| Letter |
|
Preface |
|
1.0
REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY END USE AND INFRASTRUCTURE
|
1.1�Transportation |
| 1.1.1 |
Light Vehicles � Hybrids,
Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles |
|
| 1.1.2 |
Heavy Vehicles |
|
| 1.1.3 |
Alternative-Fueled Vehicles |
|
| 1.1.4 |
Intelligent Transportation
Systems Infrastructure |
|
| 1.1.5 |
Aviation |
|
| 1.1.6 |
Transit Buses � Urban Duty
Cycle, Heavy Vehicles |
|
1.2��Buildings |
| 1.2.1 |
Building Equipment, Appliances,
and Lighting |
|
| 1.2.2 |
Building Envelope (Insulation,
Walls, Roof) |
|
| 1.2.3 |
Intelligent Building Systems |
|
| 1.2.4 |
Urban Heat Island Technologies
|
|
1.3��Infrastructure |
| 1.3.1 |
High-Temperature Superconductivity |
|
| 1.3.2 |
Transmission and Distribution
Technologies |
|
| 1.3.3 |
Distributed Generation and
Combined Heat and Power |
|
| 1.3.4 |
Energy Storage |
|
| 1.3.5 |
Sensors, Controls, and Communications |
|
| 1.3.6 |
Power Electronics |
|
1.4��Industry |
| 1.4.1 |
Energy Conversion and Utilization |
|
| 1.4.2 |
Resource Recovery and Utilization |
|
| 1.4.3 |
Industrial Process Efficiency |
|
| 1.4.4 |
Enabling Technologies for
Industrial Processes |
|
2.0
REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SUPPLY
|
2.1��Low Emissions Fossil-Based Power and Fuels |
| 2.1.1 |
Zero-Emission Power, Hydrogen,
and Other Value-Added Products |
|
| 2.1.2 |
High-Efficiency Coal/Solid
Feedstock |
|
| 2.1.3 |
High-Efficiency Gas Fuel
Cell/Hybrid Power Systems |
|
2.2��Hydrogen |
| 2.2.1 |
Hydrogen Production from
Nuclear Fission and Fusion |
|
| 2.2.2 |
Integrated Hydrogen Energy
Systems |
|
| 2.2.3 |
Hydrogen Production |
|
| 2.2.4 |
Hydrogen Storage and Distribution |
|
| 2.2.5 |
Hydrogen Use |
|
| 2.2.6 |
Hydrogen Infrastructure
Safety R&D |
|
2.3 Renewable Energy and Fuels |
| 2.3.1 |
Wind Energy |
|
| 2.3.2 |
Solar Photovoltaic Power |
|
| 2.3.3 |
Solar Buildings |
|
| 2.3.4 |
Concentrating Solar Power |
|
| 2.3.5 |
Biochemical Conversion of
Biomass |
|
| 2.3.6 |
Thermochemical Conversion
of Biomass |
|
| 2.3.7 |
Biomass Residues |
|
| 2.3.8 |
Energy Crops |
|
| 2.3.9 |
Photoconversion |
|
| 2.3.10 |
Advanced Hydropower |
|
| 2.3.11 |
Geothermal Energy |
|
2.4�Nuclear Fission |
| 2.4.1 |
Existing Plant Research
and Development |
|
| 2.4.2 |
Next-Generation Fission
Energy Systems |
|
| 2.4.3 |
Near-Term Nuclear Power
Plant Systems |
|
| 2.4.4 |
Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Processes |
|
2.5�Nuclear Fusion |
| 2.5.1 |
Fusion Power |
|
3.0
CAPTURING AND SEQUESTERING CARBON DIOXIDE
|
3.1�Geologic Sequestration |
| 3.1.1 |
CO2 Capture and
Separation |
|
| 3.1.2 |
CO2 Storage in
Geologic Formations |
|
| 3.1.3 |
Novel Sequestration Systems |
|
3.2��Terrestrial Sequestration |
3.2.1. Land Management
|
| 3.2.1.1 |
Cropland Management and
Precision Agriculture |
|
| 3.2.1.2 |
Converting Croplands to
Reserves and Buffers |
|
| 3.2.1.3 |
Advanced Forest and Wood
Products Management |
|
| 3.2.1.4 |
Grazing Management |
|
| 3.2.1.5 |
Restoration of Degraded
Rangelands |
|
| 3.2.1.6 |
Wetland Restoration, Management,
and Carbon Sequestration |
|
| 3.2.1.7 |
Carbon Sequestration on
Reclaimed Mined Lands |
|
3.2.2. Biotechnology |
| 3.2.2.1 |
Biotechnology and Soil Carbon
|
|
3.2.3. Improved Measurement
and Monitoring |
| 3.2.3.1 |
Terrestrial Sensors, Measurements,
and Modeling |
|
| 3.2.3.2 |
Measuring and Monitoring
Systems for Forests |
|
3.3��Ocean Sequestration |
| 3.3.1 |
Ocean Sequestration - Direct
Injection |
|
| 3.3.2 |
Ocean Sequestration - Iron
Fertilization |
|
4.0
REDUCING POTENTIAL FOR CLIMATE EFFECTS OF NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE
GASES
|
4.1�Methane Emissions from Energy and Waste |
| 4.1.1 |
Anaerobic
and Aerobic Bioreactor Landfills |
|
| 4.1.2 |
Conversion of Landfill
Gas to Alternative Uses |
|
| 4.1.3 |
Electricity Generation
Technologies for Landfill Gas |
|
| 4.1.4 |
Advances in Coal Mine Ventilation
Air Systems |
|
| 4.1.5 |
Advances in Coal Mine Methane
Recovery Systems |
|
| 4.1.6 |
Measurement
and Monitoring Technology for Natural Gas Systems |
|
4.2��Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agriculture |
| 4.2.1 |
Advanced Agricultural Systems
for N2O Emission Reduction |
|
| 4.2.2 |
Methane Reduction Options
for Manure Management |
|
| 4.2.3 |
Advanced Agricultural Systems
for Enteric Emissions Reduction |
|
4.3 Emissions of High Global-Warming Potential
Gases |
| 4.3.1 |
Semiconductor Industry:�
Abatement Technologies |
|
| 4.3.2 |
Semiconductor Industry:�
Substitutes for High GWP Gases |
|
| 4.3.3 |
Semiconductors and Magnesium:�
Recovery and Recycle |
|
| 4.3.4 |
Aluminum Industry:� Perfluorocarbon
Emissions |
|
| 4.3.5 |
Electric Power Systems and
Magnesium:� Substitutes for SF6 |
|
| 4.3.6 |
Supermarket Refrigeration:�
Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions |
|
4.4�Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Combustion and Industrial
Sources |
| 4.4.1 |
Nitrous Oxide Abatement
Technologies for Nitric Acid Production |
|
| 4.4.2 |
Nitrous Oxide Abatement
Technologies for Transportation |
|
4.5 Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors
and Black Carbon |
| 4.5.1 |
Abatement Technologies for
Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Black Carbon |
|
5.0
ENHANCING CAPABILITIES TO MEASURE AND MONITOR EMISSIONS
|
| 5.1 |
Hierarchical MM Observation
System |
|
| 5.2 |
MM for Energy Efficiency |
|
| 5.3 |
MM for Geologic Carbon Sequestration |
|
| 5.4 |
MM for Terrestrial Carbon
Sequestration |
|
| 5.5 |
MM for Ocean Carbon Sequestration |
|
| 5.6 |
MM for Other GHG |
|
Library
