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c-Met inhibitor ARQ 197
An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of c-Met with potential antineoplastic activity. c-Met inhibitor ARQ 197 binds to the c-Met protein and disrupts c-Met signal transduction pathways, which may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing consitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met protein, the product of the proto-oncogene c-Met, is a receptor tyrosine kinase also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR); this protein is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

c-myb antisense oligonucleotide G4460
A 24-base phosphorothiolate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) for the proto-oncogene c-myb with potential antineoplastic activity. C-myb antisense oligonucleotide G4460 binds to codon sequences 2 to 9 of c-myb mRNA, inhibiting translation of the transcript. Suppression of c-myb expression with this agent may result in the restoration of normal differentiation pathways, increased antiproliferative effects, and the induction of apoptosis in early progenitor hematopoietic cells and in tumor cells that overexpress c-myb. Tumor-cell overexpression of c-myb blocks differentiation, promotes proliferation, and inhibits apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

caffeine
A naturally occurring xanthine derivative with central nervous system (CNS) stimulating activity. Due to the structural similarity to adenosine, caffeine binds to and blocks adenosine receptors, thereby preventing the inhibitory effects of adenosine on nerve cells. This leads to stimulation of medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in the brain; and the release of epinephrine. Physiologic responses can include bradycardia, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, CNS excitablility, increased respiratory rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to muscles, decreased blood flow to skin and inner organs, and release of glucose by the liver. Due to the interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors, caffeine can also indirectly increase the levels of dopamine in the brain. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

calcitriol
A synthetic physiologically-active analog of vitamin D, specifically the vitamin D3 form. Calcitriol regulates calcium in vivo by promoting absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidneys, and, along with parathyroid hormone, regulation of bone growth. A calcitriol receptor-binding protein appears to exist in the mucosa of human intestine. Calcitriol also induces cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, cell differentiation, and apoptosis, resulting in inhibition of proliferation of some tumor cell types. This agent may be chemopreventive for colon and prostate cancers. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

calcium carbonate
The carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO3). Calcium carbonate is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis, as an antacid in gastric hyperacidity for temporary relief of indigestion and heartburn, and as a calcium supplement for preventing and treating osteoporosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

calcium citrate
The citrate salt of calcium. An element necessary for normal nerve, muscle, and cardiac function, calcium as the citrate salt helps to maintain calcium balance and prevent bone loss when taken orally. This agent may also be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

calcium glucarate
The orally bioavailable calcium salt of glucaric acid, a natural substance found in many fruits and vegetables, with potential chemopreventive activity. After absorption, glucaric acid is converted to d-glucaro-1,4-lactone which inhibits beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme found in certain bacteria that reside in the human gut. The detoxification of various toxin and sex hormone metabolites depends upon their conjugation to glucuronic acid in the liver and subsequent excretion of glucuronic acid conjugated metabolites in the bile. Bacterial beta-glucuronidase may catalyze the deconjugation of glucuronic acid conjugated metabolites of toxins and sex hormones, thus prolonging exposure to unconjugated and unexcreted toxin and sex hormone metabolites. Accordingly, calcium glucarate supplementation may indirectly inhibit sex hormone-mediated and toxin-mediated tumorigenesis by inhibiting bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity. Elevated bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity may be associated with an increased risk for sex hormone-mediated and toxin-mediated cancers such as breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

calcium gluconate
The gluconate salt of calcium. An element or mineral necessary for normal nerve, muscle, and cardiac function, calcium as the gluconate salt helps to maintain calcium balance and prevent bone loss when taken orally. This agent may also be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

calusterone
A 17-alkylated orally active androgenic steroid. Calusterone may alter the metabolism of estradiol and reduce estrogen production. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Campath
(Other name for: alemtuzumab)

Camptogen
(Other name for: rubitecan)

Camptosar
(Other name for: irinotecan hydrochloride)

canarypox-hIL-12 melanoma vaccine
A vaccine consisting of a replication-defective recombinant canarypox virus (ALVAC) that encodes the gene for human interleukin-12 (hIL-12). Produced mainly by B-cells, IL-12 is an endogenous cytokine that activates natural killer (NK) cells, promotes cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, induces the release of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and may exhibit antitumor and anti-angiogenic effects. Vaccination with canarypox-hIL-12 melanoma vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount an immune response against tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and/or metastasis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cancidas
(Other name for: caspofungin acetate)

candesartan cilexetil
A synthetic, benzimidazole-derived angiotensin II receptor antagonist prodrug with antihypertensive activity. After hydrolysis of candesartan cilexetil to candesartan during gastrointestinal absorption, candesartan selectively competes with angiotensin II for the binding of the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 (AT1) in vascular smooth muscle, blocking angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction and inducing vasodilatation. In addition, antagonism of AT1 in the adrenal gland inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone synthesis and secretion by the adrenal cortex; sodium and water excretion increase, followed by a reduction in plasma volume and blood pressure. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

canertinib dihydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of an orally bio-available quinazoline with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. Canertinib binds to the intracellular domains of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB family), irreversibly inhibiting their signal transduction functions and resulting in tumor cell apoptosis and suppression of tumor cell proliferation. This agent also acts as a radiosensitizing agent and displays synergistic activity with other chemotherapeutic agents. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cannabis-based oromucosal spray GW-1000-02
An herbal preparation containing a defined quantity of specific cannabinoids formulated for oromucosal spray administration with potential analgesic activity. Cannabis-based oromucosal spray GW-1000-02 contains a standardized extract of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), other minor cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes from two cannabis plant varieties. Cannabinoids interact with G protein-coupled cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors in the central nervous system, resulting in analgesic, euphoric, and anticonvulsive effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Canvaxin
(Other name for: polyvalent melanoma vaccine)

capecitabine
A fluoropyrimidine carbamate belonging to the class of antineoplastic agents called antimetabolites. As a prodrug, capecitabine is selectively activated by tumor cells to its cytotoxic moiety, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); subsequently, 5-FU is metabolized to two active metabolites, 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP) by both tumor cells and normal cells. FdUMP inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division by reducing normal thymidine production, while FUTP inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by competing with uridine triphosphate for incorporation into the RNA strand. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

