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Dividends From Wood Research
Recent Publications From July - December 2003
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Explanation and Instructions
"Dividends From Wood Research" is a semiannual listing of recent publications resulting from wood utilization research at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). These publications are produced to encourage and facilitate application of Forest Service research. This issue lists publications received between July 1 and December 31, 2005.
Each publication listed in this brochure is available through at least one of the following sources.
Available from FPL (indicated by an order number before the title of the publication): Quantities limited. Order by sending the item number and your complete mailing address.
Available through Internet: Listed publications are available as PDF documents for viewing or printing through links provided in this document.
Available through sales outlets: Major sales outlets are the Superintendent of Documents, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and various private publishers. Order directly from the outlet.
Available through libraries: Research publications are available through many public and university libraries in the United States and elsewhere. U.S. Government publications are also available through many Government Depository Libraries. Check with a major library near you to determine availability.
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- Accidental Mold/Termite Testing of High Density Fiberboard (HDF) Treated With Borates and N'N-naphthaloylhydroxylamine
(NHA) (PDF 39 KB) Kartal, S. Nami; Burdsall, Harold H., Jr.; Green, Frederick, III. 2003. In: Biology. Sec. 1. Proceedings,
34th annual meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation; 2003 May 18-24; Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Stockholm, Sweden: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation: IRG/WP 03-10462.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/karta03b.pdf
- Gas Chromatographic Determination of 1.8-Naphthalimide, N-Hydroxy-1.8-Naphthalimide (N,N-Naphthaloylhydroxylamine)
and the Sodium Salt of N-Hydroxy-1.8-Naphthalimide (PDF 605 KB) Melcher, Eckhard; Green, Frederick, III. 2003. In: Test Methodology
and Assessment. Sec. 2. Proceedings, 34th annual meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation; 2003 May 18-24;
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Stockholm, Sweden: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation: IRG/WP/03-20259.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/melch03a.pdf
- Chlorination and Cleavage of Lignin Structures by Fungal Chloroperoxidases (PDF 119 KB) Ortiz-Berm�dez,
Patricia; Srebotnik, Ewald; Hammel, Kenneth E. 2003. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(8): 5015-5018.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/ortiz03a.pdf
- Durability of Structural Lumber Products at High Temperatures. Part I-66 C at 75% RH and 82 C
at 30% RH (PDF 213 KB) Green, David W.; Evans, James W.; Craig, Bruce A. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci. 35(4): 499-523.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/green03e.pdf
- Analysis of Wood Cantilever Loaded at Free End (PDF 140 KB) Liu, Jen Y.; Rammer, Douglas
R. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci. 35(3):334-340.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/liu03a.pdf
- Characteristics of Ten Tropical Hardwoods From Certified Forests in Bolivia, Part II. Natural
Durability to Decay Fungi (PDF 200 KB) Miller, Regis B.; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C.; Williams, R. Sam; Stockman, Willy; Green, Frederick,
III. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci. 35(3):429-433.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/mille03a.pdf
- Migration of Iron and Manganese into CCA-Treated Wood in Soil Contact and the Resulting Error
in Leaching Results When Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers (PDF 92 KB) Schultz, Tor P.; Nicholas, Darrel
D.; Lebow, Stan. 2003. Forest Prod. J. 53(9): 77-80.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/schul03b.pdf
- Estimating Air Drying Times of Small-Diameter Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir Logs
(PDF 2.66 MB) Simpson, William T.; Wang, Xiping. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-613. 14 p.
