Reference Notes & Figure Data Sources

Highlights

Figure 1. World energy consumption, 1990-2035: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 2. World energy consumption by fuel, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 3. World liquids consumption by sector, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 4. Natural gas production in China, Canada, and the United States, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 5. World coal consumption by region, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 6. World net electricity generation by fuel type, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 7. World nuclear generating capacity, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 8. World industrial delivered energy consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 9. World transportation delivered energy consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 10. World energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by fuel, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 11. World carbon dioxide emissions per capita, 1990-2035: History: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Chapter 1. World energy demand and economic outlook reference notes

1. V. Lauerman, "Japan: Energy Mix Fallout," Energy Compass, Vol. 22, No. 12 (March 25, 2011), p. 7, website www.energyintel.com/PublicationHomePage.asp?publication_id=1 (subscription site).

2. "Belgium Postpones Nuclear Phase-Out," World Nuclear News (October 13, 2009), website www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=26301; and "New Nuclear Policy Voted Through," World Nuclear News (October 29, 2010), website www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=28719.

3. D. Stellfox, "Spain's Political Parties Agree on Longer Nuclear Plant Life," Platts News Article & Story (February 15, 2011), website www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/ElectricPower/8545205.

4. M. Kahn, "Delay to Polish Nuclear Plant Not Critical–PGE," Reuters News Service (January 27, 2011), website www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/nuclear-poland-idUSLDE70Q17220110127; and "Turkey Planning Second Nuclear Power Plant," Journal of Turkish Weekly (September 23, 2010), website http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm/5365/Turkey-Planning-Second-Nuclear-Power-Plant.

5. A. Breidthardt, "German Government Wants Nuclear Exit by 2022 at Latest," Reuters News Service (May 30, 2011), website www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/30/us-germany-nuclear-idUSTRE74Q2P120110530.

6. J. Kanter, "Switzerland Decides on Nuclear Phase-Out," New York Times (May 25, 2011), website www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/business/global/26nuclear.html.

7. "Italy Nuclear: Berlusconi Accepts Referendum Blow," BBC News (June 14, 2011), website www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13741105.

8. IHS Global Insight, "Turkey-Russia: Turkey Reiterates Plans for First NPP; Russia Wants Tighter International Nuclear Safety Rules" (March 25, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

9. U.S. Department of Energy, Loan Guarantee Program, "Key Documents: Title XVII. Incentives for Innovative Technologies" (August 8, 2005), website www.lgprogram.energy.gov.

10. National Resources Defense Council, Tuning in to Energy Efficiency: Prospects for Energy Savings in TV Set-top Boxes (2007), website www.efficientproducts.org/reports/stbs/NRDC_SetTopBoxes_Brochure_FINAL.pdf.

11. After conversion (1 square meter = 10.76 square feet). Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009, "9-35 Floor Space of Newly Build Residential Buildings and Housing Conditions of Urban and Rural Residents," website www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2009/indexeh.htm.

12. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, France, November 2010), pp. 238-239, website www.iea.org/weo/2010.asp.

13. IHS Global Insight, "A New Year, a New Direction for the Global Economy," Global Executive Summary (Lexington, MA, January 2010), p. 1. website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

14. IHS Global Insight, "Comparative Table Industrial Production," World Overview, 2010 Fourth Quarter (Lexington, MA, December 2010), p.168, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

15. IHS Global Insight, World Overview, 2010 Fourth Quarter (Lexington, MA, December 2010), p. 6, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

16. P. Newport, IHS Global Insight, Quarterly Review and Outlook First Quarter 2010: United States, Canada, and Eurozone (Lexington, MA, March 2010), p. 11, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

17. A. Kish, IHS Global Insight, Quarterly Review and Outlook First Quarter 2010: United States, Canada, and Eurozone (Lexington, MA, March 2010), p. 16, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

18. B. Curry, "Government Extends Deadline for Stimulus Spending," The Globe and Mail (December 2, 2010), website www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/government-extends-deadline-for-stimulus-spending/article1822069/.

19. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook 2009 (Washington, DC, October 2009), pp. 84-85, website www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/index.htm.