captopril
A sulfhydryl-containing analog of proline with antihypertensive activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Captopril competitively inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), thereby decreasing levels of angiotensin II, increasing plasma renin activity, and decreasing aldosterone secretion. This agent may also inhibit tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and endothelial cell migration. Captopril may also exhibit antineoplastic activity independent of effects on tumor angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

caracemide
An agent derived from acetohydroxamic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Caracemide inhibits ribonuclease reductase, resulting in decreased DNA synthesis and tumor growth; it also inhibits acetylcholinesterase. In vivo, caracemide contributes to the formation of the neurotoxin methyl isocyanate; this effect, along with the agent's acetylcholinesterase activity, may be responsible for the severe central nervous system toxicity observed in clinical trials. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carbamazepine
A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carbogen
An inhalant consisting of hyperoxic gas (95%-98% oxygen and 2%-5% carbon dioxide) with radiosensitizing properties. Inhaled carbogen reduces diffusion-limited tumor hypoxia, increasing tumor radiosensitivity due to the increased availability of molecular oxygen for cytotoxic radiation-induced oxygen free radical production. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carbon-11 acetate
The acetate salt of the radioisotope carbon-11. Although the mechanism is unclear, carbon-11 acetate preferentially accumulates in tumor tissue, serving as a tracer for imaging tumors with positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carboplatin
A second-generation platinum compound with a broad spectrum of antineoplastic properties. Carboplatin contains a platinum atom complexed with two ammonia groups and a cyclobutane-dicarboxyl residue. This agent is activated intracellularly to form reactive platinum complexes that bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, thereby inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These carboplatin-induced DNA and protein effects result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. This agent possesses tumoricidal activity similar to that of its parent compound, cisplatin, but is more stable and less toxic. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carboxyamidotriazole
An orally-active agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Carboxyamidotriazole binds to and inhibits non-voltage-operated Ca2+ channels, blocking both Ca2+ influx into cells and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and resulting in the disruption of calcium channel-mediated signal transduction and inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, endothelial proliferation, and angiogenesis. This agent may also inhibit tumor cell growth, invasion and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carboxyphenyl retinamide
A synthetic phenylretinamide analogue of retinol (vitamin A) with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Carboxyphenyl retinamide induces cell differentiation and inhibits tumor cell growth and carcinogenesis. This agent may also induce cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in some cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carcinoembryonic antigen peptide 1
A nine amino acid peptide fragment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein that is overexpressed in several cancer cell types, including gastrointestinal, breast, and non-small cell lung. Autologous vaccination with activated autologous dendritic cells (DC) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which have been exposed to CEA peptide 1 in vitro may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing CEA, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carcinoembryonic antigen peptide 1-6D
A 9-residue human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted fragment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA:571-579 peptide, which has the amino acid sequence YLSGANLNL, may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumors expressing CEA. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

carcinoembryonic antigen peptide 1-6D virus-like replicon particles vaccine
A cancer vaccine, consisting of alphavirus vector-derived virus-like replicon particles expressing the 9-amino-acid carcinoembryonic antigen peptide (CAP) 1-6D, with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with this agent may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against CEA-expressing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cardizem
(Other name for: diltiazem hydrochloride)

carmustine
An antineoplastic nitrosourea. Carmustine alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in disruption of DNA function, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. This agent also carbamoylates proteins, including DNA repair enzymes, resulting in an enhanced cytotoxic effect. Carmustine is highly lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier readily. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Carnitor
(Other name for: levocarnitine)

Cartilade
(Other name for: shark cartilage)

carubicin
An anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Actinomadura carminata. Carubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

caseinate protein isolate
An isolate comprised of the sodium or calcium salt of the glycoprotein casein, the primary protein found in milk and other dairy products, with anti-catabolic activity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Casodex
(Other name for: bicalutamide)

casopitant mesylate
The mesylate salt of a centrally-acting neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist with antidepressant and antiemetic activities. Casopitant competitively binds to and blocks the activity of the NK1 receptor, thereby inhibiting NK1-receptor binding of the endogenous tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP), which may result in antiemetic effects. SP is found in neurons of vagal afferent fibers innervating the brain-stem nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema, which contains the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), and may be elevated in response to chemotherapy. The NK1 receptor is a G-protein receptor coupled to the inositol phosphate signal-transduction pathway and is found in both the nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

caspofungin acetate
The acetate salt of an antimycotic echinocandin lipopeptide, semisynthetically derived from a fermentation product of the fungus Glarea lozoyensis. Caspofungin inhibits 1,3-beta-glucan synthase, resulting in decreased synthesis of beta(1,3)-D-glucan (an essential component of the fungal cell wall), weakening of the fungal cell wall, and fungal cell wall rupture. This agent is active against Aspergillus and Candida species. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cationic liposome-encapsulated paclitaxel
A cationic liposome preparation of paclitaxel with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel, the active ingredient in cationic liposome-encapsulated paclitaxel, binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, resulting in the inhibition of mitosis and cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. Cationic liposome encapsulation of paclitaxel allows the delivery of high doses of paclitaxel to target tissues while minimizing systemic toxicity. Tumor endothelial cells may preferentialy bind and internalize cationic liposomes. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

catumaxomab
A trifunctional bispecific monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Catumaxomab has two antigen-recognition sites: one for human CD3, a T cell surface antigen; and one for human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a cell surface antigen expressed by a variety of epithelial tumor cells. In addition, the modified Fc portion of this antibody binds Fc receptors on antingen presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Catumaxomab brings T cells, EpCAM-expressing epithelial tumor cells and APCs together into tricellular complexes, which may result in a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against EpCAM-expressing epithelial tumor cells. Fc-mediated binding of APCs in the tricellular complex potentiates EpCAM antigen presentation to T cells and the activation of anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell functions. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Caverject
(Other name for: alprostadil)

CB10-277
A synthetic derivative of dimethylphenyl-triazene related to dacarbazine, with antineoplastic properties. Related to the agent dacarbazine, CB10-277 is converted in vivo to a monomethyl triazene form that alkylates DNA, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and repair; in addition, this agent may act as a purine analogue, resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis, and may interact with protein sulfhydryl groups. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CBT-1
(Other name for: MDR modulator CBT-1)

