National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute
U.S. National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute
NCI Home Cancer Topics Clinical Trials Cancer Statistics Research & Funding News About NCI
NCI Drug Dictionary
Page Options
Print This Page  Print This Page
Quick Links
Director's Corner
Updates from the Director

Dictionary of Cancer Terms
Cancer-related terms

NCI Drug Dictionary
Definitions, names, and links

Funding Opportunities
Research and training

NCI Publications
Order/download free booklets

Advisory Boards and Groups
Information, meetings, reports

Science Serving People
Learn more about NCI

Español
Información en español
NCI Highlights
Virtual and Standard Colonoscopy Both Accurate

NCI Responds to Hurricanes

The Nation's Investment in Cancer Research FY 2009

Cancer Trends Progress Report: 2007 Update

Past Highlights
You CAN Quit Smoking Now!
Search for
# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All

R(+)XK469
The R-isomer of a synthetic quinoxaline phenoxypropionic acid derivative with proapoptotic and antiproliferative activities. R(+)XK469 selectively inhibits topoisomerase II-beta, blocks activation of MEK/MAPK signaling kinases, stimulates caspases, and upregulates p53-dependent proteins, including cyclins A and B1, thereby arresting cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Both R(+) and S(-) isomers of this agent are cytotoxic, although the R-isomer is more potent. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

R-flurbiprofen
An orally active synthetic enantiomer of flurbiprofen. R-flurbiprofen activates c-Jun N terminal kinase, increases AP-1 binding to DNA, and downregulates cyclin D1 expression, resulting in arrest of tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and apoptosis. This agent also affects the expression of nuclear factor kappa B, a rapid response transcription factor that stimulates the immune response to tumor cells. R-flurbiprofen does not inhibit the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

racemic XK469
The racemic form of a synthetic quinoxaline phenoxypropionic acid derivative with antineoplastic properties. XK469R selectively inhibits topoisomerase II by stabilizing the enzyme-DNA intermediates in which topoisomerase subunits are covalently linked to DNA through 5-phosphotyrosyl linkages, thereby interfering with DNA repair and replication, RNA and protein synthesis. This agent possesses unusual solid tumor selectivity and activity against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. XK469R is more water soluble and active than the pure isomers, R(+)XK469 and S(-)XK469. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

RadiaPlex Rx Gel
(Other name for: sodium hyaluronate topical hydrogel)

Raf kinase inhibitor XL281
An orally active, small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. XL281 specifically inhibits RAF kinases, located downstream from RAS in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK kinase signaling pathway, which may result in reduced proliferation of tumor cells. RAS mutations may result in constitutive activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK kinase signaling pathway, and have been found to occur frequently in human tumors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

raloxifene
A selective benzothiophene estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Raloxifene binds to estrogen receptors (ER) as a mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist; it displays both an ER-alpha-selective partial agonist/antagonist effect and a pure ER-beta-selective antagonist effect. This agent functions as an estrogen agonist in some tissues (bones, lipid metabolism) and as an estrogen antagonist in others (endometrium and breasts), with the potential for producing some of estrogen's beneficial effects without producing its adverse effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

raltitrexed
A quinazoline folate analogue with antineoplastic activity. After transport into cells via the reduced folate carrier, raltitrexed undergoes intracellular polyglutamation and blocks the folate-binding site of thymidylate synthase, thereby inhibiting tetrahydrofolate activity and DNA replication and repair and resulting in cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ranibizumab
A second-generation, recombinant humanized IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody fragment directed against human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) alpha. Ranibizumab binds to VEGF alpha and inhibits VEGF alpha binding to its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, thereby preventing the growth and maintenance of tumor blood vessels. The molecular weight of this agent (48 kD) is much smaller than the molecular weight of bevacizumab (MW ~149 kD), allowing complete penetration of the retina and the subretinal space following intravitreal injection. In contrast to other anti-VEGF aptamers such as pegaptanib, ranibizumab has a high specificity and affinity for all soluble human isoforms of VEGF. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ranimustine
A chloroethylnitrosourea derivative that inhibits proliferation and growth of tumor cells by alkylation and cross-linkage of DNA strands of tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ranpirnase
A natural homologue of ribonuclease A isolated from the eggs of the frog Rana pipiens. Ranpirnase primarily degrades cellular transfer RNA with a substrate specificity for uridine-guanidine base-pair sequences, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and cytotoxicity. This agent also activates caspase-9 in mitochondria, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Rapamune
(Other name for: sirolimus)

ras peptide cancer vaccine
A cancer vaccine containing a RAS oncogene-encoded peptide with potential antineoplastic activity. RAS peptide cancer vaccine may stimulate a RAS peptide-specific antitumoral T-cell cytotoxic immune response, resulting in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

rasburicase
A recombinant urate oxidase enzyme isolated from a genetically-modified strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae. Urate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to the excretable mebolite allantoin, a molecule that is 5-10 times more water-soluble than uric acid. An enzyme that occurs endogenously in most mammals, urate oxidase is not found in humans. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ravuconazole
A triazole with antifungal activity. Ravuconazole inhibits 14a demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

