Section 1. Navigation Aids
1-1-1. General
1-1-2. Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)
1-1-3. VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
1-1-4. VOR
Receiver Check
1-1-5. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)
1-1-6. VHF Omni-directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC)
1-1-7. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
1-1-8. Navigational Aid (NAVAID)
Service Volumes
1-1-9. Instrument Landing System (ILS)
1-1-10. Simplified Directional Facility (SDF)
1-1-11. Microwave Landing System (MLS)
1-1-12. NAVAID
Identifier Removal During Maintenance
1-1-13. NAVAIDs
with Voice
1-1-14. User Reports on NAVAID
Performance
1-1-15. LORAN
1-1-16. VHF Direction Finder
1-1-17. Inertial Reference Unit (IRU), Inertial Navigation System (INS), and Attitude Heading
Reference System (AHRS)
1-1-18. Doppler Radar
1-1-19. Global Positioning System (GPS)
1-1-20. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
1-1-21. Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Landing System (GLS)
1-1-22. Precision Approach Systems other than ILS, GLS,
and MLS
Section 2. Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
1-2-1. Area Navigation (RNAV)
1-2-2. Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
1-2-3. Use of Suitable Area Navigation (RNAV)
Systems on Conventional Procedures and Routes
Section 1. Airport Lighting Aids
2-1-1. Approach Light Systems (ALS)
2-1-2. Visual Glideslope
Indicators
2-1-3. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)
2-1-4. Runway Edge Light Systems
2-1-5. In‐runway Lighting
2-1-6. Runway Status Light (RWSL)
System
2-1-7. StandAlone
Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (FAROS)
2-1-8. Control of Lighting Systems
2-1-9. Pilot Control of Airport Lighting
2-1-10. Airport/Heliport Beacons
2-1-11. Taxiway Lights
Section 2. Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting
2-2-1. Aeronautical Light Beacons
2-2-2. Code Beacons and Course Lights
2-2-3. Obstruction Lights
Section 3. Airport Marking Aids and Signs
2-3-1. General
2-3-2. Airport Pavement Markings
2-3-3. Runway Markings
2-3-4. Taxiway Markings
2-3-5. Holding Position Markings
2-3-6. Other Markings
2-3-7. Airport Signs
2-3-8. Mandatory Instruction Signs
2-3-9. Location Signs
2-3-10. Direction Signs
2-3-11. Destination Signs
2-3-12. Information Signs
2-3-13. Runway Distance Remaining Signs
2-3-14. Aircraft Arresting Systems
2-3-15. Security Identifications Display Area (Airport Ramp Area)
Section 1. General
3-1-1. General
3-1-2. General Dimensions of Airspace Segments
3-1-3. Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace Designations
3-1-4. Basic VFR
Weather Minimums
3-1-5. VFR
Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels
Section 2. Controlled Airspace
3-2-1. General
3-2-2. Class A Airspace
3-2-3. Class B Airspace
3-2-4. Class C Airspace
3-2-5. Class D Airspace
3-2-6. Class E Airspace
Section 3. Class G Airspace
3-3-1. General
3-3-2. VFR
Requirements
3-3-3. IFR
Requirements
Section 4. Special Use Airspace
3-4-1. General
3-4-2. Prohibited Areas
3-4-3. Restricted Areas
3-4-4. Warning Areas
3-4-5. Military Operations Areas
3-4-6. Alert Areas
3-4-7. Controlled Firing Areas
Section 5. Other Airspace Areas
3-5-1. Airport Advisory/Information Services
3-5-2. Military Training Routes
3-5-3. Temporary Flight Restrictions
3-5-4. Parachute Jump Aircraft Operations
3-5-5. Published VFR
Routes
3-5-6. Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)
3-5-7. National Security Areas
Section 1. Services Available to Pilots
4-1-1. Air Route Traffic Control Centers
4-1-2. Control Towers
4-1-3. Flight Service Stations
4-1-4. Recording and Monitoring
4-1-5. Communications Release of IFR
Aircraft Landing at an Airport Without an Operating Control Tower
4-1-6. Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities
4-1-7. Operation Take‐off and Operation Raincheck
4-1-8. Approach Control Service for VFR