CC-1088
An analog of thalidomide with potential antineoplastic activity that belongs to the functional class of agents called selective cytokine inhibitory drugs (SelCIDs). SelCIDs inhibit phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE 4), an enzyme involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) production. CC-1088 inhibits production of the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (a pro-angiogenic factor) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CC-401
A second generation ATP-competitive anthrapyrazolone c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Based on the chemistry of SP600125, another anthrapyrazolone inhibitor of JNK, CC-401 competitively binds the ATP binding site of JNK, resulting in inhibition of the phosphorylation of the N-terminal activation domain of transcription factor c-Jun; decreased transcription activity of c-Jun; and a variety of cellular effects including decreased cellular proliferation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CC-8490
A benzopyran with potential antineoplastic activity. CC-8490 acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), inhibiting the proliferation of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. This agent also inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of glioblastoma cells via a mechanism independent of estrogen receptor-related mechanisms. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CD20-targeted polypeptide TRU-015
A proprietary antibody-based single-chain polypeptide with B cell-depleting activity. Significantly smaller than a whole antibody, CD20-targeted polypeptide TRU-015 binds specifically to the B cell-specific cell surface antigen CD20 with full immunoglobulin Fv fragment-type target binding activity and full immunoglobulin Fc fragment-type effector function. This agent transiently depletes CD20-bearing B cells by inducing B cell -directed complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and B cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CD3/CD28 costimulated vaccine-primed autologous T-cells
A population of T cells that have been sensitized to vaccine tumor antigen(s) in vivo; collected from the patient; co-stimulated with antibodies to the T-cell cell surface proteins CD3 and CD28 and expanded ex vivo; and then infused into the same patient. CD3, part of the T cell receptor complex, and CD28, a T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecule, are both required for full T-cell activation. Adoptive transfer of CD3/CD28 costimulated vaccine-primed autologous T-cells may induce the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and associated antitumor effects and a graft-versus-tumor (GVT) response. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody CP-870,893
A fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) agonist of the cell surface receptor CD40 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Similar to the CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody CP-870,893 binds to CD40 on a variety of immune cell types, triggering the cellular proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), activating B cells and T cells, and enhancing the immune response; in addition, this agent may activate CD40 present on the surfaces of some solid tumor cells, resulting in apoptosis and decreased tumor growth. CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells, many B-cell malignancies, and some solid tumors, mediating both indirect tumor cell killing through the activation of the immune system and direct tumor cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CDDO
A synthetic, triterpenoid compound with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. CDDO blocks the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2), two enzymes involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. This agent also inhibits the interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory proteins matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and the expression of Bcl-3, an IL-1-responsive gene that preferentially contributes to MMP-1 gene expression. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CDKI AT7519
An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. AT7519M selectively binds to and inhibits cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), which may result in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. CDKs are serine/theronine kinases involved in regulation of the cell cycle and may be overexpressed in some types of cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ce-Vi-Sol
(Other name for: ascorbic acid)

CEA-Scan
(Other name for: arcitumomab)

CeaVac
(Other name for: monoclonal antibody 3H1 anti-idiotype vaccine)

Cecon
(Other name for: ascorbic acid)

cediranib
An indole ether quinazoline derivative with antineoplastic activities. Competing with adenosine triphosphate, cediranib binds to and inhibits all three vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF-1,-2,-3) tyrosine kinases, thereby blocking VEGF-signaling, angiogenesis, and tumor cell growth. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CeeNU
(Other name for: lomustine)

cefepime hydrochloride
The hydrochoride salt of a semi-synthetic, beta-lactamase-resistant, fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic derived from an Acremonium fungal species with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. Administered parenterally, cefipime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, resulting in a reduction of bacterial cell wall stability and cell lysis. This agent is more active against a variety of Gram-positive pathogens compared to third-generation cephalosporins. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cefixime
A broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic derived semisynthetically from the marine fungus Cephalosporium acremonium with antibacterial activity. As does penicillin, the beta-lactam antibiotic cefixime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by disrupting peptidoglycan synthesis, resulting in a reduction in bacterial cell wall stability and bacterial cell lysis. Stable in the presence of a variety of beta-lactamases, this agent is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against gram-positive bacteria compared to second-generation cephalosporins. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ceflatonin
(Other name for: homoharringtonine)

cefotaxime
A third generation semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cefotaxime inhibits mucopeptide synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin binding proteins thereby interfering with the final transpeptidation step required for cross-linking of peptidoglycan units which are a component of bacterial cell walls. This results in a reduction of cell wall stability and causes cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cefpodoxime proxetil
A third generation semi-synthetic cephalosporin and a beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cefpodoxime's effect is dependent on its binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Binding results in the inhibition of the transpeptidase enzymes, thereby preventing cross-linking of the pentaglycine bridge with the fourth residue of the pentapeptide and interrupting consequent synthesis of peptidoglycan chains. As a result, cefpodoxime inhibits bacterial septum and cell wall synthesis formation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ceftazidime sodium
The sodium salt of ceftazidime, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Ceftazidime binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis. Compared to the second and first generation cephalosporins, ceftazidime is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against gram-positive bacteria. Ceftazidine also crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches therapeutic concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS). PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ceftobiprole medocaril
A water-soluble prodrug of ceftobiprole, a pyrrolidinone cephalosporin antibiotic, with bactericidal activity. Ceftobiprole binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes involved in the terminal stages of bacterial cell wall assembly and cell wall reshaping during bacterial growth and division. This agent exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Ceftobiprole is refractory to hydrolysis by class A and class C lactamases. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

celecoxib
A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a diaryl-substituted pyrazole structure. Celecoxib selectively inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 activity (COX-2); COX-2 inhibition may result in apoptosis and a reduction in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Celestone
(Other name for: betamethasone)

Celexa
(Other name for: citalopram hydrobromide)

Celiptium
(Other name for: elliptinium)

Cellcept
(Other name for: mycophenolate mofetil)