RayGel
(Other name for: reduced glutathione-L-cysteine-anthocyanins gel)

razoxane
An orally bioavailable bis-dioxopiperazine and a derivative of the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with antineoplastic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities. Razoxane specifically inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase II without inducing DNA strand breaks, which may result in the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division in the premitotic and early mitotic phases of the cell cycle. This agent may also exhibit antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activities although the precise molecular mechanisms of these actions are unknown. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

RC-1291 ghrelin mimetic
A synthetic, orally bioavailable, small-molecule ghrelin mimetic with appetite-stimulating and anabolic activities. RC-1291 ghrelin mimetic binds to and stimulates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) centrally, thereby mimicking the appetite-stimulating and growth hormone-releasing effects of grhelin. Stimulation of GHSR may also reduce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin-6, which may play a direct role in cancer-related loss of appetite. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Re-186 hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate
An synthetic compound containing the organic phosphonate hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) labeled with the radioisotope rhenium Re 186. Re-186 hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate binds to hydroxyapatitie in bone, delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to primary and metastatic bone tumors. Re-186 is a beta emitter with a short half-life, a radioisotope profile that provides localized antitumor radiocytotoxicity while sparing extramedullary bone marrow tissues. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Rebetol
(Other name for: ribavirin)

Rebif
(Other name for: recombinant interferon beta)

Recentin
(Other name for: cediranib)