Arriving Aircraft
4-1-9. Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports Without Operating Control Towers
4-1-10. IFR
Approaches/Ground Vehicle Operations
4-1-11. Designated UNICOM/MULTICOM
Frequencies
4-1-12. Use of UNICOM for ATC
Purposes
4-1-13. Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
4-1-14. Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska FSSs
Only
4-1-15. Radar Traffic Information Service
4-1-16. Safety Alert
4-1-17. Radar Assistance to VFR
Aircraft
4-1-18. Terminal Radar Services for VFR
Aircraft
4-1-19. Tower En Route Control (TEC)
4-1-20. Transponder Operation
4-1-21. Hazardous Area Reporting Service
4-1-22. Airport Reservation Operations and Special Traffic Management Programs
4-1-23. Requests for Waivers and Authorizations from Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14
CFR)
4-1-24. Weather System Processor
Section 2. Radio Communications Phraseology
and Techniques
4-2-1. General
4-2-2. Radio Technique
4-2-3. Contact Procedures
4-2-4. Aircraft Call Signs
4-2-5. Description of Interchange or Leased Aircraft
4-2-6. Ground Station Call Signs
4-2-7. Phonetic Alphabet
4-2-8. Figures
4-2-9. Altitudes and Flight Levels
4-2-10. Directions
4-2-11. Speeds
4-2-12. Time
4-2-13. Communications with Tower when Aircraft Transmitter or Receiver or Both
are Inoperative
4-2-14. Communications for VFR
Flights
Section 3. Airport Operations
4-3-1. General
4-3-2. Airports with an Operating Control Tower
4-3-3. Traffic Patterns
4-3-4. Visual Indicators at Airports Without an Operating Control Tower
4-3-5. Unexpected Maneuvers in the Airport Traffic Pattern
4-3-6. Use of Runways/Declared Distances
4-3-7. Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Detection Systems
4-3-8. Braking Action Reports and Advisories
4-3-9. Runway Friction Reports and Advisories
4-3-10. Intersection Takeoffs
4-3-11. Pilot Responsibilities When Conducting Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)
4-3-12. Low Approach
4-3-13. Traffic Control Light Signals
4-3-14. Communications
4-3-15. Gate Holding Due to Departure Delays
4-3-16. VFR
Flights in Terminal Areas
4-3-17. VFR
Helicopter Operations at Controlled Airports
4-3-18. Taxiing
4-3-19. Taxi During Low Visibility
4-3-20. Exiting the Runway After Landing
4-3-21. Practice Instrument Approaches
4-3-22. Option Approach
4-3-23. Use of Aircraft Lights
4-3-24. Flight Inspection/`Flight Check' Aircraft in Terminal Areas
4-3-25. Hand Signals
4-3-26. Operations at Uncontrolled Airports With Automated Surface Observing System
(ASOS)/Automated Weather Sensor System (AWSS)/Automated Weather Observing System
(AWOS)
Section 4. ATC
Clearances and Aircraft Separation
4-4-1. Clearance
4-4-2. Clearance Prefix
4-4-3. Clearance Items
4-4-4. Amended Clearances
4-4-5. Coded Departure Route (CDR)
4-4-6. Special VFR
Clearances
4-4-7. Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance Issuance
4-4-8. IFR Clearance VFR‐on‐top
4-4-9. VFR/IFR
Flights
4-4-10. Adherence to Clearance
4-4-11. IFR
Separation Standards
4-4-12. Speed Adjustments
4-4-13. Runway Separation
4-4-14. Visual Separation
4-4-15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures
4-4-16. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS
I & II)
4-4-17. Traffic Information Service (TIS)
Section 5. Surveillance Systems
4-5-1. Radar
4-5-2. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS)
4-5-3. Surveillance Radar
4-5-4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
4-5-5. Airport Surface Detection Equipment - Model X (ASDE-X)
4-5-6. Traffic Information Service (TIS)
4-5-7. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Services
4-5-8. Traffic Information Service- Broadcast (TIS-B)
4-5-9. Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B)
4-5-10. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast (ADS-R)
Section 6. Operational Policy/Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM)