Cenolate
(Other name for: ascorbic acid)

cephalexin
A beta-lactam, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cephalexin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Compared to second and third generation cephalosporins, cephalexin is more active against gram-positive and less active against gram-negative organisms. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ceramide
One of a number of a class of sphingolipids, N-acyl derivatives with long chains. Ceramide is the core molecule for the synthesis of sphingomyelin, an essential lipid for myelination and neurotransmission; it may function as a second messenger to stimulate differentiation, inhibit proliferation, and induce apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cereport
(Other name for: lobradimil)

Cerespan
(Other name for: papaverine)

Certican
(Other name for: everolimus)

Cerubidine
(Other name for: daunorubicin hydrochloride)

Cervene
(Other name for: TGFa-PE38 immunotoxin)

cesium Cs 137
A radioactive isotope of cesium with an atomic mass of 139 and potential application in radiotherapy. Cesium Cs 137 is prevalent due to its spontaneous production, which occurs as a result of nuclear fission of other radioactive materials, such as uranium and plutonium. This radionuclide has a relatively long half-life, 30 years, and decays by emitting beta particles. Both Cs 137 and its metastable nuclear isomer, barium-137m, emit gamma radiation of moderate energy and so are used in sterilization procedures in the food industry or in hospital environments. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cetacort
(Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)

Cetane
(Other name for: ascorbic acid)

cetuximab
A recombinant, chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of the EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization may result in an inhibition in signal transduction and anti-proliferative effects. This agent may inhibit EGFR-dependent primary tumor growth and metastasis. EGFR is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cevalin
(Other name for: ascorbic acid)

cevimeline hydrochloride
A cholinergic analogue with glandular secretion stimulatory activity. Cevimeline binds to and activates muscarinic receptors, thereby increasing the secretions in exocrine salivary and sweat glands. This cholinergic agonist also increases the tone of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Cevimeline is being studied as a treatment for dry mouth caused by radiation therapy to the head and neck. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chamomile
The flower-heads of either the plant Anthemis nobilis or the plant Matricaria chamomilla. Chamomile has a warm aromatic odour and a very bitter taste and contains volatile oils which are a mixture of butyl and amyl angelates and valerates. Due to its coumarin constituents, large doses may interfere with coagulation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Chantix
(Other name for: varenicline)

checkpoint kinase inhibitor AZD7762
A synthetic small molecule inhibitor of checkpoint kinases (Chks) with potential chemosensitizing activity. AZD7762 binds to and inhibits Chks, which may prevent cell cycle arrest and subsequent nucleotide excision repair in DNA-damaged tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents. Chks are protein kinases that regulate either G1/S or G2/M transitions in the cell cycle. In the presence of DNA damage or incomplete DNA replication, Chks become activated and initiate cell cycle arrest to allow DNA repair or the completion of DNA replication. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Chemophase
(Other name for: recombinant human hyaluronidase)

chimeric anti-phosphotidylserine monoclonal antibody
An IgG3 monoclonal antibody directed against anionic phospholipids with potential antineoplastic activity. Chimeric anti-phosphotidylserine monoclonal antibody binds to anionic phospholipids in a beta 2-glycoprotein I-dependent manner, inhibiting tumor growth by stimulating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to tumor vessels. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CHIR-265
An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity.CHIR-265 binds and inhibits Raf kinases, which may result in a reduction of tumor cell growth and proliferation, and tumor cell death. In addition, this agent inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR-2), thereby disrupting tumor angiogenesis. Raf kinases are critical enzymes in the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and are frequently upregulated in neoplasms. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chk1 inhibitor PF-477736
A proprietary compound targeting cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1 (chk1) with potential chemopotentiation activity. Chk1 inhibitor PF-477736 inhibits chk1, an ATP-dependent serine-threonine kinase that is a key component in the DNA replication-monitoring S/G2 checkpoint system. By overriding the last checkpoint defense against DNA damaging agent-induced lethal damage, chk1 inhibitor PF-477736 may potentiate the antitumor efficacy of various chemotherapeutic agents against tumor cells with intrinsic checkpoint defects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chlorambucil
An orally-active antineoplastic aromatic nitrogen mustard. Chlorambucil alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in disruption of DNA function, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chlorhexidine
A biguanide compound used as an antiseptic agent with topical antibacterial activity. Chlorhexidine is positively charged and reacts with the negatively charged microbial cell surface, thereby destroying the integrity of the cell membrane. Subsequently, chlorhexidine penetrates into the cell and causes leakage of intracellular components leading to cell death. Since gram positive bacteria are more negatively charged, they are more sensitive to this agent. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide
A chlorinated heterocyclic sulfanilamide with potential antineoplastic activity and potential immunosuppressive activity. Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide poisons topoisomerase II alpha and topoisomerase II beta, thereby causing double-stranded breaks in DNA, accumulation of unrepaired DNA, and apoptosis. This agent also exhibits lymphotoxicity by inhibiting lymphocyte activation in a cell cycle-specific manner. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chlorozotocin
A glucose-linked chloroethylnitrosourea with potential antineoplastic activity. Chlorozotocin alkylates DNA and proteins, induces the formation of interstrand DNA and DNA-protein crosslinks, and causes DNA strand breakage, thereby damaging DNA and resulting in cell death. This agent has been shown to exhibit antitumor and immunomodulatory effects in cell lines and animal models. Chlorozotocin is a mutagen and is less myelotoxic than other nitrosoureas. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chlorpromazine
A phenothiazine and traditional antipsychotic agent with anti-emetic activity. Chlorpromazine exerts its antipsychotic effect by blocking postsynaptic dopamine receptors in cortical and limbic areas of the brain, thereby preventing the excess of dopamine in the brain. This leads to a reduction in psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Chlorpromazine appears to exert its anti-emetic activity by blocking the dopamine receptors in the chemical trigger zone (CTZ) in the brain, thereby relieving nausea and vomiting. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chlorzoxazone
A benzoxazolone derivative with mild sedative and centrally-acting muscle relaxant activities. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, chlorzoxazone (CZ) appears to act at the spinal cord and subcortical levels of the brain to inhibit multisynaptic reflex arcs involved in producing and maintaining muscle spasms. This agent is extensively hydroxylated by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) to 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (HCZ),11,12 which is subsequently glucuronidated and eliminated renally. Highly selective for CYP2E1, CZ may be used as a selective probe for phenotyping CYP2E1 in humans; the ratio of HCZ-to-CZ plasma concentrations obtained 2 to 4 hours after oral administration of CZ may be used as a phenotypic measure of CYP2E1 enzymatic activity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cholecalciferol
A steroid hormone produced in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light or obtained from dietary sources. The active form of cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) plays an important role in maintaining blood calcium and phosphorus levels and mineralization of bone. The activated form of cholecalciferol binds to vitamin D receptors and modulates gene expression. This leads to an increase in serum calcium concentrations by increasing intestinal absorption of phosphorus and calcium, promoting distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increasing osteoclastic resorption. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