recombinant 70-kD heat-shock protein
A recombinant peptide that is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous 70-kD heat shock protein (HSP70). HSP70 is a molecular chaperone that prevents physiologic stress-induced cell death by inhibiting both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis. Because this peptide is often overexpressed in tumor cells, autologous vaccination with HSP70 derived from tumor cells may stimulate the host immune system to mount a tumoricidal cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant adenovirus-hIFN-beta
A recombinant replication-defective adenovirus which encodes the gene for the cytokine human interferon-beta (IFN-beta). Once inserted into and replicating in host tumor cells, recombinant adenovirus-hIFN-beta expresses human IFN-beta, which may stimulate an antiproliferative natural killer (NK) cell response against tumor cells and induce caspase-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant adenovirus-interferon SCH 721015
A replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus encoding human interferon alpha-2b with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravesical administration, recombinant adenovirus-interferon SCH 721015 infects nearby tumor cells and expresses INF alpha-2b intracellularly which activates the transcription and translation of genes whose products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, antitumor, and immune-modulating effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant adenovirus-L523S vaccine
A replication-defective adenovirus containing a gene that encodes the human protein L523S with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, recombinant adenovirus-L523S vaccine expresses L523S, which may stimulate antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells expressing L523S. L523S is an RNA-binding protein that belongs to the KOC (K homology domain containing protein over-expressed in cancer) family of proteins. As an oncofetal protein, L523S is normally expressed in early embryonic tissues and certain normal adult tissues such as colon, fallopian tube, gall bladder, and ovary tissues but may be overexpressed in squamous cell cancers of the lung. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant adenovirus-p53 SCH-58500
A genetically-engineered adenovirus that contains the gene that encodes the human tumor-suppressor protein p53 with potential antineoplastic activity. Recombinant adenovirus-p53 SCH-58500 delivers p53 into tumor cells, which may result in p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody rM28
A recombinant, bispecific, single chain antibody directed against both the T-cell surface-associated costimulatory molecule CD28 and a melanoma-associated proteoglycan (MAPG) with potential antitumor activity. By targeting both CD28 and MAPG, recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody rM28 enhances cytotoxic T-cell recognition of melanoma cells, which may result in immune effector cell-mediated tumor cell death and a decrease in distant metastases. This agent appears to have a long serum half-life secondary to the formation of dimers. When activated, CD28 facilitates interactions between T-cells and other immune effector cells resulting in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses; MAPG is a surface antigen expressed on the majority of melanomas, including primary cutaneous, ocular and metastatic melanomas. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant CD40-ligand
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to CD40-ligand. CD40-ligand, also known as CD40L/TRAP and CD154, is a type II membrane protein which binds to CD40, a cell surface receptor that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family; CD40 is expressed on B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells (DC), hematopoietic progenitors, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. Recombinant CD40-ligand may be used to activate DC ex vivo via CD40 binding; CD40-ligand-activated DC may provide or augment a protective antitumor immunity when administered in dendritic cell cancer vaccines. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant dHER2 vaccine
A cancer vaccine consisting of a truncated recombinant HER2 peptide (dHER2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, recombinant dHER2 vaccine may stimulate the host immune response to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against tumor cells that overexpress the HER2 protein, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The HER2 protein is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that is overexpressed in a variety of cancers. dHER2 includes the extracellular domain (ECD) and a part of the intracellular domain (ICD) of the HER2 protein. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant flt3 ligand
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine Flt3. Flt3 ligand binds to the Flt3 tyrosine kinase receptor and, synergistically with other growth factors, stimulates the proliferation and mobilization of certain bone marrow precursor cells, including CD34+ cells, and dendritic cells. When proteolytically cleaved, the transmembrane isoform of Flt3 ligand generates the soluble form soluble Flt3 ligand , which is also biologically active. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant fowlpox GM-CSF vaccine adjuvant
A cancer vaccine adjuvant consisting of a recombinant fowlpox virus encoding human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF binds to specific cell surface receptors on various immuno-hematopoietic cell types, enhancing their proliferation and differentiation and stimulating macrophage and dendritic cell functions in antigen presentation and antitumor cell-mediated immunity. Administration of recombinant fowlpox GM-CSF vaccine adjuvant may induce an immune response against tumor cells. Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant fowlpox-B7.1 vaccine
A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding the stimulatory molecule transgene B7-1. Recombinant fowlpox-B7.1 (rF-B7.1) vaccine may enhance antigen presentation and activate antitumoral cytotoxic T-cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant fowlpox-CEA(6D)/TRICOM vaccine
A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3) (TRICOM). This agent may enhance CEA presentation to antigen presenting cells (APC) and activate cytotoxic T-cells against CEA-expressing tumors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant fowlpox-prostate apecific antigen vaccine
A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant fowlpox virus encoding human prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Administration of this agent may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against PSA-expressing tumor cells. Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant fowlpox-TRICOM vaccine
A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding TRICOM. TRICOM is comprised of three co-stimulatory molecule transgenes (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3) that may enhance antigen presentation and activate cytotoxic T-cells. Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant fowlpox-tyrosinase vaccine
A recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine with potential antineoplastic activity. Binding to the melanoma antigen tyrosinase, recombinant fowlpox-tyrosinase vaccine generates cellular immune responses against melanoma cells expressing the tyrosinase antigen; this effect is enhanced by the co-administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2). Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant human 6Ckine
A therapeutic recombinant analogue of a member of the endogenous CC chemokines with potential antineoplastic activity. Expressed by various lymphoid tissues, endogenous 6Ckine is chemotactic for B and T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG binds to cells of the corpus luteum, thereby stimulating progesterone production and helping to maintain a secretory endometrium. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant human EGF-rP64K/Montanide ISA 51 vaccine
A peptide vaccine preparation, containing recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rEGF) linked to the Neisseria meningitidis-derived recombinant immunogenic carrier protein P64k (rP64k) and mixed with the immunoadjuvant Montanide ISA 51, with potential active immunotherapy activity. Recombinant human EGF-rP64K/Montanide ISA 51 vaccine may trigger a humoral immune response against vaccine rEGF and rP64K and, so, against endogenous EGF. Antibody-mediated inhibition of endogenous EGF binding to its receptor, epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant human endostatin
A recombinant human proteolytic fragment of the C-terminal end of type XVIII collagen. Endostatin induces microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibits endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis, which may result in a reduction in tumor burden. This agent also may decrease hepatic metastasis by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-dependent cell attachment to the hepatic microvasculature. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant human growth hormone
A recombinant form of endogenous human growth hormone (GH), a polypeptide produced by the anterior lobe of the human pituitary gland. GH exhibits growth-promoting effects and metabolic effects on carbohydrate, fat, protein and bone metabolism. GH stimulates protein synthesis and the uptake of amino acids into cells, and induces lipolysis in adipose tissues. The secretion of GH increases with sexual maturation and then declines steadily. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant human hyaluronidase
A human recombinant form of the naturally occurring human enzyme hyaluronidase with potential chemoadjuvant activity. Upon local administration, recombinant human hyaluronidase hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, a glucosaminoglycan responsible for the viscosity of the interstitial barrier. The digestion of hyaluronic acid lowers the viscosity in the interstitial space, thereby increasing permeability and facilitating local penetration of chemotherapeutic agents into cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant human interleukin-21
A recombinant peptide similar to or identical to endogenous human cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) with potential antineoplastic activity. Recombinant human IL-21 binds to and activates IL-21 receptors, expressed on T-cells, B-cells, dendritic cells (DC), and natural killer (NK) cells, modulating the proliferation and/or differentiation of T and B cells, promoting T cell survival, and increasing the cytolytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant human stem cell factor
A therapeutic glycoprotein cytokine chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human stem cell factor with hematopoietic activity. Recombinant human stem cell factor (rhSCF) binds to the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, which may stimulate the growth of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs). This agent works synergistically with other hematopoietic growth factors. rhSCF may promote bone marrow recovery after myeloablative therapies and procedures. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interferon
One of a group of recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein cytokines with antiviral, anti-proliferative, and immunomodulating activities. Interferons bind to specific cell-surface receptors, leading to the transcription and translation of genes with interferon-specific response elements (ISREs). The resultant proteins mediate many complex effects, ultimately leading to inhibition of viral protein synthesis and cellular growth, alteration of cellular differentiation, interference with oncogene expression, activation of natural killer cells, alteration of cell surface antigen expression, and augmentation of lymphocyte and macrophage cytotoxicity. The production of endogenous interferons is induced in response to foreign agents such as bacteria, viruses and parasites and to tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interferon alfa
A class of naturally-isolated or recombinant therapeutic peptides used as antiviral and anti-tumor agents. Alpha interferons are cytokines produced by nucleated cells (predominantly natural killer (NK) leukocytes) upon exposure to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA or bacterial products. These agents bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes containing an interferon-specific response element. The proteins so produced mediate many complex effects, including antiviral effects (viral protein synthesis); antiproliferative effects (cellular growth inhibition and alteration of cellular differentiation); anticancer effects (interference with oncogene expression); and immune-modulating effects (natural killer cell activation, alteration of cell surface antigen expression, and augmentation of lymphocyte and macrophage cytotoxicity). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interferon alfa-2b
A non-glycosylated recombinant interferon with antiviral and antineoplastic activities. Alfa interferons bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interferon alpha-1b
The non-glycosylated recombinant interferon alpha, subtype 1b, with immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Alpha interferon-1b binds to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interferon alpha-2a
A non-glycosylated recombinant human alpha interferon, subtype 2a, produced in the bacterium E. coli. Interferon alpha-2a binds to its specific cell-surface receptor, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products have antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune modulating effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interferon beta
A recombinant protein which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous interferon beta with antiviral and anti-tumor activities. Endogenous interferons beta are cytokines produced by nucleated cells (predominantly natural killer cells) upon exposure to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA or bacterial products. These agents bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes with an interferon-specific response element. The proteins so produced mediate many complex effects, including antiviral (the most important being inhibition of viral protein synthesis), antiproliferative and immune modulating effects. The recombinant therapeutic forms of interferon beta are interferon beta 1-a and interferon beta 1-b. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interferon gamma