Because dense stands of softwood trees are causing forest health problems in the western United States, new ways to use this material need to be found. One option is to use this material as logs rather than sawing it into lumber. For many applications, logs require some degree of drying. Even though these logs may be considered small diameter, they are large compared with the thickness of typical lumber, and they may require uneconomically long kiln drying times. Air drying is a logical alternative to kiln drying, but the variables involved make estimating air drying times difficult. In this study, we developed experimental air drying time data for 4- to 8-in.- (102- to 203-mm-) diameter ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir debarked logs stacked at four different times of the year. These data were used to develop multiple linear and nonlinear regression models that relate daily moisture content loss to moisture content at the start of the day, average daily temperature and relative humidity, and log diameter. The models provide a way to calculate estimated air drying times for logs stacked at any time of the year and at any location where historic weather data is available. It also provides a way to estimate the benefit of simple, low-cost dryers in reducing drying time. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp613.pdf
- Developing and Commercializing Sustainable New Wood Products--A Process for Identifying Viable
Products (PDF 1.2 MB) Enk, Gordon A.; Hart, Stuart I., eds. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-136. 46 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr136.pdf
A process was designed to evaluate the sustainability and potential marketability of US Forest Service patented technologies. The process was designed and tested jointly by the University of North Carolina, the University of Michigan, Partners for Strategic Change, and the US Forest Service. Two technologies were evaluated: a fiber-based product and a wood fiber/fiberglass composite technology. The results indicate several different ways in which the technologies might be exploited to produce new commercial products for both domestic and international markets, through licensing of the patents and other agency/industry partnerships. The report represents the initial effort by the Forest Service to work in partnership with business schools to evaluate the commercial potential of patented agency technologies and locate potential licensees and cooperators interested in utilizing the technologies. The Forest Service will seek additional cooperative ventures with university business schools to develop business plans for other patented, but as yet unlicensed, technologies as the next step in the process of commercializing these technologies.
- Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation Into the United States of Unprocessed Logs
and Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species From Australia (PDF 1.7 MB) Kliejunas, John T.; Burdsall, Harold H., Jr.; DeNitto,
Gregg A.; Eglitis, Andris; Haugen, Dennis A.; Harverty, Michael I.; Micales, Jessie A.; Tkacz, Borys M.; Powell, Mark R. 2003.
USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-137. 206 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr137.pdf
The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unprocessed logs and chips of 18 species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. cloeziana, E. delegatensis, E. diversicolor, E. dunnii, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. ovata, E. pilularis, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, E. viminalis, Corymbia calophylla, C. citriodora, and C. maculata) from Australia into the United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of concern. Twenty-two individual pest risk assessments were prepared, fifteen dealing with insects and seven with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the wood of eucalypts.
- Proceedings of the 2002 TAPPI fall technical conference and trade fair; 2002 September 8-22; San Diego, CA. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press
- Can Laboratory and Pilot Recycling Trials Predict Adhesive Removal in Commercial Recycling Systems?
Results from the USPS Environmentally Benign Stamp Project (PDF 49 KB) Houtman, Carl; Seiter, Daniel; Ross Sutherland, Nancy;
Donemeyer, Donald. 2002. 6 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/houtm02a.pdf
- Properties of Fiber Made With Biopulped Wood (PDF 124 KB) Hunt, Chris; Davis, Mark; Houtman, Carl.
