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Ammonia Refrigeration |
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Standards |
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Ammonia refrigeration
is addressed in specific standards for the general industry. This page highlights OSHA standards, preambles to final rules (background
to final rules), directives (instructions
for compliance officers), standard interpretations (official letters of interpretation of
the standards), and national consensus standards related to
ammonia refrigeration.
This page also contains a partial list of good engineering practices which may
also apply to
many ammonia refrigeration facilities. This list is not intended to be
all-inclusive or definitive, but should provide employers with a starting point
for finding applicable codes, standards, and guidelines.
OSHA
Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act, often referred to as the General Duty
Clause, requires employers to "furnish to each of his employees employment and a
place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or
are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees." Section
5(a)(2) requires employers to "comply with occupational safety and health
standards promulgated under this Act".
Note: Twenty-four states, Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands have
OSHA-approved State Plans and have adopted their own standards and
enforcement policies. For the most part, these States adopt standards that are
identical to Federal OSHA. However, some States have adopted different standards
applicable to this topic or may have different enforcement policies. |
Highlighted Standards
General Industry (29 CFR
1910)
- 1910 Subpart
E, Exit routes, emergency action plans, and fire prevention plans
- 1910 Subpart
H, Hazardous materials [related
topic page]
- 1910.119, Process
safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. Applies to systems containing 10,000 lbs. of ammonia or
greater. [related
topic page]
-
Appendix A, List of
highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives (Mandatory)
-
Appendix B, Block
flow diagram and simplified process flow diagram (Nonmandatory)
-
Appendix C, Compliance
guidelines and recommendations for process safety management (Nonmandatory)
- Appendix D, Sources of
further information (Nonmandatory)
- 1910.120, Hazardous
waste operations and emergency response. Generally, the emergency response requirements of
29 CFR 1910.120(q) apply to employers
who use refrigeration systems utilizing anhydrous ammonia as a cooling agent.
[related
topic page]
-
Appendix A, Personal protective equipment test methods
- Appendix B,
General description and discussion of the levels of protection and
protective gear
- Appendix C, Compliance
guidelines
- Appendix D,
References
- Appendix E, Training
curriculum guidelines (Non-mandatory)
- 1910
Subpart I, Personal protective equipment. Employers are required to provide personal protective equipment to
employees who may be exposed to ammonia. Employees who wear a respirator
during the course of their job, or who would be expected to wear a
respirator in an emergency response situation, must also follow the
requirements of the respiratory protection standard.
- 1910 Subpart
S, Electrical [related
topic page]
- 1910.307, Hazardous (classified) locations. There may be locations in an ammonia refrigeration system that are Class 1 Division 2 hazardous locations.
- 1910 Subpart
Z, Toxic and hazardous substances [related
topic page]
- 1910.1200,
Hazard communication. Employers are required to communicate the hazards associated with working with ammonia to appropriate
employees. [related
topic page]
Preambles to Final Rules
Directives
Standard Interpretations
- Process
operators' training requirements to take limited action in stopping an
emergency release; role in an incident command system. (2004, February
14). Addresses questions about emergency response and the role of
an incident commander.
- Process
safety information for ventilation system design. (2003, December 22). Clarifies documentation requirements for ventilation system design at
certain facilities, including anhydrous ammonia terminals.
- Requirements
for emergency response and planning under the Process Safety Management
Standard. (2003, June 24).
- Provisions
of the Hazard Communication Standard. (1997, June 20). Provides
clarification of definitions under the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) for units containing ammonia as a
refrigerant.
- Process
Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals and process hazard analyses.
(1996, October 31).
- Storage
of flammable liquids and the applicability to the Process Safety Management
standard.
(1995, September 11). Addresses the difference between required and
elected actions under the Process Safety Management Standard with regard to
storage of flammable liquids.
- Training for plant maintenance personnel and HAZWOPER. (1993, January
26). Discusses how, in most
instances, the emergency response provisions in 29 CFR 1910.120(q) apply to
employers who use refrigeration systems utilizing anhydrous ammonia as a cooling agent.
- Various
questions on OSHA standards.
(1992, September 1). Includes a discussion of how much training is
required for employees working on refrigeration systems that contain
ammonia.
- Fires involving spills or releases of hazardous substances. (1991, June 17). Discusses the
potential for ammonia refrigeration contractor's actions to fall under the scope of
"emergency response" actions and the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120(q).
- Ventilation for an anhydrous ammonia refrigeration system. (1990, June
13).
Addresses the issue of dilution ventilation and intrinsic safety in the mechanical control room for an anhydrous ammonia refrigeration system.
- Search all available
standard
interpretations.
National Consensus
Note: These are NOT OSHA regulations. However, they do
provide guidance from their originating organizations related to worker
protection.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/International
Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR)
- 2-1999, American National Standard for Equipment,
Design, and Installation of Ammonia Mechanical Refrigerating Systems. Guides
the design, manufacture, installation, and use of ammonia mechanical
refrigerating systems in industrial occupancies.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).
- 15-2007, Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration.
Promotes the safe design, construction, installation, and operation of refrigerating
systems. Establishes reasonable safeguards of life, limb, health, and property; defines practices that are consistent
with safety; and prescribes safety standards. The provisions of this
code are not intended to apply to the use of water as a refrigerant.