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous lymphokine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) with antineoplastic, immunoregulatory, and antiviral activities. Therapeutic IFN-gamma binds to and activates the cell-surface IFN-gamma receptor, stimulating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and enhances natural killer cell attachment to tumor cells. This agent also activates caspases, thereby inducing apoptosis in malignant cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-11
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin 11 (IL-11). Secreted by bone marrow stromal cells and a number of mesenchymal cells, IL-11 binds to and activates its cell-surface receptor, promoting primary and secondary immune responses, modulating antigen-specific antibody reactions, and preventing apoptotic cell death. This agent also stimulates the T-cell-dependent development of IgG-secreting B-cells in spleen cell cultures and may be an important regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-12
A recombinant form of the endogenous heterodimeric cytokine interleukin-12 with potential antineoplastic activity. Recombinant interleukin-12 binds to and activates its cell-surface receptor, stimulating the production of interferon-gamma (IFN) which, in turn, induces IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and so inhibits tumor angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-18
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18). Produced primarily by macrophages, IL-18 induces the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and enhances the activity of natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). As a potential immunotherapeutic agent, IL-18 displays antitumor effects in vitro and in animal models. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-1-alpha
A recombinant agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous protein cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). The IL-1 precursor is produced by monocytes, activated macrophages, and other cell types; mature IL-1 is generated by proteolytic cleavage by proteases such as IL-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE). This agent enhances T cell proliferation and B cell growth and differentiation and induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-1-beta
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous protein cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1)-beta. Produced by monocytes and activated macrophages, endogenous mature IL-1 is generated through proteolytic cleavage by proteases such as IL-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE). This agent promotes angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and neutrophil chemotaxis; it also regulates the functions of lymphocytes and epithelial cells and is involved in the 'acute phase response' to infection. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-3
A recombinant form of interleukin-3, a cytokine produced by activated T-cells and mast cells involved in intercellular communication, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. IL-3 binds and activates specific receptors on hematopoietic cells and in the nervous system, triggering expression of specific genes via the Ras signaling pathway and through Jak2 activation. This agent stimulates the proliferation of pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-4
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Produced primarily by activated T-cells, IL-4 binds to and activates its cell-surface receptor, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of activated B-cells and enhancing their ability to present antigens to T-cells. As a potential immunotherapeutic agent, recombinant IL-4 also augments the effects of other cytokines on dendritic cells (DC), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-6
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) with antiapoptotic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative and proangiogenic activities. IL-6 binds to its receptor (IL-6R), activating a receptor-CD130 receptor complex; the CD130 portion of the complex is a signal transduction protein that activates JAK kinases and ras-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn activate downstream signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of various transcription factors (STAT, ELK-1, NF-IL-6, etc.) and gene transcription. The physiological effects of IL-6 are complex and varied and include hematopoietic, pyrogenic and thermogenic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative (anti-apoptotic), and angiogenic effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant interleukin-7
A recombinant protein which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous interleukin-7 (IL-7) with hematopoietic and immunopotentiating properties. Produced by bone marrow, thymic stromal, and spleen cells, the cytokine interleukin-7 is a hematopoietic growth factor for progenitor B cells and T cells and stimulates proliferation and differentiation of mature T-cells and natural killer cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous protein cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Synthesized endogenously by mesenchymal cells, M-CSF stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series and can reverse treatment-related neutropenias. Recombinant M-CSF may also enhance antigen presentation and activate antitumoral cytotoxic T-cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant MAGE-3.1 antigen
A recombinant tumor-specific melanoma antigen. Vaccination with recombinant MAGE-3.1 antigen may induce a host immune response against MAGE-expressing cells, resulting in antitumoral T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. MAGE-expressing cells are found in melanoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and esophageal carcinoma. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara-5T4 vaccine
A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding the 5T4 fetal oncoprotein (MVA-h5T4). Vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara-5T4 vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing 5T4 fetal oncoprotein antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The MVA viral vector, derived from the replication-competent strain Ankara, is a highly attentuated, replication-defective vaccinia strain incapable of virion assembly. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2
An 85-amino acid recombinant peptide derived from protein c2 of the hemophagocytic hookworm Ancylostoma caninum (a common canine parasite) with anticoagulant activity. Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (rNAPc2) binds to circulating activated factior X (FXa) or zymogen factor X (FX) to form a binary complex which subsequently binds to and inhibits membrane-bound activated factor VII/tissue factor complex (FVIIa/TF). When administered prophylactically, this agent may reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis without hemostatic compromise. Because rNAPc2 inhibits the formation of the FVIIa/TF protease complex, which may play a role in the cellular signaling of both metastatic and angiogenic processes, it may impede tumor progression. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant parathyroid hormone