2002. 5 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/hunt02b.pdf
- Microwaving Logs for Energy Savings and Improved Paper Properties for Mechanical Pulps (PDF 727
KB) Scott, C. Tim; Klungness, John; Lentz, Mike; Horn, Eric; Akhtar, Masood. 2002. 10 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/scott02b.pdf
- Pulp Extrusion at Ultra-High Consistencies: Selection of Watersoluble Polymers for Process Optimization
(PDF 350 KB) Scott, C. Tim. 2002. 9 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/scott02a.pdf
- Small-Diameter Trees Used for Chemithermomechanical Pulps (PDF 1.1 MB) Myers, Gary
C.; Barbour, R. James; AbuBakr, Said M. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-141. 12 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr141.pdf
To restore and maintain forest ecosystem health and function in the western interior of the United States, many small-diameter stems need to be removed from densely stocked stands. In general, these materials are underutilized. Information on the properties of these resources is needed to help forest managers understand when timber sales are a viable option to accomplish ecosystem management objectives. Providing proof that this small-diameter material yields quality pulp would help increase its value and therefore help remove it from the forest. This study examines the acceptability of the small-diameter resource as a raw material for high-yield chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP), which has the potential for improved fiber characteristics and paper strength compared with those of thermomechanical pulping (TMP). Pulps using CTMP were prepared from lodgepole pine and mixed Douglas-fir/western larch sawmill residue chips; lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and western larch submerchantable logs; and lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and western larch small trees. These small-diameter pulps were compared with commercially obtained sawmill residue chips of a Douglas-fir/western larch mixture and lodgepole pine. These pulps were also evaluated to see if CTMP improved the properties of the final product compared with products made using TMP. Compared with the controls, the CTMP prepared from Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine small trees and Douglas-fir submerchantable logs consumed more electrical energy during pulp preparation and had higher paper strength properties and lower optical properties. Also compared with the controls, lodgepole pine submerchantable logs consumed about the same electrical energy and had marginal strength properties and higher optical properties. Western larch submerchantable logs and small trees had the lowest electrical energy consumption of all pulps tested, low strength properties, but some of the higher optical properties. Western larch submerchantable logs and small trees appear to be unsuitable for CTMP. For the majority of the materials, CTMP improved the properties of the final product compared with corresponding TMP.
- 3D Engineered Fiberboard: Engineering Analysis of a New Building Product (PDF 222 KB) Hunt, John
F.; Winandy, Jerrold E. 2003. In: Proceedings, EcoComp 2003; 2003 September 1-2; London, England: Queen Mary, University of London.
Proc. Pap. 8.02: 8 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/hunt03a.pdf
- Lam I-Joists: A New Structural Building Product From Small-Daimeter, Fire-Prone Timber (PDF 1.5 MB)
Hunt, John F.; Winandy, Jerrold E. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note . Rep. FPL-RN-0291. 5 p.
The goal of our research is to promote healthy and sustainable forests by developing value-added uses for curved and small-diameter trees. In typical North American logging or thinning operations, much of this low-value timber is felled and left on the ground, chipped, or burned because most mills are not equipped to handle it. By understanding the fundamental processing requirements for and the mechanical properties of curved and small-diameter material, we can gain insight into possible options for using this resource. Through cooperative efforts with industry, universities, and government institutions, we are working to use innovative technologies to investigate the potential for using an additional 8.5 to 17 million board feet per year of fire-prone "woody" fuel per forest unit for value-added products. In the study reported here, research was focused on processing small-diameter curved and cull timber into dimensional 2 by 4 studs and then converting that material into a value-added laminated I-beam, called LamLumber. This report describes research to date on processing needs and basic research being conducted on small-diameter timber. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn291.pdf
- Confidence Intervals for Predicting Lumber Strength Properties Based on Ratios of Percentiles From Two Weibull Populations (PDF 750 KB)
Johnson, Richard A.; Evans, James W.; Green, David W. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-606. 8 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp606.pdf
Ratios of strength properties of lumber are commonly used to calculate property values for standards. Although originally proposed in terms of means, ratios are being applied without regard to position in the distribution. It is now known that lumber strength properties are generally not normally distributed. Therefore, nonparametric methods are often used to derive property values. In some situations, estimating properties based on a parametric estimate is required. For these situations, the three-parameter Weibull distribution looks promising. To use this approach, procedures for estimating confidence intervals for ratios of percentiles from two Weibull populations are needed. In this study, we employed the large sample properties of maximum likelihood estimators to obtain a confidence interval for the ratio of 100th percentiles from two different three-parameter Weibull distributions. The coverage probabilities were investigated by a computer simulation study. We concluded that the procedure has considerable promise, but many questions remain to be answered.