in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore Airspace and the San Juan FIR
4-6-1. Applicability and RVSM
Mandate (Date/Time and Area)
4-6-2. Flight Level Orientation Scheme
4-6-3. Aircraft and Operator Approval Policy/Procedures, RVSM
Monitoring and Databases for Aircraft and Operator Approval
4-6-4. Flight Planning into RVSM
Airspace
4-6-5. Pilot RVSM
Operating Practices and Procedures
4-6-6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MWA)
4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence
4-6-8. Pilot/Controller Phraseology
4-6-9. Contingency Actions: Weather Encounters and Aircraft System Failures
4-6-10. Procedures for Accommodation of Non-RVSM
Aircraft
4-6-11. Non-RVSM Aircraft Requesting Climb to and Descent from Flight Levels Above RVSM
Airspace Without Intermediate Level Off
Section 7. Operational Policy/Procedures for the Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral
Separation Initiative
4-7-1. Introduction and Background
4-7-2. Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative Web Page: Policy,
Procedures and Guidance for Operators and Regulators
4-7-3. Lateral Separation Minima Applied
4-7-4. Operation on Routes on the periphery of the Gulf of Mexico CTAs
4-7-5. Provisions for Accommodation of NonRNP10 Aircraft (Aircraft Not Authorized RNP 10
or RNP 4)
4-7-6. Operator Action
4-7-7. RNP 10 or RNP
4 Authorization: Policy and Procedures for Aircraft and Operators
4-7-8. Flight Planning Requirements
4-7-9. Pilot and Dispatcher Procedures: Basic and Inflight
Contingency Procedures
Section 1. Preflight
5-1-1. Preflight Preparation
5-1-2. Follow IFR Procedures Even When Operating VFR
5-1-3. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)
System
5-1-4. Flight Plan - VFR
Flights
5-1-5. Operational Information System (OIS)
5-1-6. Flight Plan- Defense VFR (DVFR)
Flights
5-1-7. Composite Flight Plan (VFR/IFR
Flights)
5-1-8. Flight Plan (FAA Form 7233-1)- Domestic IFR
Flights
5-1-9. International Flight Plan (FAA Form 7233-4)- IFR
Flights (For Domestic or International Flights)
5-1-10. IFR
Operations to High Altitude Destinations
5-1-11. Flights Outside the U.S. and U.S. Territories
5-1-12. Change in Flight Plan
5-1-13. Change in Proposed Departure Time
5-1-14. Closing VFR/DVFR
Flight Plans
5-1-15. Canceling IFR
Flight Plan
5-1-16. RNAV and RNP
Operations
Section 2. Departure Procedures
5-2-1. Pre‐taxi Clearance Procedures
5-2-2. Pre-departure Clearance Procedures
5-2-3. Taxi Clearance
5-2-4. Line Up and Wait (LUAW)
5-2-5. Abbreviated IFR
Departure Clearance (Cleared. . .as Filed) Procedures
5-2-6. Departure Restrictions, Clearance Void Times, Hold for Release, and
Release Times
5-2-7. Departure Control
5-2-8. Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) - Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP)
and Standard Instrument Departures (SID)
Section 3. En Route Procedures
5-3-1. ARTCC
Communications
5-3-2. Position Reporting
5-3-3. Additional Reports
5-3-4. Airways and Route Systems
5-3-5. Airway or Route Course Changes
5-3-6. Changeover Points (COPs)
5-3-7. Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA)
5-3-8. Holding
Section 4. Arrival Procedures
5-4-1. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR), Area Navigation (RNAV) STAR, and Flight Management System Procedures (FMSP)
for Arrivals
5-4-2. Local Flow Traffic Management Program
5-4-3. Approach Control
5-4-4. Advance Information on Instrument Approach
5-4-5. Instrument Approach Procedure Charts
5-4-6. Approach Clearance
5-4-7. Instrument Approach Procedures
5-4-8. Special Instrument Approach Procedures
5-4-9. Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn
5-4-10. Timed Approaches from a Holding Fix
5-4-11. Radar Approaches
5-4-12. Radar Monitoring of Instrument Approaches
5-4-13. ILS/MLS
Approaches to Parallel Runways
5-4-14. Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Dependent)
(See FIG 5-4-19.)
