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Collects inmate death records from each of the nation's 50 state prison systems, Federal Bureau of Prisons, and approximately 2,800 local jail jurisdictions. Between 2003 and 2014, BJS also collected data on persons who died while in the process of arrest.
Death records include information on decedent personal characteristics (age, race or Hispanic origin, and sex), decedent criminal background (legal status, offense type, and time served), and the death itself (date, time, location, and cause of death, as well as information on the autopsy and medical treatment provided for any illness or disease).
Data collections covering these populations were developed in annual phases: Annual collection of individual death records from local jail facilities began in 2000, followed by a separate collection for state prison facilities in 2001. Collection of state juvenile correctional agencies began in 2002 but was discontinued in 2006, and collection of arrest-related death records began in 2003. Due to concerns regarding data quality and coverage issues, BJS temporarily suspended the arrest-related death (ARD) portion of the DCRP in 2014. Datasets are produced in an annual format.
On This Page |
Data Experts |
Collection Period |
Questionnaires |
Annual Summary of Inmate Deaths in State Prisons NPS-4 | ||
2016 PDF (248K) | 2015 PDF (244K) | 2014 PDF (246K) | 2011 PDF (113K) | 2010 PDF (112K) | 2009 PDF (150K) | 2008 PDF (128K) | 2007 PDF | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | ||
Annual Summary on Inmates Under Jail Jurisdiction CJ-9 A/5 | ||
2016 PDF (391K) | ||
Annual Summary on Inmates Under Jail Jurisdiction CJ-9A | ||
2016 PDF (439K) | 2015 PDF (391K) | 2014 PDF (104K) | 2013 PDF (160K) | 2012 PDF | 2011 PDF (223K) | 2010 PDF (222K) | 2009 PDF (192K) | 2008 PDF (160K) | 2007 PDF | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | 2003 PDF | ||
Annual Summary on Inmates in Private and Multi-Jurisdiction Jails CJ-10A | ||
2015 PDF (426K) | 2014 PDF (506K) | 2013 PDF (208K) | 2012 PDF (209K) | 2011 PDF (217K) | 2010 PDF (217K) | 2009 PDF (192K) | 2008 PDF (159K) | 2007 PDF | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | 2003 PDF | ||
Arrest Related Deaths CJ-11A (Formerly Law Enforcement Custodial Death Report) | ||
2011 PDF (516KB) | 2010 PDF (513KB) | 2009 Reporting instructions | 2009 PDF (349K) | 2008 PDF (174K) | 2007 PDF | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | 2003 PDF | ||
Death Report on Inmates Under Jail Jurisdiction CJ-9 | ||
2018 PDF (483K) | 2017 PDF (502K) | 2016 PDF (502K) | 2015 PDF (484K) | 2014 PDF (528K) | 2013 PDF | 2012 PDF (239K) | 2011 PDF (78K) | 2010 PDF (77K) | 2009 PDF (208K) | 2008 PDF (67K) | 2007 PDF | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | ||
Death Report on Inmates in Private and Multi-Jurisdictional Jails CJ-10 | ||
2018 PDF (495K) | 2017 PDF (506K) | 2016 PDF (506K) | 2015 PDF (486K) | 2014 PDF (535K) | 2013 PDF (225K) | 2012 PDF (238K) | 2011 PDF (78K) | 2010 PDF (77K) | 2009 PDF (208K) | 2008 PDF (66K) | 2007 PDF | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | 2003 PDF | ||
Quarterly Summary Arrest-Related Deaths CJ-11 (Formerly Quarterly Summary of Deaths in Law Enforcement Custody) | ||
2011 PDF (423KB) | 2010-2011 CJ-11 Reporting Instructions | 2010 PDF (473KB) | 2009 PDF (176K) | 2009 Reporting instructions | 2008 PDF (173K) | 2007 PDF | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | 2003 PDF | ||
Quarterly Summary of Deaths in State Juvenile Residential Facilities NPS-5 | ||
2007 PDF (178K) | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | ||
State Juvenile Residential Death Report NPS-5A | ||
2007 PDF (176K) | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF | 2003 PDF | ||
State Prison Inmate Death Report NPS-4A | ||
2018 PDF (380K) | 2017 PDF (394K) | 2016 PDF (373K) | 2015 PDF (373K) | 2014 PDF (388K) | 2013 PDF (70K) | 2012 PDF (112K) | 2011 PDF (70K) | 2010 PDF (69K) | 2009 PDF (190K) | 2008 PDF (137K) | 2007 PDF | 2006 PDF | 2005 PDF | 2004 PDF |
Documentation |
Methodology |
Mortality in Correctional Institutions (MCI) (formerly Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP)) is a voluntary data collection conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). BJS annually collects data on individual death records for all persons incarcerated in state prison or local jail facilities. Between 2003 and 2014, BJS also collected data on persons who died while in the process of arrest.
The MCI began in 2000 in response to the passage of the Death in Custody Reporting Act (DCRA) of 2000 (P.L. 106-297). The MCI collects many, but not all, of the elements outlined in the Death in Custody Reporting Act reauthorization (P.L. 113-242), but because the MCI is collected for statistical purposes only, it cannot be used for DCRA enforcement.
Jails report the death of any inmate in their custody, even if the inmate was being held for another jurisdiction, such as the state department of corrections, another state or county, or the federal government. Jail deaths include the death of any inmate sent outside the jail facility for medical, mental health, or substance abuse treatment services, or for work-release programs. Deaths that occur while an inmate is in transit to or from the jail facility are included. Deaths of jail inmates on temporary furloughs or who escaped from the jail facility are excluded. BJS annually collects death records and year-end collections of population and admissions data from all jail jurisdictions nationwide. An average of 98% of the approximately 2,800 jail jurisdictions in the United States have reported to the MCI (formerly DCRP) since 2000.