20. R. Amiel, IHS Global Insight, "A Stronger Outlook for Global Growth and Inflation: Latin America," Global Executive Summary (Lexington, MA, January 2011), p. 14, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

21. J. Carney, "The Greek Debt Crisis Was Resolved by a Confidence Game," Business Insider (March 8, 2010), website www.businessinsider.com/the-greek-debt-crisis-was-resolved-by-a-confidence-game-2010-3.

22. A. Faiola, "Ireland Agrees to $90 Billion Bailout Terms," The Washington Post (November 28, 2010), website www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/28/AR2010112804133.html.

23. G. Georgiopoulos and G. Baczynska, "Anger Simmers at German Austerity Plan for EU," Reuters News Service (February 7, 2011), website www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/07/us-eurozone-idUSTRE7162VR20110207.

24. MSNBC Politics, "Japan 'Overwhelmed by the Scale of Damage'" (March 14, 2011), website http://powerwall.msnbc.msn.com/politics/japan-overwhelmed-by-the-scale-of-damage-1683395.story

25. D. Ryan, IHS Global Insight, Quarterly Review and Outlook: Asia-Pacific (Lexington, MA, Fourth Quarter, December 2010), pp. 154-155, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

26. B. Neff, IHS Global Insight, Quarterly Review and Outlook: Asia-Pacific (Lexington, MA, March 2010), pp. 1 and 109, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

27. IHS Global Insight, Quarterly Review and Outlook: Asia-Pacific: Fourth Quarter 2010 (Lexington, MA, December 2010), p. 6, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

28. IHS Global Insight, "Australia: Of Droughts and Flooding Rains: The Impacts of Australia's Inundation," Country Intelligence – Analysis (February 2, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com; and J. Grubel and R. Taylor, "Australian Floods Hit Queensland Finances, Coal," Reuters News Service (January 27, 2011).

29. B. Neff, IHS Global Insight, Monthly Outlook: Asia-Pacific (Lexington, MA, January 2011), pp. 1-3 website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

30. IHS Global Insight, World Overview: First Quarter 2010 (Lexington, MA, March 2010), p. 74, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

31. IHS Global Insight, "China - China - Inter-Provincial - China: Home Purchase Restrictions Imposed in Over 30 Chinese Cities as Housing Macro Control Escalated," Country Intelligence Analysis (February 21, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

32. T. C. Lee, IHS Global Insight, Quarterly Review and Outlook: Asia Pacific, (Lexington, MA, January 2011), p. 24, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

33. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook: Recovery, Risk, and Rebalancing (October 2010), pp. 62-63, website www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/index.htm.

34. J. Narasimhan, IHS Global Insight, Quarterly Review and Outlook: Asia-Pacific (Lexington, MA, January 2011), p. 45, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

35. IHS Global Insight, Monthly Outlook: Asia-Pacific (Lexington, MA, January 2011), pp. 61-32, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com; and U.S. Department of State, "Background Note: Philippines" (October 29, 2010), website www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm.

36. "Middle East Redesign: Libya on the Brink," IHS CERA Alert (Cambridge, MA, February 22, 2011), p. 1, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

37. K. Kalley, IHS Global Insight, "A Stronger Outlook for Global Growth and Inflation," Global Executive Summary (Lexington, MA, January 2011), p. 16, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

38. J. Cowan, P. Cave, et al., "US Hails Libya Airstrike Success," ABC News Australia (March 21, 2011), website www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/21/3169048.htm.

39. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook: Recovery, Risk, and Rebalancing (October 2010), pp. 77-79, website www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/index.htm.

40. R. Amiel, IHS Global Insight, Monthly Outlook: Latin America and Caribbean (Lexington, MA, January 2011), p. 9, website www.ihsglobalinsight.com.

41. "Brazil Interest Rate," Trading Economics, website www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Interest-Rate.aspx?Symbol=BRL (as of March 1, 2011).

