2), 12-13.
Kozak, M., K. Elder, K. Birkeland, and P. Chapman. 2002.
Predicting snow layer hardness with meteorological factors.
Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop,
Penticton, BC, Canada, 329-336. [Article]
Landry, C.C. and K.W. Birkeland. Scale invariant relationships
for snow avalanches. Poster presented at the 2002 American
Geophysical Union Conference, San Francisco, California,
December, 2002. [Poster]
Landry, C., K. Birkeland, K. Hansen, J. Borkowski, R. Brown,
and R. Aspinall. 2002. Snow stability on uniform slopes:
Implications for extrapolation. Proceedings of the 2002
International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC,
Canada, 532-539. [Article]
McCollister, C., K. Birkeland, K. Hansen, R. Aspinall,
R. Comey. 2002. A probabilistic technique for exploring
multi-scale spatial patterns in historical avalanche data
by combining GIS and meteorological nearest neighbors with
an example from the Jackson Hole Ski Area, Wyoming. Proceedings
of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton,
BC, Canada, 109-116. [Article (2 MB)]
|
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2000
|
Birkeland, K.W. and D. Abromeit. 2000. The "new"
Forest Service National Avalanche Center. The Avalanche
Review 19(1):1-7.
Gassner, M., H.-J. Etter, K. Birkeland, and T. Leonard.
2000. NXD2000: An improved avalanche forecasting program
based on the nearest neighbor method. Proceedings of
the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky,
Montana, 52-59.
Kozak, M., K. Elder, and K. Birkeland. 2000. The spatial
and temporal variability of slab hardness. Proceedings
of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop, Big
Sky, Montana, 115-120.
Lundy, C., R. Brown, E. Adams, K. Birkeland, M. Lehning.
2000. A statistical validation of the SNOWPACK model in
a Montana climate. Proceedings of the 2000 International
Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, Montana, 259-265.
McCollister, C., K. Birkeland, K. Hansen, and R. Aspinall.
2000. Using GIS to visualize historical avalanche data.
Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop,
Big Sky, Montana, 439.
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1999
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Mock, C.J. and
K.W. Birkeland. 1999. Avalanche climate regions of the western
United States: An update. The Avalanche Review 17(3):6-7. |
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1998
|
Birkeland, K.W. 1998. Snow stability patterns throughout
the Bridger Range, Montana. Proceedings of the 1998 International
Snow Science Workshop, Sunriver, Oregon, 362-367.
Birkeland, K.W. 1998. Forming faceted crystals. The
Beacon: A newletter for Friends of the CAIC, 3(1), 4-5.
Birkeland, K.W. 1998. Near-surface faceted crystals: Sometimes
today's great skiing can become tomorrow's avalanche nightmare.
The Avalanche Review, 17(1), 6-7. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. 1998. The Gallatin National Forest Avalanche
Center. The Avalanche Review, 16(4), 1-3.
Johnson, R.F. and K.W. Birkeland. Effectively using and
interpreting stability tests. Proceedings of the 1998
International Snow Science Workshop, Sunriver, Oregon,
562-565.
Stock, J., K. Elder and K. Birkeland. Near-surface faceted
crystals and their effect on snow stability, Red Mountain
Pass Corridor, Colorado. Proceedings of the 66th Western
Snow Conference, Snowbird, Utah, 143-146.
|
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1996
|
Birkeland, K.W., R.F. Johnson, and D. Herzberg. 1996. The
stuffblock snow stability test. U.S. Forest Service Missoula
Technology Development Center publication 9623-2836-MTDC.
[Report (2 MB)]
Birkeland, K.W., R.F. Johnson, and D.S. Schmidt. 1996.
Near-surface faceted crystals: Conditions necessary for
growth and contribution to avalanche formation, southwest
Montana, U.S.A. Proceedings of the 1996 International
Snow Science Workshop, Banff, Alberta, 75-79.
Birkeland, K.W. 1996. The effect of ski run cutting and
artificial snowmaking on snow water equivalent at Big Sky
Ski Area, Montana. Proceedings of the 64th Western Snow
Conference, Bend, Oregon, 137-148.
Birkeland, K.W. 1996. Avalanche hazard analysis for the
various alternatives, New World environmental impact statement,
Gallatin National Forest, Bozeman, Montana, 25 pp.
|
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1994
|
Birkeland, K.W. and K. Elder. 1994. Snow science, necessary
instruments, and the scientific method. The Avalanche
Review, 12(6), 3-7. [Article]
Johnson, R.F. and K.W. Birkeland. 1994. The stuffblock:
A simple and inexpensive snow stability test. Proceedings
of the 1994 International Snow Science Workshop, Snowbird,
Utah.
|
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1993
|
Birkeland, K.W.
1993. Recipe for starting a regional avalanche center. The
Avalanche Review, 11(6), 4. |
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1992
|
Birkeland, K.W. 1992. Avalanches and extreme snowmobilers.
The Avalanche Review, 10(4), 1-3.
Birkeland, K.W. 1992. Anatomy of a snowmobile-triggered
avalanche fatality. The Avalanche Review, 10(4),
5.
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1990
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Brown, R.L. and
K.W. Birkeland. 1990. A comparison of the digital resistograph
with the RAM penetrometer. Proceedings of the 1990 International
Snow Science Workshop, Bigfork, Montana, 19-30. |
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1988
|
Birkeland, K.W.
and T. Leonard. 1988. An inexpensive bomb tram for aerial
detonations. The Avalanche Review, 6(4), 8. [Article]
(for another article on bomb trams by Bridger Bowl's Ray Dombrowski
from the same issue of The Avalanche Review, click
here) |