The ocean communicates with the atmosphere via its surface.   Because the ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface, Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) dominate surface temperature, which is a fundamental measure of climate change. SSTs also control sequestration of heat and CO₂ in the ocean, amounts and patterns of precipitation, and large scale circulation of the atmosphere which affects weather. SSTs influence tropical cyclones, and patterns of climate variability, such as El Niño.  Surface currents, which transport large amounts of heat from the tropics to subpolar latitudes, exert large influence over SSTs.  More ....

The ocean is the Earth's greatest reservoir for heat that accumulates as a result of the planetary energy imbalance caused by greenhouse warming.  Heat absorbed by the ocean raises ocean temperatures, including sea surface temperatures.  Quantifying heat sequestration via measurement of ocean temperature is, therefore, critical to predicting global temperature rise attributable to greenhouse gas emissions.  Increased storage of heat leads to thermal expansion of water, causing an increase in sea level with profound impacts on coastal communities and ecosystems. More ....

The ocean, which stores the bulk of the sun's energy absorbed by the planet, communicates with the atmosphere via exchanges across the ocean surface. These air-sea fluxes need to be quantified in order to identify changes in forcing functions driving ocean and atmospheric circulation, which in turn control the redistribution of heat, thereby influencing global and regional climate.  Evaporation of water from the ocean is an essential component of the global water cycle, which is also influenced by climate change. More ....

Sea level rise, caused by warming and expansion of ocean water and by melting and runoff of land-based ice, is both an impact and a diagnostic of the Earth's energy imbalance caused by greenhouse warming.   Rising sea levels have profound, regionally varying impacts on coastal communities and ecosystems.  Quantification of sea level rise provides a sensitive measure of how much heat is sequestered in the ocean as a consequence of greenhouse warming. More ....

Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide (CO₂) results in sequestration of about a third of all anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. As such, the ocean constitutes a large sink for the greenhouse gas most responsible for global climate change.  In addition, uptake of CO₂ results in acidification of the ocean, with potentially significant impacts on marine biota.  Observations are necessary, also, to better understand how cycling among carbon reservoirs varies on seasonal-to-decadal time scales. More ....