choline magnesium trisalicylate
A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the salicylate family. Choline magnesium trisalicylate inhibits inflammation-related prostaglandin synthesis. This agent's analgesic effect is mediated through peripheral and central pathways, resulting in a decrease in pain perception; its antipyretic effect is mediated via the hypothalamic heat regulation center. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

chromomycin A3
A glycosidic antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Chromomycin A3 reversibly binds to guanine-cytosine (G-C) base pairs in the minor groove of DNA, thereby inhibiting RNA synthesis. This agent is used as a fluorescent chromosome dye. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CI-921
A synthetic derivative of acridine carboxamide with antineoplastic properties. CI-921, a lipophilic and water-soluble analog of amsacrine, inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase ll, thereby blocking DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cialis
(Other name for: tadalafil)

cidofovir
A synthetic, acyclic, monophosphate nucleotide analog of deoxycytidine with antiviral activity, and mostly used against cytomegalovirus (CMV). After incorporation into the host cell, cidofovir is phosphorylated by pyruvate kinases to its active metabolite cidofovir diphosphate. Cidofovir diphosphate, bearing structural similarity to nucleotides, competes with deoxycytosine-5-triphosphate (dCTP) for viral DNA polymerase and gets incorporated into the growing viral DNA strands. As a result, it prevents further DNA polymerization and disrupts DNA replication of viruses. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cilengitide
A cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide with potential antineoplastic activity. Cilengitide binds to and inhibits the activities of the alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cimetidine
A histamine H(2)-receptor antagonist. Enhancing anti-tumor cell-mediated responses, cimetidine blocks histamine's ability to stimulate suppressor T lymphocyte activity and to inhibit natural killer (NK) cell activity and interleukin-2 production. Cimetidine also may inhibit tumor growth by suppressing histamine's growth-factor activity and blocking histamine-induced stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic growth factor. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cintredekin besudotox
A recombinant chimeric protein with potent antitumor activity. Cintredekin besudotox is composed of interleukin-13 (IL13), a pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine, linked to a mutated form of pseudomonas exotoxin A; this agent targets and kills tumor cells that express the IL13 receptor (IL13R).The IL13 moiety attaches to the IL13R on the tumor cell membrane, facilitating the entry of the exotoxin. The exotoxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ciprofloxacin
A synthetic broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Ciprofloxacin binds to and inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for DNA replication. This agent is more active against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Circadin
(Other name for: therapeutic melatonin)

cisplatin
An inorganic platinum agent (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) with antineoplastic activity. Cisplatin forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cisplatin liposomal
A synthetic formulation in which the antineoplastic agent cisplatin is encapsulated in lipids. Cisplatin liposomal consists of small aggregates of cisplatin covered by a single lipid bilayer. Encasement in liposomes improves cisplatin's tumor bioavailability and toxicity profile. Liposomal encapsulation does not affect the pharmacological properties of cisplatin directly. Cisplatin forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cisplatin-e therapeutic implant
An injectable collagen matrix gel containing the inorganic platinum agent cisplatin and the sympathicomimetic agent epinephrine with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection, cisplatin alkylates guanine nucleosides in DNA, and causes DNA-DNA or DNA-protein cross-linkages, thereby preventing DNA replication and resulting in tumor cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Epinephrine, a potent vasoconstrictor, is added to the gel to enhance penetration of cisplatin into tumor tissue and reduce dispersion into the surrounding tissues. Intratumoral injection of cisplatin-E therapeutic implant may increase local chemotherapeutic efficacy compared to the systemic administration of these agents while reducing systemic toxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

citalopram hydrobromide
The orally bioavailable hydrobromide salt of the racemic bicyclic phthalene derivative citalopram with antidepressant activity. As a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), citalopram selectively inhibits the CNS neuronal reuptake of serotonin, thereby potentiating serotonergic activity in the central nervous system (CNS). This agent has minimal effects on the CNS neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Citracal
(Other name for: calcium citrate)

Citroma
(Other name for: magnesium citrate)

cladribine
A purine nucleoside antimetabolite analogue. Cladribine triphosphate, a phosphorylated metabolite of cladribine, incorporates into DNA, resulting in single-strand breaks in DNA, depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and apoptosis. Because this agent is resistant to adenosine deaminase, an enzyme that inactivates some antineoplastic agents, it is selectively toxic to lymphocytes and monocytes which exhibit little deoxynucleotide deaminase activity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Clafen
(Other name for: cyclophosphamide)