A recombinant therapeutic agent that is identical or similar to an 84-amino-acid polypeptide produced by the parathryoid gland which functions to maintain a constant concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular fluid. In target tissues, parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to and activates the parathryorid hormone receptor (PTHR), a cell surface G protein-coupled receptor; there are two types of receptors, parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) found in bone and the kidney and parathyroid hormone receptor 2 (PTH2R) found primarily in the central nervous system (CNS), pancreas, testis, and placenta. Activation of PTHRs results in the activation of adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C in target tissue cells, which, depending upon the specific target tissue, results in the enhancement of intestinal Ca2+ absorption, mobilization of bone Ca2+, and renal Ca2+ reabsorption. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant platelet factor 4
A recombinant form of the endogenous chemokine platelet factor 4 with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. As a heparin-binding tetramer, recombinant platelet factor 4 inhibits growth factor-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis; it has been shown that this agent inhibits fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) angiogenic activity downstream from the FGF2 receptor. Its activity is antagonized by heparin. Recombinant platelet factor 4 may also directly inhibit the proliferation of some tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant soluble human CD4 protein
A recombinant human soluble CD4 with antiviral activity. Recombinant human soluble CD4 has the amino terminus but not the T-cell binding domain of the endogenous CD4 antigen. This soluble CD4 protein competitively binds to envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resulting in inhibition of interaction between gp120 and the endogenous CD4 antigen, thereby blocking viral recognition of CD4 and subsequent entry of HIV into CD4 bearing cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone
A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant thyrotropin alfa
A recombinant form of the human anterior pituitary glycoprotein thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with use in the diagnostic setting. With an amino acid sequence identical to that of human TSH, thyrotropin alfa binds to TSH receptors on normal thyroid epithelial cells or well-differentiated thyroid cancer cells, stimulating iodine uptake and organification, synthesis and secretion of thyroglobulin (Tg), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). tPA is a serine protease which converts plasminogen to plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme. Upon administration, recombinant tPA increases plasmin enzymatic activity, resulting in hyperfibrinolysis and potential dissolution of a thrombus or embolism. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a homotrimeric type II membrane protein that rapidly induces oligomerization of receptor intracellular death domains and apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells. TRAIL mRNA is up regulated in response to IFNA and IFNB. TRAIL demonstrated antineoplastic activity in vivo without significant toxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant transforming growth factor-beta-2
A recombinant polypeptide chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine transforming growth factor-beta-2 (TGF-beta-2). TGF-beta-2 modulates cell growth and immune function and may promote or inhibit tumor growth, depending on the tumor cell type. TGF-beta-2 may also suppress host immune system recognition of and/or response to tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant tumor necrosis factor family protein
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to one of a number of endogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) proteins. TNF family cytokines bind to and activate specific cell-surface receptors, thereby mediating inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor cell cytotoxicity. One primary antitumor effect of TNFs involves stimulation of T cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant tyrosinase-related protein-2
A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to an endogenous non-mutated melanocyte differentiation antigen expressed by both normal and malignant melanocytes. Vaccinations with recombinant tyrosinase-related protein-2 may elicit an antitumoral cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells and some normal cells that express tyrosinase-related protein-2. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant vaccinia prostate-specific antigen vaccine
A vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding prostate specific antigen (PSA). Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia prostate-specific antigen vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing PSA. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant vaccinia-B7.1 vaccine
A recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the T-cell co-stimulatory molecule B7-1. Co-administration of recombinant vaccinia-B7.1 and a tumor-associated antigen in a cancer vaccine may enhance tumor-associated antigen-specific T-cell responses. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM vaccine
A vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the tumor-associated antigen carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3; also called TRICOM). Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a T-cell response against tumor cells expressing the CEA antigen. The use of TRICOM in the vaccine may elicit a greater antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response compared to the use of vaccinia-CEA alone. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant vaccinia-MUC-1 vaccine
A vaccine containing a recombinant vaccinia virus that encodes the gene for human mucin-1, a tumor-associated antigen. Upon administration, recombinant vaccinia-MUC-1 vaccine may elicit a MUC-1-specific cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells bearing MUC-1. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant vaccinia-multiepitope melanoma peptides-B7.1-B7.2 vaccine
A cancer vaccine consisting of an inactivated recombinant vaccinia virus encoding epitope peptides derived from melanoma-related HLA-A2-restricted tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including Melan-A(27-35), gp100(280-288) and tyrosinase(1-9), and two co-stimulatory B7 proteins, B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86). Upon administration, recombinant vaccinia-multiepitope melanoma peptides-B7.1-B7.2 vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against melanoma cells that express TAAs which share epitopes with the epitope peptides expressed by the vaccine viral vector, resulting in tumor cell lysis; vaccine viral vector-expressed co-stimulatory proteins B7.1 and B7.2 may enhance the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune response to the TAAs. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant vaccinia-NY-ESO-1 vaccine
A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant vaccinia viral vector encoding an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testis and various tumors, including bladder, breast, hepatocellular, melanoma, and prostate cancers. Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia- NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