- 26-1996, Mechanical Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Installations Aboard Ship. Provides recommendations and requirements for the safe and efficient design,
construction, installation, operation, inspection, and maintenance of mechanical refrigeration equipment
aboard ships.
American Society of Heating Refrigerating and
Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
- 2006 Handbook - Refrigeration. Covers the refrigeration equipment and systems used for applications other than
human comfort. Includes information on cooling, freezing, and storing food; industrial applications
of refrigeration; and low-temperature refrigeration. Primarily a reference for the
practicing engineer, but also a useful reference for anyone involved in the cooling and storage of food
products.
- Chapter 3, System Practices for Ammonia Refrigerant
- Chapter 6, Control of
Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
- B31.5-2001, Refrigeration Piping and Heat
Transfer Components
- Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 2007 Edition
- Section V, Nondestructive Examination
- Section VIII, Pressure Vessels
Compressed Gas Association (CGA)
- G-2.1, American National Standard Safety
Requirements for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia, (1999).
Includes standards for the location, design, construction, and operation
of anhydrous ammonia systems. Sections on refrigerated storage systems,
systems mounted on farm vehicles, tank motor vehicles, and tank railcars
for transportation purposes are included. This standard does not apply to
ammonia manufacturing plants, or refrigerating or air conditioning
systems.
FM Global
- 7-13, Mechanical Refrigeration, (2007). Property Loss Prevention Data
Sheet.
International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR)
- Ammonia Data Book, 2nd Edition. (1992, December). Provides a variety of information on
ammonia and includes a data on the various properties of ammonia and information on its use.
-
IIAR Bulletins/Guidelines:
- Suggested Safety and Operating Procedures When Making Refrigeration Plant Tie-Ins. No. 107-1997.
Addresses the need to approach ammonia refrigeration system tie-ins in a
safe and methodical manner. Provides owners and contractors with a general checklist of safety and
logistical items that should be reviewed when planning system shutdowns and tie-ins.
Provides engineers with ideas on how and where to design for future connections and taps that can make future
tie-ins easier and safer.
- Water Contamination in Ammonia Refrigeration Systems. No. 108-1986.
Addresses the water
contamination in ammonia refrigeration systems that has always been a
problem, as owners typically know they have
water in a system, but may not be familiar with how it got there; measures to quantify the amounts, analyzing
the specific penalties it causes on the system performance; and removing the water in a safe manner.
Offers insights on where the water can come from and how to minimize continued infiltration.
Provides an analytical approach to quantifying water concentrations, and recommends apparatus to remove the
water.
- Minimum Safety Criteria for a Safe Ammonia Refrigeration System. No.
109-1997. Embraces an IIAR goal of ensuring that ammonia refrigeration systems are engineered,
constructed and operated in a safe manner. Provides detailed lists of items to consider when
designing, inspecting, or operating a system. Addresses such issues as
housekeeping, recordkeeping, code considerations and personnel
safety equipment. Provides inspection checklist
forms for compressors, condensers, evaporators, vessels and heat exchangers to check system installation
against recognized industry safety requirements.
- Start-Up, Inspection and Maintenance of Ammonia Mechanical Refrigerating Systems. No. 110-1993. Covers ammonia characteristics and hazards, inspection and maintenance
of equipment, start-up issues, reference standards, safety equipment, and log book recordkeeping.
Provides definitions
of system components and terms to help in understanding ammonia
systems.
- Ammonia Machinery Room Ventilation. No.111-2002.
Provides a practical ventilation design criteria that will satisfy existing code requirements and improve
machinery room safety. Major differences can be
found between codes when determining ventilation requirements for ammonia machinery rooms. These differences
result in confusion for the engineer and possible code misapplication.
- Avoiding Component Failure in Industrial Refrigeration Systems Caused by
- Ammonia Machinery Room Design. No. 112-1998.
Summarizes generally accepted industry practice for ammonia machinery rooms,
and references relevant codes and standards where instructive. The
recommendations in this guideline are most applicable to completely
new ammonia machinery rooms. Application to the evaluation and/or
renovation of existing machinery rooms may be impractical for a
variety of reasons and should be done only with careful
consideration.
- Identification of Ammonia Refrigeration Piping and System Components. No.
114-1991. Provides a comprehensive ammonia labeling scheme for companies in need of an
identification system that "covers it all." Offers recommendations on label sizes, colors,
installation locations, and label material requirements.
- Abnormal Pressure
or Shock. No. 116-1992.
Identifies three significant factors that can lead to
ammonia refrigeration system damage and personnel injury: trapped liquid, sudden liquid deceleration, and
vapor propelled liquid. Explains the most likely causes for each of these problems and provides
design, operation and servicing tips that can minimize the chances of them occurring.
Offers numerous
suggestions on making hot gas defrost operations safer and more effective.
- Process Safety Management Guidelines.
(1998). Provides guidance on
the interpretation and implementation of the OSHA Process Safety
Management Standard. Contains a chapter discussing each of the fourteen
elements and includes a series of work practices, checklists, and other
guidance materials to assist employers in developing a process safety
management program.
- Risk Management Program Guidelines for Ammonia Refrigeration.
(1998).
Provides guidance on the interpretation and implementation of EPA's Risk Management Rule. A good companion to
the Process Safety Management Guidelines manual also published by IIAR.
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