State prisoner death counts include the death of any inmate held in a private prison facility under contract to the state's department of corrections. Deaths of inmates in private facilities are counted in the state that had jurisdiction over the inmate, not the state where the private facility is located. State prisons report the death of any inmate sent outside the prison facility for treatment services or for work-release programs. Deaths that occur while a prisoner is in transit to or from the prison are included. Deaths of prisoners on temporary furloughs or who escaped from the prison facility are excluded. Executions are excluded because capital punishment cases are tracked under the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program. In each year all 50 state departments of corrections responded to the collection. The District of Columbia submitted prison population data until 2001, then it transferred all custody operations to the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP).
Until 2015, the BOP reported aggregate death counts to BJS. Starting with the 2015 reference year, the BOP submitted detailed data about each prisoner's death.
When the DCRA of 2000 was passed, only two states (California and Texas) collected information on all types of arrest-related deaths. For the remaining 48 states and the District of Columbia, the DCRP collection was the first attempt to perform a comprehensive count of all arrest-related deaths. BJS worked with state officials to determine which agency would collect arrest-related death reports. A state criminal justice commission, commonly administered by the governor's office, was the most common data reporting contact (22 states), followed by the state attorney general and state police department (8 states each). In five states, the department of corrections took a lead role in compiling records. In over 30 states, the reporting office also served as a state criminal justice Statistical Analysis Center (SAC).
Due to concerns regarding data quality and coverage issues, BJS temporarily suspended the arrest-related death (ARD) portion of the DCRP in 2014.
Changes Over Time |
Since 2007, BJS has given respondents the option to report throughout the collection year as death investigations are finalized. In earlier collection years, BJS requested respondents report on a quarterly basis.
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) assumed responsibility for the juvenile portion of the collection in 2006.
In 2008, BJS began collecting more specific information on the manner of death for suicides and deaths due to intoxication. In 2009, BJS changed and added several items on the data collection forms after receiving feedback from the field. These changes include clarifying language of existing items and adding new items. For jails and prisons, new items ask respondents—
For prisons, BJS dropped the item asking for legal status because nearly all prisoners are convicted at the time of death. Prison items include whether a death due to accident, suicide, or homicide took place while the inmate was housed on death row.
Publications & Products |
Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017-2018 This report is the 23rd in a series that began in 1985. It provides statistics on populations supervised by adult correctional systems in the United States, including persons held in prisons or jails and those supervised in the community on probation or parole. | |
Full report (PDF 701K) | Data tables (Zip format 17K) Part of the Correctional Populations in the United States Series |
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Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2016 - Statistical Tables This report presents counts and rate of deaths that occurred in the custody of local jails. It describes deaths by selected decedent characteristics, jurisdiction, cause of death, and trends over time. | |
Full report (PDF 696K) | Data tables (Spreadsheet 39K) Part of the Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons Series |
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Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001-2016 - Statistical Tables This report provides the number and rate of deaths among state and federal prisoners. It describes the cause of death, decedent characteristics, and 15-year trends of prisoner deaths (2001-2016). | |
Full report (PDF 488K) | Data tables (Spreadsheet 37K) Part of the Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons Series |
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Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016 Presents statistics on persons supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems at year-end 2016, including persons supervised in the community on probation or parole and those incarcerated in state or federal prison or local jail. | |
Press Release (71K) | Full report (PDF 635K) | Data tables (Spreadsheet 14K) Part of the Correctional Populations in the United States Series |
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HIV in Prisons, 2015 - Statistical Tables Presents data on state and federal prisoners who were HIV-positive or had confirmed AIDS and prisoners who died from AIDS-related causes. | |
Press Release | Summary (PDF 184K) | Full report (PDF 980K) | ASCII file (26K) | Comma-delimited format (CSV) (Zip format 25K) Part of the HIV in Prisons and Jails Series |
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Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015 Presents statistics on persons supervised by adult correctional systems in the United States at yearend 2015, including persons supervised in the community on probation or parole and those incarcerated in state or federal prison or local jail. | |
Press Release | Full report (PDF 787K) | ASCII file (43K) | Data tables (Spreadsheet 23K) Part of the Correctional Populations in the United States Series |
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Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2014 - Statistical Tables Describes national- and state-level data on inmate deaths that occurred in local jails from 2000 to 2014 and includes a preliminary count of inmate deaths in local jails in 2015. | |
Press Release | Summary (PDF 243K) | Full report (PDF 911K) | ASCII file (31K) | Comma-delimited format (CSV) (Zip format 39K) Part of the Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons Series |
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Mortality in State Prisons, 2001-2014 - Statistical Tables Describes national- and state-level data on inmate deaths that occurred in state prisons from 2001 to 2014 and presents aggregate counts of inmate deaths in federal prisons. | |
Press Release | Summary (PDF 241K) | Full report (PDF 551K) | ASCII file (27K) | Comma-delimited format (CSV) (Zip format 36K) Part of the Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons Series |
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Assessing Inmate Cause of Death: Deaths in Custody Reporting Program and National Death Index Provides a technical review of the coverage and quality of inmate cause of death data collected under BJS's Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP). | |
Full report (PDF 439K) | ASCII file (89K) | Comma-delimited format (CSV) (Zip format 43K) |
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Correctional Populations in the United States, 2014 Presents statistics on persons supervised by adult correctional systems in the United States at yearend 2014, including offenders supervised in the community on probation or parole and those incarcerated in state or federal prison or local jail. | |
Full report (PDF 641K) | ASCII file (26K) | Comma-delimited format (CSV) (Zip format 48K) Part of the Correctional Populations in the United States Series |
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