recombinant vaccinia-TRICOM vaccine
A vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding a triad of costimulatory molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3; also called TRICOM). Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia-TRICOM vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a non-specific T-cell response. With the addition of a tumor-associated antigen peptide, this vaccine may enhance a tumor-specific immune response. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Rectoid
(Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)

reduced glutathione-L-cysteine-anthocyanins gel
A gel formulation containing reduced glutathione, L-cysteine, and anthocyanins with potential antioxifdant, immunostimulating, and chemoprotective activities. Reduced glutathione is the primary cellular antioxidant and plays important roles in the antioxidation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals and, as a thiol-containing co-enzyme, in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. In addition, glutathione affects DNA synthesis and repair and exerts immunostimulating activity by increasing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), promoting antigen presentation, and stimulating T-suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8 cells) cells. The flavonoid anthocyanins, derived from various blue and purple flowering plants, are potent scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Refludan
(Other name for: lepirudin)

Regenecare
(Other name for: collagen/aloe vera/vitamin E/lidocaine topical hydrogel)

Regitine
(Other name for: phentolamine mesylate)

Reglan
(Other name for: metoclopramide hydrochloride)

Remeron
(Other name for: mirtazapine)

Remicade
(Other name for: infliximab)

Remifemin
(Other name for: black cohosh)

remifentanil hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt form of remifentanil, a synthetic anilidopiperidine derivative and short-acting opiate agonist with analgesic and anesthetic properties. Remifentanil selectively binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptor, thereby producing analgesia, respiratory depression, miosis, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and euphoria. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Remitogen
(Other name for: apolizumab)

renal cell carcinoma peptides vaccine IMA901
A multipeptide cancer vaccine targeting renal cell carcinoma with potential immunopotentiating activity. Renal cell carcinoma peptides vaccine IMA901 consists of 10 different synthetic tumor-associated peptide (TUMAP) antigens (9 HLA-class I-binding and 1 HLA class II-binding); endogenously, these TUMAPs are expressed by the majority of renal cell carcinomas. Vaccination with this agent may significantly increase host cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses against tumor cells expressing these peptide antigens. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Rencarex
(Other name for: monoclonal antibody G250)

Renova
(Other name for: tretinoin)

Resectisol
(Other name for: mannitol)

Respbid
(Other name for: theophylline)

resveratrol
A phytoalexin derived from grapes and other food products with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol induces phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (anti-initiation activity); mediates anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits cyclooxygenase and hydroperoxidase functions (anti-promotion activity); and induces promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation (anti-progression activity), thereby exhibiting activities in three major steps of carcinogenesis. This agent may inhibit TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

retaspimycin hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of a small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) with antiproliferative and antineoplastic activities. Retaspimycin binds to and inhibits the cytosolic chaperone functions of HSP90, which maintains the stability and functional shape of many oncogenic signaling proteins and may be overexpressed or overactive in tumor cells. Retaspimycin-mediated inhibition of HSP90 promotes the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins in susceptible tumor cell populations, which may result in the induction of apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Retin-A MICRO
(Other name for: tretinoin)

retinyl acetate
A naturally-occurring fatty acid ester form of retinol (vitamin A) with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Retinyl acetate binds to and activates retinoid receptors, inducing cell differentiation and decreasing cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation in some cancer cell types and exhibits immunomodulatory properties. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

retrovector encoding mutant anti-cyclin G1
A replication-incompetent, pathotropic, tumor matrix (collagen)-targeted, retroviral vector encoding an N-terminal deletion mutant form of the cyclin G1 gene with potential antineoplastic activity. Under the control of a hybrid long-terminal repeat/cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, retrovector encoding mutant anti-cyclin G expresses the mutant cyclin G1 construct, resulting in disruption of tumor cell cyclin G1 activity and decreased cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. This agent preferentially targets collagen of the tumor matrix because of the incorporation of the collagen-binding domain of von Willebrand factor (vWF) on the retrovector surface. Exploiting the collagen-targeting mechanism of vWF permits delivery of the retrovector to tumor sites where angiogenesis and collagen matrix exposure occur. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Retrovir
(Other name for: zidovudine)

Revia
(Other name for: naltrexone hydrochloride)

Revival
(Other name for: soy protein isolate)

Revlimid
(Other name for: lenalidomide)

RevM10 gene
RevM10 is a dominant-negative mutant of HIV-1 Rev gene, which encodes a RNA-binding protein involving in nuclear trafficking of unspliced viral mRNAs. Due to the fact that Rev is essential for HIV-1 replication makes it an attractive target for antiviral approaches. Based on the notion of intracellular immunization, in vitro studies that introducing RevM10 gene into stem cells have demonstrated its ability to combat HIV-1 infection in human hematopoietic cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

REXIN-G
(Other name for: retrovector encoding mutant anti-cyclin G1)

rexinoid NRX194204
An orally bioavailable synthetic retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist with potential antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. Rexinoid NRX 194204 selectively binds to and activates RXRs. Because RXRs can form heterodimers with several nuclear receptors (NRs), RXR activation by this agent may result in a broad range of gene expression depending on the effector DNA response elements activated. Rexinoid NRX 194204 may inhibit the tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated release of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL6) and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. This agent appears to be less toxic than RAR-selective ligands. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Rezulin
(Other name for: troglitazone)

RFT5-dgA immunotoxin
A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of the monoclonal antibody RFT5 fused to deglycosylated ricin A-chain with potential antitumor activity. The RFT5-dgA immunotoxin selectively targets the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R), a cell surface antigen expressed on activated normal T and B cells and macrophages and frequently upregulated on the cell surface of many hematologic malignancies. The antibody attaches to the IL-2R on the cell membrane, thereby facilitating the entry of the immunotoxin and killing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

rhEndostatin
(Other name for: recombinant human endostatin)