Chapter 1 figure sources

Figure 12. World energy consumption, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 13. Energy consumption in the United States, China, and India, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 14. Non-OECD energy consumption, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 15. World energy consumption by fuel, 1990‑2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 16. World natural gas consumption by end-use sector, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 17. World net electricity generation by fuel type, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 18. Renewable electricity generation in China by source, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 19. World nuclear generating capacity, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 20. World delivered residential energy consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 21. World delivered commercial energy consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 22. World delivered industrial energy consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 23. World delivered transportation energy consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 24. OECD and non-OECD total gross domestic product, 1990-2035: History: IHS Global Insight, World Overview (Lexington, MA, various issues). Projections: Derived from IHS Global Insight, World Overview, Third Quarter 2010 (Lexington, MA, November 2010); and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 25. OECD gross domestic product growth rates by country grouping, 2008-2035: Derived from IHS Global Insight, World Overview, Third Quarter 2010 (Lexington, MA, November 2010); and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 26. Non-OECD gross domestic product growth rates by country grouping, 2008-2035: Derived from IHS Global Insight, World Overview, Third Quarter 2010 (Lexington, MA, November 2010).

Chapter 2. Liquid fuels reference notes

42. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook March 2011, website www.eia.gov/steo/archives/mar11.pdf.

43. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2010, DOE/EIA-0383(2010) (Washington, DC, April 2010), website www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/index.cfm.

44. "Sub-Saharan Africa: Frontier NOC Challenges," PFC Energy: Horizons Service (April 7, 2010), website www.pfcenergy.com (subscription site); "World: Outlook 2011: Boldly Striding Out to New Frontiers and Diversification," PFC Energy (December 22, 2010), website www.pfcenergy.com (subscription site); "Uganda on road to breakthrough" (December 10, 2010), upstreamonline.com, website www.upstreamonline.com (subscription site); and "Ghana Celebrates as Jubilee Flows" (December 15, 2010), upstreamonline.com, website www.upstreamonline.com (subscription site).

45. "OPEC Output and Quotas—January 2011," PFC Energy: MIS Service (January 14, 2011), website www.pfcenergy.com (subscription site); "Oil Falls Again," Upstream (October 12, 2010), website www.upstreamonline.com (subscription site); and "OPEC: A Dangerous Complacency," PFC Energy (December 9, 2010), website www.pfcenergy.com (subscription site).

46. "OPEC: Iraq Factor Complicates Decision-Making," PFC Energy (October 12, 2010), website www.pfcenergy.com (subscription site); P. Mackey et al., "Export Problems May Crimp Iraq Spending," International Oil Daily, Vol. 10, No. 55 (March 18, 2011), pp. 1-2 ; and "Expectations Lowered for Crude Output" (December 3, 2010), upstreamonline.com, website www.upstreamonline.com (subscription site).

47. "Tupi Oil Field, Brazil" (2010), offshore-technology.com, website www.offshore-technology.com/projects/tupi.

48. T. Rhodes and I. Londres, "Brazil: Proposals for a New Petroleum Regime in Brazil," Mondaq, Ltd. (September 10, 2009), website www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=85774.

49. Agência Brasil, "ANP: Consumo de �lcool Combustível é 50% Maior em 2007," Terra Networks Brasil (July 15, 2008), website http://economia.terra.com.br/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200807152306_ABR_77211977.

50. B. Radowitz, "Pre-Salt to Make Brazil's Reserves World's 9th Biggest," RIGZONE (November 24, 2008), website www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=69936.

51. IHS Global Insight, "Brazil: Petrobras Declares Commerciality at Pre-Salt Field" (January 4, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

52. J.S. Gabrielli and A. Barbassa (Petrobras), Business Plan 2010-2014 Webcast (2010), website www.petrobras.com.

53. J. Leahy, "Brazil: Platform for Growth," Financial Times (March 15, 2011), website www.ft.com (subscription site).

54. J. Kerr, IHS Global Insight, "Brazil: Petrobras's Share Sale Will See Government Stake Increase," (September 27, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

55. E. Watkins, "Brazil Approves Oil Laws, Opens Pre-Salt Region for Development," Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 108, No. 47 (December 13, 2010), website www.ogj.com (subscription site).

56. T. Hennigan, "Brazil to Re-launch Bid Rounds This Year? Definitely Maybe," Latin America Oil & Gas Monitor, Issue 352 (March 1, 2011), website www.newsbase.com (subscription site).

57. "In Deep Waters," The Economist (February 3, 2011), website www.economist.com (subscription site).

58. T. Hennigan, "Skill Shortage Is Petrobras' Next Big Hurdle to Overcome," Latin America Oil & Gas Monitor, Issue 345 (January 11, 2011), website www.newsbase.com (subscription site).