- Field Performance Testing of Improved Engineered Wood Fiber Surfaces for Accessible Playground Areas (PDF 2.7 MB)
Laufenberg, Theodore L.; Winandy, Jerrold E. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-138. 10 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr138.pdf
Some engineered wood fiber (EWF) surfaces on playgrounds are soft and uneven, which creates difficulties for those who use mobility aids, such as wheelchairs and walkers. The outdoor field testing reported in this study is part of an effort to stabilize EWF to improve accessibility. The concept is to mix a binder with the upper surface of EWF to create a stiff (firm) and scuff-resistant (stable) composite overlayer. Latex, silicone, and polyurethane binders were evaluated on small plots during a 6-month outdoor trial in Wisconsin. Tests were performed at regular intervals to provide a quantitative measure of accessibility. After 6 months of exposure, all the surfaces passed the existing specifications for impact attenuation of playground surfaces. Exposure changed impact performance of all systems except the unsurfaced (without an additive) EWF. The latex and polyurethane stabilizers consistently met accessibility requirements. One polyurethane formulation produced a hard brittle shell that became even harder with exposure and age, which might increase the injury rate for falls on that surface. The silicone system failed to maintain integrity adequately during the rain/dry cycles of the test. Moisture measurements indicate that the bonded surfaces retard drying of the underlying EWF, which may have long-term implications for the rate of decay for these systems.
- Moisture Diffusion Through a Corrugated Fiberboard Under Compressive Loading: Its Deformation and Stiffness
Response (PDF 95 KB) Rahman, Adeeb A.; Urbanik, Thomas J.; Mahamid, Mustafa. 2002. In: Proceedings, 2002 Progress in paper
physics seminar; 2002 September 8-13; Syracuse, NY. Rochester, NY: Rochester Institute of Technology: 85-88.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/rahma02a.pdf
- Comparison of Postbuckling Model and Finite Element Model With Compression Strength of Corrugated
Boxes (PDF 110 KB) Urbanik, Thomas J.; Saliklis, Edmond P. 2002. In: Proceedings, 2002 Progress in paper physics seminar;
2002 September 8-13; Syracuse, NY. Rochester, NY: Rochester Institute of Technology: 4 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/urban02b.pdf
- Finite Element Corroboration of Buckling Phenomena Observed in Corrugated Boxes (PDF 237 KB)
Urbanik, Thomas J.; Saliklis, Edmond P. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci. 35(3): 322-333.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/urban03a.pdf
- Creosote Retention Levels of Timber Highway Bridge Superstructures in Michigan's Lower Peninsula (PDF
2.0 MB) Wacker, James P.; Crawford, Douglas M.; Eriksson, Merv O. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note. FPL-RN-0289. 17 p. Environmental concerns about preservative bleeding (or migrating) from timber bridges have increased in recent years. This preliminary study examined the creosote retention levels at six timber highway bridges in Michigan's lower peninsula during the summer of 2000. Several test core samples were removed from the bridge superstructures (four bleeders and two controls) and were evaluated for creosote content in the laboratory. Results from three of the four bleeder bridges indicated high creosote retention levels between 36 and 52 lb/ft3 (576.7 and 833 kg/m3) after several years in service. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn289.pdf
- Flexural Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber Manufactured From Ultrasonically Rated Red
Maple Veneer--A Pilot Study (PDF 651 KB) Wang, Xiping; Ross, Robert J.; Brashaw, Brian K.; Verhey, Steven A.; Forsman,
John W.; Erickson, John R. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0288. 5 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn288.pdf
The study described in this report was conducted to examine the flexural properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) manufactured from red maple veneer. Ultrasonically rated veneer, which was peeled from low value red maple sawlogs, was fabricated into 1/2-in.- (1.3-cm-) and 2-in.- (5-cm-) thick LVL billets. The flexural properties of the billets and of corresponding small specimens cut from the billets were determined through flatwise and edgewise static bending tests. Ultrasonic wave propagation time and corresponding dynamic modulus of elasticity of red maple veneer were found to be well correlated to strength and stiffness of LVL billets. The edgewise bending modulus of elasticity of the 2-in.- (5-cm-) thick LVL showed a positive relationship to the veneer layup pattern in terms of ultrasonic rating of veneer. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate that veneer peeled from low value red maple sawlogs may be used to manufacture high quality LVL products. The structural performance of red maple LVL billets might be improved through ultrasonic rating of individual veneer sheets.