5-4-15. Simultaneous Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Independent)
(See FIG 5-4-20.)
5-4-16. Simultaneous Close Parallel ILS PRM Approaches (Independent) and
Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches (SOIA) (See FIG 5-4-21.)
5-4-17. Simultaneous Converging Instrument Approaches
5-4-18. RNP AR
Instrument Approach Procedures
5-4-19. Side‐step Maneuver
5-4-20. Approach and Landing Minimums
5-4-21. Missed Approach
5-4-22. Use of Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS)
on Instrument Approaches
5-4-23. Visual Approach
5-4-24. Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP)
5-4-25. Contact Approach
5-4-26. Landing Priority
5-4-27. Overhead Approach Maneuver
Section 5. Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities
5-5-1. General
5-5-2. Air Traffic Clearance
5-5-3. Contact Approach
5-5-4. Instrument Approach
5-5-5. Missed Approach
5-5-6. Radar Vectors
5-5-7. Safety Alert
5-5-8. See and Avoid
5-5-9. Speed Adjustments
5-5-10. Traffic Advisories (Traffic Information)
5-5-11. Visual Approach
5-5-12. Visual Separation
5-5-13. VFR‐on‐top
5-5-14. Instrument Departures
5-5-15. Minimum Fuel Advisory
5-5-16. RNAV and RNP
Operations
Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures
5-6-1. National Security
5-6-2. Interception Procedures
5-6-3. Law Enforcement Operations by Civil and Military Organizations
5-6-4. Interception Signals
5-6-5. ADIZ
Boundaries and Designated Mountainous Areas (See FIG 5-6-3.)
5-6-6. Visual Warning System (VWS)
Section 1. General
6-1-1. Pilot Responsibility and Authority
6-1-2. Emergency Condition- Request Assistance Immediately
Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots
6-2-1. Radar Service for VFR
Aircraft in Difficulty
6-2-2. Transponder Emergency Operation
6-2-3. Direction Finding Instrument Approach Procedure
6-2-4. Intercept and Escort
6-2-5. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
6-2-6. FAA K-9 Explosives Detection Team Program
6-2-7. Search and Rescue
Section 3. Distress and Urgency Procedures
6-3-1. Distress and Urgency Communications
6-3-2. Obtaining Emergency Assistance
6-3-3. Ditching Procedures
6-3-4. Special Emergency (Air Piracy)
6-3-5. Fuel Dumping
Section 4. Two‐way Radio Communications Failure
6-4-1. Two‐way Radio Communications Failure
6-4-2. Transponder Operation During Two‐way Communications Failure
6-4-3. Reestablishing Radio Contact
Section 5. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications
6-5-1. Discrete Emergency Frequency
6-5-2. Radio Call Signs
6-5-3. ARFF
Emergency Hand Signals
Section 1. Meteorology
7-1-1. National Weather Service Aviation Products
7-1-2. FAA Weather Services
7-1-3. Use of Aviation Weather Products
7-1-4. Preflight Briefing
7-1-5. En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS)
7-1-6. Inflight
Aviation Weather Advisories
7-1-7. Categorical Outlooks
7-1-8. Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS)
7-1-9. Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB)
(Alaska Only)
7-1-10. Inflight
Weather Broadcasts
7-1-11. Flight Information Services (FIS)
7-1-12. Weather Observing Programs
7-1-13. Weather Radar Services
7-1-14. ATC Inflight
Weather Avoidance Assistance
7-1-15. Runway Visual Range (RVR)
7-1-16. Reporting of Cloud Heights
7-1-17. Reporting Prevailing Visibility
7-1-18. Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets
7-1-19. Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility)
7-1-20. Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)
7-1-21. PIREPs
Relating to Airframe Icing
7-1-22. Definitions of Inflight
Icing Terms
7-1-23. PIREPs