59. "KazTransOil and Transneft To Expand the Atyrau-Samara Pipeline," Silk Road Intelligencer (July 10, 2008), website http://silkroadintelligencer.com/2008/07/10/kaztransoil-and-transneft-to-expand-the-atyrau-samara-pipeline.

60. J. Kerr, "Energy Analysis: Ecuadorian President Presents Hydrocarbons Reform" (September 22, 2009), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

61. U.S. Congress, Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (January 4, 2007), website http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h6enr.txt.pdf.

62. T.W. Hertel, W.E. Tyner, and D.K. Birur, "The Global Impacts of Biofuel Mandates," Energy Journal, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2010), pp. 75-100, website www.iaee.org/en/publications/journal.aspx (subscription site).

63. F.O. Licht, "Germany: Government To Lower 2009 Biofuels Quota," World Ethanol & Biofuels Report, Vol. 7, No. 3 (October 8, 2009), p. 55, website www.agra-net.com (subscription site).

64. "Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production," Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 106, No. 46 (December 6, 2010), pp. 47-48, website www.ogj.com (subscription site).

65. M. Radler, "Total Reserves, Production Climb on Mixed Reviews," Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 106, No. 46 (December 6, 2010), pp. 46-48, website www.ogj.com (subscription site).

66. M. Radler, "Total Reserves, Production Climb on Mixed Reviews," Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 106, No. 46 (December 6, 2010), p. 46.

Chapter 2 figure sources

Figure 27. World liquid fuels consumption by region, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 28. World liquid fuels production, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application (2011).

Figure 29. Non-OPEC liquids production by region, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, Office of Energy Analysis, International Energy Analysis Team. 2035: EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application (2011).

Figure 30. Unconventional liquids production by fuel type, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, Office of Energy Analysis, International Energy Analysis Team. 2035: EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application (2011).

Figure 31. World oil prices in three cases, 1990-2035: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 32. World liquid fuels production in five cases, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application (2011).

Figure 33. World liquids consumption by sector, 2008‑2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 34. World liquids consumption by region and country group, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 35. World total liquid fuels production, 1990‑2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application (2011).

Figure 36. Non-OPEC conventional liquids production by region, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, Office of Energy Analysis, International Energy Analysis Team. 2035: EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application (2011).

Figure 37. OPEC conventional liquids production by country and region, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, Office of Energy Analysis, International Energy Analysis Team. 2035: EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application (2011).

Figure 38. Unconventional liquids production in five cases, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, Office of Energy Analysis, International Energy Analysis Team. 2035: EIA, Generate World Oil Balance application (2011).

Figure 39. World proved oil reserves by geographic region as of January 1, 2011: "Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production," Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 108, No. 46 (December 6, 2010), pp. 46-49. The estimates were adjusted to reflect the latest EIA crude oil reserve estimates for the United States (as of December 31, 2010), website www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_pres_dcu_NUS_a.htm.

Chapter 3. Natural gas reference notes

67. Cedigaz, 2010 Natural Gas Year in Review: Cedigaz' First Estimates, (April 2011), p. 21, website www.cedigaz.org/Fichiers/FEstimates2010.pdf (subscription site).

68. "EU States Shy Away From Gas Unbundling," Platts International Gas Report, No. 669 (March 14, 2011), pp. 8, 10.

69. Energy Charter Secretariat, "Putting a Price on Energy: International Pricing Mechanisms for Oil and Gas," (Brussels, Belgium: March 1, 2007), pp. 143-66, website http://europeangashub.com/article/detail.php?parent_id=2&id=68.

70. European Commission, "DG Competition Report on Energy Sector Inquiry," SEC (2006) 1724 (Brussels, Belgium: January 10, 2007), pp. 29-32, website http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/energy/inquiry/index.html.

71. European Commission, "DG Competition Report on Energy Sector Inquiry," SEC (2006) 1724 (Brussels, Belgium: January 10, 2007), pp. 235-244, website http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/energy/inquiry/index.html.

72. Cedigaz, "Statistical Database," website www.cedigaz.org/products_services/statistical_data.aspx (accessed July 5, 2011).