Claforan
(Other name for: cefotaxime)

clarithromycin
A semisynthetic 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotic. Clarithromycin binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis in susceptible organisms. Clarithromycin has been shown to eradicate gastric MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphomas, presumably due to the eradication of tumorigenic Helicobacter pylori infection. This agent also acts as a biological response modulator, possibly inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth through alterations in growth factor expression. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Class 1 PI3K kinase family inhibitor XL147
An orally bioavailable small molecule, targeting the class I phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) family of lipid kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Class 1 PI3K kinase family inhibitor XL147 reversibly binds to class 1 PI3Ks in an ATP-competitive manner, inhibiting the production of the secondary messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and activation of the PI3K signaling pathway; this may result in inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Dysregulated PI3K signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents including genotoxic agents and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

class III receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AC220
An orally available small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Class III receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AC220 selectively inhibits class III receptor tyrosine kinases, including FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3/STK1), colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R/FMS), stem cell factor receptor (SCFR/KIT), and platelet derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), resulting in inhibition of ligand-independent leukemic cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mutations in FLT3, resulting in constitutive activation, are the most frequent genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and occur in approximately one-third of AML cases. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

clindamycin/hydrocortisone lotion
A topical lotion, containing clindamycin and hydrocortisone, with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Clindamycin, a lincomycin antibiotic, binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. As a glucocorticoid agonist, hydrocortisone promotes protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, capillary wall stability, renal excretion of calcium, and suppression of immune and inflammatory responses. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Clino-San vaginal lubricant
A vaginal lubricant formulated as a topical gel used to prevent and treat vaginal dryness. With a pH similar to that of normal vaginal discharge, Clino-San vaginal lubricant may reduce dryness, pain and irritation often caused by insufficient vaginal discharge due to atrophy of the vulvovaginal mucosa. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Clinoril
(Other name for: sulindac)

clobetasol propionate
The propionate salt form of clobetasol, a topical synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. Clobetasol propionate exerts its effect by binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently activates glucocorticoid receptor mediated gene expression. This results in synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins, while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators. Specifically, clobetasol propionate appears to induce phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, thereby controlling the release of the inflammatory precursor arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

clodronate disodium
The disodium salt of a nitrogen-free bisphosphonate analog of naturally occurring pyrophosphate. Clodronate binds to calcium and inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and hydroxyapatite crystal formation and dissolution, resulting in a reduction of bone turnover. This agent may control malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, inhibit osteolytic bone metastasis and decrease pain. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Clofarex
(Other name for: clofarabine)

clofibrate
An aryloxyisobutyric acid derivate with antihyperlipidemic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been fully characterized, clofibrate may enhance the conversion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), decreasing the production of hepatic VLDL, inhibiting cholesterol production, and increasing fecal excretion of neutral sterols. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Clolar
(Other name for: clofarabine)

clomiphene citrate
The citrate salt form of clomiphene, a triphenylethylene nonsteroidal ovulatory stimulant evaluated for antineoplastic activity against breast cancer. Clomiphene has both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities that compete with estrogen for binding at estrogen receptor sites in target tissues. This agent causes the release of the pituitary gonadotropins follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to ovulation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

clopidogrel bisulfate
A thienopyridine with antiplatelet activity. Clopidogrel bisulfate irreversibly alters the platelet receptor for adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thereby blocking the binding of ADP to its receptor, inhibiting ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein complex GPIIb/IIIa, and inhibiting fibrinogen binding to platelets and platelet adhesion and aggregation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cloretazine
(Other name for: VNP40101M)

clotrimazole
A synthetic, imidazole derivate with broad-spectrum, antifungal activity. Clotrimazole inhibits biosynthesis of sterols, particularly ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, thereby damaging and affecting the permeability of the cell membrane. This results in leakage and loss of essential intracellular compounds, and eventually causes cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CMV N495 peptide
A nonapeptide consisting of amino acid residues 495-503 of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) internal matrix protein pp65 with immunostimulating activity. CMV N495 peptide may used as a control to gauge immunocompetence in individuals receiving cancer vaccines. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CMV pp65 peptide
A peptide derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV) internal matrix protein pp65. CMV pp65 peptide antigen is used in recombinant vaccinia virus as an HLA-A-restricted epitope to produce vaccines and specific CD8+ and CD4+ cell responses against CMV infection, a serious complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In BMT, CMV infection may be prevented by passive immunization with donor-derived CMV-pp65-specific T-cell clones if provided early post-BMT. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CNGRC peptide-TNF alpha conjugate
A cytokine-peptide conjugate composed of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) chemically linked to the peptide CNGRC. The peptide moiety CNGRC, a ligand for the membrane-bound metalloprotease CD13, binds to endothelial cells of the angiogenic vasculature that express CD13 (also known as aminopeptidase N); subsequently, the TNF-alpha moiety induces apoptosis in endothelial cells expressing CD13, thereby inhibiting tumor-associated angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Co-Rax
(Other name for: warfarin)

Cocculus/nux vomica/tabacum/petroleum extract
A homeopathic herbal formulation with potential anti-emetic activity. Cocculus/nux vomica/tabacum/petroleum extract contains equal homeopathic units of the following extracts: extract of Cocculus indicus (fish berry), the fruit of the southeast Asian/Indian climbing plant Anamirta cocculus; extract of the seeds of Strychnos nux vomica (poison nut), an evergreen tree native to southeast Asia; extract of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco); and petroleum. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action for this formulation has yet to be fully elucidated, alkaloids in these plant extracts have been shown to relieve nausea, vomiting, and, in some cases, dizziness. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

codeine phosphate
The phosphate salt of codeine, a naturally occurring phenanthrene alkaloid and opioid agonist with analgesic, antidiarrheal and antitussive activities. Codeine mimics the actions of endogenous opioids by binding to the opioid receptors at many sites within the central nervous system (CNS). Stimulation of mu-subtype opioid receptors results in a decrease in the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline; in addition, the codeine metabolite morphine induces opening of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels and blocks the opening of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. Stimulation of gut mu-subtype opioid receptors results in a reduction in intestinal motility and delayed intestinal transit times. Antitussive activity is mediated through codeine’s action on the cough center in the medulla. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

coenzyme Q10
A naturally occurring benzoquinone important in electron transport in mitochondrial membranes. Coenzyme-Q functions as an endogenous antioxidant; deficiencies of this enzyme have been observed in patients with many different types of cancer and limited studies have suggested that coenzyme-Q may induce tumor regression in patients with breast cancer. This agent may have immunostimulatory effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CoFactor
(Other name for: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate)