Relating to Turbulence
7-1-24. Wind Shear PIREPs
7-1-25. Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs
7-1-26. Microbursts
7-1-27. PIREPs
Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity
7-1-28. Thunderstorms
7-1-29. Thunderstorm Flying
7-1-30. Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
7-1-31. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Weather Formats
Section 2. Altimeter Setting Procedures
7-2-1. General
7-2-2. Procedures
7-2-3. Altimeter Errors
7-2-4. High Barometric Pressure
7-2-5. Low Barometric Pressure
Section 3. Wake Turbulence
7-3-1. General
7-3-2. Vortex Generation
7-3-3. Vortex Strength
7-3-4. Vortex Behavior
7-3-5. Operations Problem Areas
7-3-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures
7-3-7. Helicopters
7-3-8. Pilot Responsibility
7-3-9. Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations
Section 4. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests
7-4-1. Migratory Bird Activity
7-4-2. Reducing Bird Strike Risks
7-4-3. Reporting Bird Strikes
7-4-4. Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities
7-4-5. Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards
7-4-6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service
Areas
Section 5. Potential Flight Hazards
7-5-1. Accident Cause Factors
7-5-2. VFR
in Congested Areas
7-5-3. Obstructions To Flight
7-5-4. Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons
7-5-5. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
7-5-6. Mountain Flying
7-5-7. Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports
7-5-8. Seaplane Safety
7-5-9. Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash
7-5-10. Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft
7-5-11. Precipitation Static
7-5-12. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser)
Operations and Reporting Illumination of Aircraft
7-5-13. Flying in Flat Light and White Out Conditions
7-5-14. Operations in Ground Icing Conditions
7-5-15. Avoid Flight in the Vicinity of Thermal Plumes (Smoke Stacks and Cooling
Towers)
Section 6. Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports
7-6-1. Aviation Safety Reporting Program
7-6-2. Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting
7-6-3. Near Midair Collision Reporting
7-6-4. Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports
7-6-5. Safety
Alerts For Operators (SAFO) and Information For Operators (InFO)
Section 1. Fitness for Flight
8-1-1. Fitness For Flight
8-1-2. Effects of Altitude
8-1-3. Hyperventilation in Flight
8-1-4. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Flight
8-1-5. Illusions in Flight
8-1-6. Vision in Flight
8-1-7. Aerobatic Flight
8-1-8. Judgment Aspects of Collision Avoidance
Section 1. Types of Charts Available
9-1-1. General
9-1-2. Obtaining Aeronautical Charts
9-1-3. Selected Charts and Products Available
9-1-4. General Description of each Chart Series
9-1-5. Where and How to Get Charts of Foreign Areas
Section 1. Helicopter IFR
Operations
10-1-1. Helicopter Flight Control Systems
10-1-2. Helicopter Instrument Approaches
10-1-3. Helicopter Approach Procedures to VFR
Heliports
10-1-4. The Gulf of Mexico Grid System
Section 2. Special Operations
10-2-1. Offshore Helicopter Operations
10-2-2. Helicopter Night VFR
Operations
10-2-3. Landing Zone Safety
10-2-4. Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Multiple Helicopter Operations
Appendix 1. Bird/Other Wildlife Strike Report
Appendix 2. Volcanic Activity Reporting Form (VAR)
Appendix 3. Laser Beam Exposure Questionnaire
Appendix 4. Abbreviations/Acronyms
INDEX
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