73. S. Hall and W. Powell, "EU Energy Markets Prepare for New Rules," Platt's International Gas Report, No. 624 (May 25, 2009), pp. 10-12, website www.platts.com/Products/internationalgasreport/CoverageDetails (subscription site).

74. "Italy to Defend EC Antitrust Suit," Platt's International Gas Report, No. 620 (March 30, 2009), p. 16, www.platts.com/Products/internationalgasreport/CoverageDetails (subscription site).

75. FACTS Global Energy, Asia Pacific LNG Monthly (August 2009), p. 6, website www.fgenergy.com.

76. European Commission, "DG Competition Report on Energy Sector Inquiry," SEC (2006) 1724 (Brussels, Belgium: January 10, 2007), p. 103, website http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/energy/inquiry/index.html.

77. N. Higashi, Natural Gas in China, Market Evolution and Strategy, International Energy Agency (Paris, France, June 2009), pp. 9-10.

78. National Energy Board, Canada, Short-term Canadian Natural Gas Deliverability, 2010-2012, Appendix C.1, "Canadian Gas Deliverability by Area/Resource—Mid-Price Scenario" (March 2010), p. 63, website www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/ntrlgs/ntrlgs-eng.html.

79. National Energy Board, Canada, Short-term Canadian Natural Gas Deliverability, 2010-2012, Appendix C.1, "Canadian Gas Deliverability by Area/Resource—Mid-Price Scenario" (March 2010), p. 63, website www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/ntrlgs/ntrlgs-eng.html.

80. Energy Resources Conservation Board, ST98-2010: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2009 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2010-2019 (June 2010), pp. 5-6.

81. Reuters News Service, "Pemex Logra Producir Gas de Esquisto," El Economista (March 3, 2011), website http://eleconomista.com.mx/industrias/2011/03/23/pemex-logra-producir-gas-esquisto.

82. U. S. Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States, Chapter 5, "Poland," pp. 152, 157, and 159 (Washington, DC, April 2011), website www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf.

83. Cedigaz, "U-Gas News Report Compilation" (2010), website www.cedigaz.org/products_services/news_report.aspx (subscription site).

84. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Mineral Statistics (Canberra, Australia, published quarterly), "Table 18. Petroleum Production, by Basin" (June, September, and December Quarters 2008, March Quarter 2009), website http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/24607.

85. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Energy in Australia 2010 (Canberra, Australia, April 2010), Table 22, p. 44, "Australian Gas Production by State." Note: For the 2007-2008 Australian fiscal year (1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008), coalbed methane accounted for 7.6 percent of total production. For the 2008-2009 fiscal year, coalbed methane accounted for 8.7 percent of total production.

86. Cedigaz, "New Zealand: Electricity from Coal Seam Gas Now on the National Grid," U-Gas News Report, No. 19-20 (December 2008), p. 3.

87. U.S. Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States (Washington, DC: April 2011), website www.eia.doe.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf.

88. "Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production," Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 108, No. 47 (December 6, 2010), pp. 46-49, website www.ogj.com (subscription site), adjusted with the EIA release of proved reserve estimates as of December 31, 2010.

89. The U.S. Department of State is the lead agency for the GSGI. Other U.S. Government agencies participating include the Agency for International Development (USAID); the Department of Interior's U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE); the Department of Commerce's Commercial Law Development Program (CLDP); the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); and the Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy (DOE/FE). For more information, see U.S. Department of State, "Global Shale Gas Initiative (GSGI)," website www.state.gov/s/ciea/gsgi.

90. National Energy Board, Government of Canada (June 20, 2011).

91. E. Overbeek, "Shale Gas Doesn't Make Poland the New Norway Yet," European Energy Review (June 14, 2011), web site www.europeanenergyreview.eu/site/pagina.php?id=3051 (subscription site).

92. IHS Global Insight, "China: Domestic Shale Round Bidders Shortlisted in China" (May 3, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

93. "About Warro Gas Project," Latent Petroleum, website www.latentpet.com/warro.asp.

94. Cedigaz, "Australia: APPEA Approves West Australian Government Decision to Develop Tight Gas Production," U-Gas News Report, No. 32-33 (July 2009), p. 7.