COL-3
A chemically-modified tetracycline with potential antineoplastic activity. COL-3 inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. This agent also causes mitochondrial depolarization in tumor cells and induces both cellular apoptosis and tissue necrosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

colchicine
An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale with anti-gout and anti-inflammatory activities. The exact mechanism of action by which colchicine exerts its effect has not been completely established. Colchicine binds to tubulin, thereby interfering with the polymerization of tubulin, interrupting microtubule dynamics, and disrupting mitosis. This leads to an inhibition of migration of leukocytes and other inflammatory cells, thereby reducing the inflammatory response to deposited urate crystals. Colchicine may also interrupt the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues, thereby also preventing the resultant inflammatory response. Overall, colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis/migration and phagocytosis to inflamed areas, and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

collagen/aloe vera/vitamin E/lidocaine topical hydrogel
A topical preparation containing collagen, aloe vera, vitamin E, and lidocaine hydrochloride with wound-healing activity. The four ingredients of collagen/aloe vera/vitamin E/lidocaine topical hydrogel may promote wound repair and new tissue growth in which : collagen, a structural protein in connective tissue, provides a connective tissue matrix for the attachment of various cells involved in wound repair; aloe vera carbohydrate polymers provide a moist wound environment; vitamin E promotes blood vessel formation; and lidocaine acts as a local anesthetic. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

colloidal gold-bound tumor necrosis factor
A nanoparticle delivery system for recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) consisting of recombinant TNF bound to pegylated colloidal gold nanoparticles with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, colloidal gold-bound recombinant human TNF travels through the bloodstream, avoiding immune detection and uptake by the reticuloendothelial system because of nanoparticle pegylation. Due to their size, the colloidal gold nanoparticles exit the circulatory system only at hyperpermeable tumor neovasculature sites; TNF then binds to and activates tumor cell TNF receptors, which may result in an increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. Compared to the administration of unbound TNF, colloidal gold-bound TNF may improve the efficacy and safety of TNF administration by delivering TNF specifically to tumor tissue. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Colprosterone
(Other name for: therapeutic progesterone)

Combidex
(Other name for: ferumoxtran-10)

combretastatin A4 phosphate
A water-soluble prodrug derived from the African bush willow (Combretum caffrum) with tumor vascular-targeting activity. In vivo, combretastatin A4 phosphate is dephosphorylated to its active metabolite, combretastatin A4, which binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule depolymerization, resulting in morphological changes in proliferating endothelial cells. As a result, the permeability of tumor vasculature is increased, leading to reduced tumor blood flow and ischemic necrosis of tumor tissue. In vitro, combretastatin A4 phosphate has been shown to be directly cytotoxic to proliferating endothelial cells and tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Compound 42
(Other name for: warfarin)

Concerta
(Other name for: methylphenidate hydrochloride)

conjugated estrogens
Purified orally bioavailable female sex hormones isolated from pregnant mare urine or synthetically derived from plant materials and primarily conjugated as sulfate esters. Estrogen binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, which, in turn, bind to estrogen response elements (EREs) in target genes, resulting in histone acetylation, alteration of chromatin conformation, and initiation of transcription. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Constant-T
(Other name for: theophylline)

copper Cu 64 trastuzumab
A diagnostic radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab conjugated with the positron-emitting radioisotope copper Cu 64. Copper Cu 64 trastuzumab binds to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), allowing the detection of HER2 distribution using positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cordarone
(Other name for: amiodarone hydrochloride)

cordycepin
A purine nucleoside antimetabolite and antibiotic isolated from the fungus Cordyceps militaris with potential antineoplastic activity. Cordycepin is an adenosine analogue, which is readily phosphorylated to its mono-, di-, and triphosphate intracellularly. Triphosphate cordycepin can be incorporated into RNA, and inhibits transcription elongation and RNA synthesis due to the absence of a hydroxyl moiety at the 3' position. Because it can be converted to an inactive metabolite by adenosine deaminase, this agent must be administered with an adenosine deaminase inhibitor in order to be effective. Cordycepin has displayed cytotoxicity against some leukemic cell lines in vitro. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cort-Dome
(Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)

Cortalone
(Other name for: prednisolone)

Cortril
(Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)

Corynebacterium granulosum P40
An insoluble fraction isolated from the bacterium Corynebacterium granulosum with potential cancer immunotherapeutic activity. As a non-specific immunostimulant, Corynebacterium granulosum P40 activates the reticulo-endothelial system; induces the production of certain cytokines; enhances macrophage activity; and potentiates a delayed-type hypersensitivity response when co-administered with an antigen. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cosmegen
(Other name for: dactinomycin)

Cotrim
(Other name for: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)

Coumadin
(Other name for: warfarin)

COX-2 inhibitor TG01
An orally bioavailable anti-inflammatory agent with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. COX-2 inhibitor TG01 binds to and inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thereby inhibiting the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. TG01-mediated inhibition of COX-2 may induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. COX-related metabolic pathways may represent crucial regulators of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

coxsackievirus A21
A naturally occurring enterovirus with potential antitumor activity. Upon intratumoral administration, coxsackievirus A21 targets and binds to intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and decay acceleration factor (DAF), both cell surface molecules that are both overexpressed on certain malignant cells. After entering the cells, coxsackievirus A21 replicates in these cancer cells, thereby causing cancer cell lysis. This results in a reduction of tumor cell growth. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CP-4055
The lipophilic 5'-elaidic acid ester of the deoxycytidine analog cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine; Ara-C) with potential antineoplastic activity. As a prodrug, CP-4055 is converted intracellularly into cytarabine triphosphate by deoxycytidine kinase and subsequently competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Compared to cytarabine, CP-4055 shows increased cellular uptake and retention, resulting in increased activation by deoxycytidine kinase to cytarabine triphosphate, decreased deamination and deactivation by deoxycytidine deaminase, and increased inhibition of DNA synthesis. This agent also inhibits RNA synthesis, an effect not seen with cytarabine. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CP-724,714
An orally bioavailable quinazoline with potential antineoplastic activity. CP-724,714 selectively binds to the intracellular domain of HER2, reversibly inhibiting its tyrosine kinase activity and resulting in suppression of tumor cell growth. HER2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is overexpressed in many adenocarcinomas, particularly breast cancers. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CP-751871
A human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. CP-751871 selectively binds to IGF1R, preventing insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) from binding to the receptor and subsequent receptor autophosphorylation. Inhibition of IGF1R autophosphorylation may result in a reduction in receptor expression on tumor cells that express IGF1R, a reduction in the anti-apoptotic effect of IGF, and inhibition of tumor growth. IGF1R is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on most tumor cells and is involved in mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor cell survival. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CpG 7909
A synthetic 24-mer oligonucleotide containing 3 CpG motifs with potential antineoplastic and immunostimulatory activity. CpG 7909 selectively targets Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), thereby activating dendritic and B cells and stimulating cytotoxic T cell and antibody responses against tumor cells bearing tumor antigens. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide
A synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide, containing unmethylated CpG motifs derived from bacterial DNA, with immunostimulatory activities. A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) binds to and activates a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and is taken up into cells by endocytosis; once internalized, it may activate numerous signaling transduction pathways resulting in the release of multiple cytokines. Through activation of TLR9, a CpG ODN can directly stimulate B-lymphocytes, dendritic and NK cells, resulting in an increase in innate immunity and antibody-dependant cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Additionally, a CpG ODN can indirectly modulate T-cell responses, through the release of cytokines (IL-12 and IFN gamma), to induce a preferential shift to the Th1 (helper) phenotype resulting in enhanced CD8+ cellular cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