Rheumatrex
(Other name for: methotrexate)

rhizoxin
A macrocyclic lactone. Rhizoxin binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule assembly, thereby inducing cytotoxicity. This agent also may inhibit endothelial cell-induced angiogenic activity, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ribavirin
A synthetic nucleoside analogue of ribofuranosyl with antiviral activity. Ribavirin incorporates into viral nucleic acid, inhibits viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, induces viral genome mutations, and inhibits normal viral replication. Ribavirin shows activity against a variety of RNA viruses, especially hepatitis C virus. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

riboflavin
An essential human nutrient that is a heat-stable and water-soluble flavin belonging to the vitamin B family. Riboflavin is a precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes are of vital importance in normal tissue respiration, pyridoxine activation, tryptophan to niacin conversion, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and glutathione reductase mediated detoxification. Riboflavin may also be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin, nails, and hair. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Riboxamide
(Other name for: tiazofurin)

rifabutin
A semisynthetic ansamycin antibiotic with potent antimycobacterial properties. Rifabutin inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby suppressing the initiation of RNA formation and leading to inhibition of RNA synthesis and transcription. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

risedronate sodium
The hemipentahydrate monosodium salt of risedronic acid, a synthetic pyridinyl bisphosphonate. Risedronic acid binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone and inhibits osteoclast-dependent bone resorption. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ritalin
(Other name for: methylphenidate hydrochloride)

ritonavir
A synthetic aromatic derivative with antiviral properties. Ritonavir is a peptidomimetic agent that inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, thereby preventing the cleavage of Gag-Pol polyproteins and resulting in the production of noninfectious viral particles. This agent is more active against HIV-1. Because ritonavir targets the HIV replication cycle after translation and before assembly, it is active in chronically infected cells that generally are not affected by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

rituximab
A recombinant chimeric murine/human antibody directed against the CD20 antigen, a hydrophobic transmembrane protein located on normal pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. Following binding, rituximab triggers a host cytotoxic immune response against CD20-positive cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

RK-0202
An oral polymer matrix-based rinse formulation that contains N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant amino acid derivative with antiinflammatory properties. RK-0202 may alleviate symptoms of radiation-induced oral mucositis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Robimycin
(Other name for: erythromycin)

Rocaltrol
(Other name for: calcitriol)

Rodex
(Other name for: warfarin)

rofecoxib
A synthetic, nonsteroidal derivative of phenyl-furanone with antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties and potential antineoplastic properties. Rofecoxib binds to and inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in an inhibition of the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. COX-related metabolic pathways may represent key regulators of cell proliferation and neo-angiogenesis. Some epithelial tumor cell types overexpress pro-angiogenic COX-2. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Roferon-A
(Other name for: recombinant interferon alfa)

Roferon-A
(Other name for: recombinant interferon alpha-2a)

romidepsin
A bicyclic depsipeptide antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum. After intracellular activation, romidepsin binds to and inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC), resulting in alterations in gene expression and the induction of cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. This agent also inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and depletes several heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-dependent oncoproteins. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

romiplostim
A recombinant protein with megakaryopoiesis stimulating activity. Romiplostim mimics endogenous thrombopoietin (TPO), directly binding to and activating the platelet thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR, Mpl, or CD110 antigen), a cytokine receptor belonging to the hematopoietin receptor superfamily. Activation of TpoR stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes, resulting in an increase in the production of blood platelets. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Romozin
(Other name for: troglitazone)

ropivacaine hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of ropivacaine, a local anesthetic of the amide type with analgesic activity. Ropivacaine binds to voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the neuronal membrane, thereby preventing the permeability of sodium ions and resulting in. a stabilization of the neuronal membrane and inhibition of depolarization; nerve impulse generation and propagation are blocked, resulting in a reversible loss of sensation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

roquinimex
A quinoline-3-carboxamide with potential antineoplastic activity. Roquinimex inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and basement membrane invasion; reduces the secretion of the angiogenic factor tumor necrosis factor alpha by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); and inhibits angiogenesis. This agent is also an immune modulator that appears to alter cytokine profiles and enhance the activity of T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

rosiglitazone maleate
The maleate salt of rosiglitazone, an orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Rosiglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Roxanol
(Other name for: morphine sulfate)

Roxicodone
(Other name for: oxycodone hydrochloride)

RP-Mycin
(Other name for: erythromycin)

Rubidomycin
(Other name for: daunorubicin hydrochloride)

rubitecan
A semisynthetic agent related to camptothecin with potent antitumor and antiviral properties. Rubitecan binds to and inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase I and induces protein-linked DNA single-strand breaks, thereby blocking DNA and RNA synthesis in dividing cells; this agent also prevents repair of reversible single-strand DNA breaks. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ruthenium Ru 106
A radioactive isotope of the rare element ruthenium, a member of the light platinum group. A radioactive plaque containing ruthenium 106 may be inserted into the eye to irradiate ophthalmic tumors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Back to TopBack to Top


A Service of the National Cancer Institute
Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health USA.gov