95. M. Stojkovic, "WA Govt to Offer Unconventional Assistance," PetroleumNews.net (October 14, 2010).

96. U. S. Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States, Chapter 14, "Australia," pp. 342-343 (Washington, DC, April 2011), website www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf.

97. Based on data for U.S. production of shale gas and tight gas in 2010 from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), Table A14, website www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/appa.pdf.

98. See http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulicfracturing/index.cfm for additional updates. The draft study plan is available at website http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulicfracturing/upload/HFStudyPlanDraft_SAB_020711.pdf.

99. See Natural Gas Subcommittee of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, "Safety of Shale Gas Development: Setting the Bar for Safety & Responsibility" (updated July 8, 2011), website www.shalegas.energy.gov.

100. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Iran" (Washington, DC, January 2010), website www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Background.html.

101. F. Fesharaki and S. Adibi, "Iran's Oil and Gas Industry: Short and Long Term Drivers Impacting the Future of Petroleum Production and Export Revenues," FACTS Global Energy (August 2009), pp. 9-10.

102. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Saudi Arabia" (Washington, DC, November 2009), website www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs/Saudi_Arabia/Background.html.

103. IHS Global Insight, European Natural Gas Supply and Demand Report (Lexington, MA, January 2009), p. 35.

104. N. Rodova, "Gazprom Wins Giant Kovykta," Platts International Gas Report, No. 669 (March 14, 2011), pp. 1-2.

105. N. Sladkova, "Moscow Pins Hopes on New Gas Heartland," Nefte Compass, Vol. 19, No. 26 (July 8, 2010), p. 3.

106. "Competition Comes to Gazprom at Yamal," Platts International Gas Report, No. 669 (March 14, 2011), p. 3.

107. "Shtokman Piped Gas Trouble," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 8 (February 23, 2011), p. 1.

108. M. Smedley, "IEA Study of Giant Gasfields Suggests Rapid Decline Rates," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 20, No. 52 (December 23, 2009), p. 8.

109. "Doubt Surrounds New Angolan Gas Law," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 20, No. 14 (April 8, 2009), pp. 4-5.

110. U. S. Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States, Chapter 8, "Central North Africa," and Chapter 9, "Western North Africa" (Washington, DC, April 2011), pp. 229 and 242, website www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf.

111. Cedigaz, "South Africa: Petroleum Agency Grants Shale Gas Permits to Shell and Falcon Oil," U-Gas News Report, No 46 (June 2010), p. 4; and "South Africa: Chesapeake, Statoil and Sasol to Study Shale Gas Prospects," U-Gas News Report, No. 48 (August 2010), pp. 3-4.

112. Cedigaz, "Botswana: Kalahari Energy and Exxaro Resources in CBM Exploration Partnership," U-Gas News Report, No 27 (April 2009), p. 1; and "Zimbabwe: Government to Invest in Development of Lupane CBM Field," U-Gas News Report, No. 41 (January 2010), p. 1.

113. PFC Energy, "Unconventional Gas in China: But, At What Pace?," Memo: PFC Energy Strategic Horizons (March 1, 2011), p. 4.

114. U. S. Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States, Chapter 11, "China" (Washington, DC, April 2011), pp. 268-269, website www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf.

115. PFC Energy, "India's D6 Shortfall Will Raise LNG Demand," Memo: PFC Energy Strategic Horizons (January 31, 2011), p. 2.

116. India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Basic Statistics on Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas, 2008-09, "Table 11: Production of Crude Oil and Natural Gas" (September 2009), p. 12.

117. Cedigaz, "India: Reliance Industries to Develop Several CBM Blocks," U-Gas News Report, No. 47 (July 2010), p. 2.

118. U. S. Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States, Chapter 12, "India/Pakistan" (Washington, DC, April 2011), p. 311, website www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf.

119. "India: Shale Gas Auction Planned in 2011," U-Gas News Report, No 48 (August 2010), p. 4.

120. "BP MIGAS: Tangguh to Achieve Full Capacity in 2010," Zeus Liquefied Natural Gas Report, Vol. 20, No. 1 (January 13, 2010), p. 19.