- Potential of Chicken Feather Fibre in Wood MDF Composites (PDF 141 KB) Winandy, Jerrold E.; Muehl,
James H.; Micales, Jessie A.; Raina Ashok; Schmidt, Walter 2003. In: Proceedings, EcoComp 2003; 2003 September 1-2; London, England:
Queen Mary, University of London. Proc. Pap. P.20: 6 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/winan03d.pdf
- FPL-PELPS: A Price Endogenous Linear Programming System for Economic Modeling, Supplement to
PELPS III, Version 1.1 (PDF 811 KB) Lebow, Patricia K.; Spelter, Henry; Ince, Peter J. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-614. 32 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp614.pdf
This report provides documentation and user information for FPL-PELPS, a personal computer price endogenous linear programming system for economic modeling. Originally developed to model the North American pulp and paper industry, FPL-PELPS follows its predecessors in allowing the modeling of any appropriate sector to predict consumption, production and capacity by technology, and trade within or among several regions or countries. The theoretical structure is that of spatial equilibrium modeling under competitive market assumptions. This report contains a mathematical description of the system, including its extensions from previous versions, and a detailed user's guide with an application of FPL-PELPS.
- Structural Wood Products in Onshore Buildings at Naval Station Norfolk, 2000 (PDF 2.8 MB)
McKeever, David B. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-140. 30 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr140.pdf
As of December 31, 2000, there were 603 buildings at Naval Station (NAVSTA) Norfolk with a combined floor area of nearly 17.3 million ft2. In one-third of these buildings, structural wood products were used in one or more major structural building applications, utilizing an estimated 11.6 million board feet of lumber, 0.4 million ft2 (3/8-in. basis) of structural panels, and 0.1 million ft2 (3/8-in. basis) of fiberboard. Wood buildings, on average, were about 40% smaller than their nonwood counterparts. They were also older. Half of all the buildings and three-fourths of all wood buildings pre-date 1950. The role of wood has greatly diminished at NAVSTA Norfolk over the past 50 years.
- Urban Tree and Woody Yard Residues-Another Wood Resource (PDF 2.0 MB) McKeever, David B.; Skog, Kenneth E. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note.
FPL-RN-0290. 4 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn290.pdf
Urban tree and woody yard residues are an important component of the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream in the United States. In 2000, approximately 14.5 million tons of urban tree and woody yard residues was generated, nearly 7% of total MSW. Some woody residues are being recovered for recycling, composting, or other uses, but a large proportion is simply discarded. In total, urban tree and woody yard residues form a resource about as large or larger than the current timber harvest from National Forests. Materials from each of these two sources have distinctly different properties and, in general, are not interchangeable. Urban tree and woody yard residues are typically suited for low value products such as mulch, while National Forest timber is suited for high value solid wood and pulp products. In 2000, just over 12 million tons of timber was harvested from National Forests, compared to 14.5 million tons of urban tree and woody yard residues generated.
- Pulp Capacity in the United States, 2000 (PDF 3.1 MB) Smith, Brett R.; Rice Robert
W.; Ince, Peter J. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-139. 23 p.
Production capacities of all woodpulp mills in the United States are identified by location, ownership, and process type. For each mill, production capacity is reported for the year 2000 by process type; total mill capacities are also reported for 1961, 1965, 1979, 1974, and 1983. In addition, the report summarizes the recent history and current status of woodpulp production capacity in the United States.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr139.pdf
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