creatine
An endogenous amino acid derivative produced by vertebrate animals and occurring primarily in muscle cells. Creatine is important for energy storage; it is phosphorylated to creatine phosphate, which serves as a phosphate donor in the conversion of ADP to ATP and supplies energy necessary for muscle contraction. Dietary supplementation with creatine may improve muscle wasting associated with cancer and other chronic diseases. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cristanaspase
(Other name for: asparaginase)

Crixivan
(Other name for: indinavir sulfate)

CS-1008
A humanized agonistic monoclonal antibody directed against human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) with potential antitumor activity. Mimicking the natural receptor ligand TRAIL, CS-1008 binds to TRAIL-R2, activating signal transduction pathways that may result in tumor cell apoptosis and a reduction in tumor growth. A member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, TRAIL-R2, also known as DR5 (death receptor 5), is expressed on the surfaces of many types of malignant cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cubicin
(Other name for: daptomycin)

Culturelle
(Other name for: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG)

Cuprimine
(Other name for: penicillamine)

curcumin
A phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties. Curcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation; and disrupts cell signal transduction by various mechanisms including inhibition of protein kinase C. These effects may play a role in the agent's observed antineoplastic properties, which include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of chemically induced carcinogenesis and tumor growth in animal models of cancer. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Curretab
(Other name for: medroxyprogesterone)

CXCR4 inhibitor MSX-122
An orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXCR4 with potential antineoplastic and antiviral activities. CXCR4 inhibitor MSX-122 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) to the CXCR4 receptor and receptor activation, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types; it is also a co-receptor for HIV entry into T cells. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cyanide Antidote Package
(Other name for: sodium thiosulfate)

cycloleucine
A non-metabolizable synthetic amino acid, formed through the cyclization of the amino acid leucine, with immunosuppressive, antineoplastic, and cytostatic activities. Cycloleucine competitively inhibits the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase, resulting in the inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis from methionine and ATP, and subsequent nucleic acid methylation and polyamine production; RNA, and perhaps to a lesser extent, DNA biosyntheses and cell cycle progression are finally disrupted. This agent is also a competitive inhibitor at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cyclopentenyl cytosine
A pro-drug carbocyclic analogue of cytidine with antineoplastic and antiviral activities. Cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC) is converted to the active metabolite cyclopentenyl cytosine 5'-triphosphate (CPEC-TP); CPEC-TP competitively inhibits cytidine triphosphate (CTP) synthase, thereby depleting intracellular cytidine pools and inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent may also induce differentiation of some tumor cell types. The antiviral activity of this agent is broad-spectrum. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cyclophosphamide
A synthetic alkylating agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. In the liver, cyclophosphamide is converted to the active metabolites aldophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard, which bind to DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and initiating cell death. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cyclosporine
A natural cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant isolated from the fungus Beauveria nivea. The exact mechanism of action of cyclosporine is not known but may involve binding to the cellular protein cytophilin, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme calcineurin. This agent appears to specifically and reversibly inhibit immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0-or G1-phase of the cell cycle. T-lymphocytes are preferentially inhibited with T-helper cells as the primary target. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and release. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cyfos
(Other name for: ifosfamide)

Cyklokapron
(Other name for: tranexamic acid)

cyproheptadine hydrochloride
The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic methyl-piperidine derivative with antihistaminic and anti-serotoninergic properties. Cyproheptadine competes with free histamine (HA) for binding at HA-receptor sites, thereby competitively antagonizing histamine stimulation of HA-receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, large blood vessels, and bronchial smooth muscle. This agent also competes with free serotonin for binding at serotonin receptor sites. Cyproheptadine exhibits anticholinergic and sedative properties and has been shown to stimulate appetite and weight gain. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cyproterone acetate
The acetate salt of a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen with weak progestational and antineoplastic activities. Cyproterone binds the androgen receptor (AR), thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation in target tissues and inhibiting the growth of testosterone-sensitive tumor cells. This agent also exerts progestational agonist properties at the level of the pituitary that reduce luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in reductions in testicular androgen secretion and serum testosterone levels. Treatment with cyproterone alone results in incomplete suppression of serum testosterone levels. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Cyren A
(Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)

cytarabine
An antimetabolite analogue of cytidine with a modified sugar moiety (arabinose instead of ribose). Cytarabine is converted to the triphosphate form within the cell and then competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA. Because the arabinose sugar sterically hinders the rotation of the molecule within DNA, DNA replication ceases, specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. This agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in a decrease in DNA replication and repair. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

cytochlor
A radio-sensitizing pyrimidine nucleoside with potential antineoplastic activity. Cytochlor is metabolized first to a phosphate derivative, CldCMP, by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase and then to the active uracyl derivative, CldUMP, by the enzyme dCMP deaminase; deoxycytidine kinase and dCMP deaminase have been found in abnormally high concentrations in most cancers. CldUMP, the active metabolite, incorporates into DNA and, upon exposure to radiation, induces the formation of uracil radicals and double-strand DNA breaks. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

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