121. Cedigaz, "Indonesia: CBM Could Account for 15% of Gas Supply," U-Gas News Report, No 50 (October 2010), p. 2.

122. Cedigaz, "Indonesia: First Coalbed Methane to Flow in 2011," U-Gas News Report, No. 45 (May 2010), p. 3.

123. "Govt, Gas Producers Reach Agreement—Argentina," Business News Americas (April 5, 2004), website www.bnamericas.com/news/oilandgas/Govt,_gas_producers_reach_agreement.

124. "Argentina Hints at Subsidy Cuts," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 21, No. 47 (November 24, 2010), p. 5.

125. U. S. Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States, Chapter 4, "Southern South America" (Washington, DC, April 2011), p. 143, website www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf.

126. Cedigaz, 2010 Natural Gas Year in Review: Cedigaz' First Estimates (April 2011), p. 15, website www.cedigaz.org/Fichiers/FEstimates2010.pdf (subscription site).

127. "Kenai LNG Facility to Run Through August," Petroleum News, Vol. 16, No. 17 (April 24, 2011).

128. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Canada" (Washington, DC, April 2011), website www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=CA.

129. "Peru Set to Export Natural Gas, Opens LNG Plant," Reuters News Service (June 10, 2010), website www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/10/energy-peru-natgas-idUSN1014673720100610.

130. "Behind Latin America's Turn to LNG," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 19, No. 42 (October 15, 2008), p. 5.

131. "Chile, Argentina Eye LNG Drought Relief," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 8 (February 23, 2011), p. 5.

132. World Construction Network, "GDF Suez to Construct On-shore LNG Storage Tank in Chile" (November 10, 2010), website http://energy.worldconstructionindustrynetwork.com/news/gdf_suez_to_cibstruct_onshore_lng_storage_tank_in_chile_101110.

133. PFC Energy, "Gazprom's Pricing Strategy Paid Off in 2010," Memo (February 18, 2011).

134. PFC Energy, "Gazprom's Pricing Strategy Paid Off in 2010," Memo (February 18, 2011).

135. PFC Energy, "Gazprom's Pricing Strategy Paid Off in 2010," Memo (February 18, 2011).

136. "Full Steam Ahead for Several Australian, PNG LNG Projects," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 12, No. 10 (March 9, 2011), p. 10.

137. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Australia" (Washington, DC, September 2010), website www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=AS.

138. BG Group, "BG Group Sanctions Queensland Curtis LNG Project" (Press Release, October 31, 2010), website www.bg.group.com.

139. "Full Steam Ahead for Several Australian, PNG LNG Projects," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 12, No. 10 (March 9, 2011), p. 10.

140. "Shtokman Piped Gas Trouble," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 8 (February 23, 2011), p. 1.

141. "China Energy Series: China's Pipeline Gas Imports: Current Situation and Outlook to 2025," Facts Global Energy, No. 42 (December 2010), p. 2.

142. "Special Report: Global LNG Capacities Rising to Meet Increasing Demand," Oil and Gas Journal (March 7, 2011), p. 4.

143. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Qatar" (Washington, DC, January 2011), website www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=QA.

144. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Yemen" (Washington, DC, February 2011), website www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips= YM.

145. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: United Arab Emirates" (Washington, DC, January 2011), website www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=TC.

146. "Algeria Readies Medgaz Pipe," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 12, No. 10 (March 9, 2011), p. 1.

147. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Nigeria" (Washington, DC, July 2010), website www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=NI.

148. "China Energy Series: China's Pipeline Gas Imports: Current Situation and Outlook to 2025," Facts Global Energy, No. 42 (December 2010), p. 8.

149. "India," Facts Global Energy, No. 52 (February 16, 2011), p. 10.

150. "LNG Shipments Received in Latin America by Importing Country," The Americas Waterborne LNG Report, Vol. 8, Week 6 (February 10, 2011), p.14.

151. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010 (London, UK, June 2010), p. 22.

Chapter 3 figure sources

Figure 40. World natural gas consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 41. Change in world natural gas production by region, 2008-2035: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 42. Natural gas production in China, Canada, and the United States, 2008 and 2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011); and Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 43. Natural gas consumption in OECD Americas by country, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011); and Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 44. Natural gas consumption in OECD Europe by end-use sector, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 45. Natural gas consumption in OECD Asia by country and end-use sector, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 46. Natural gas consumption in non-OECD Europe and Eurasia, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 47. Natural gas consumption in non-OECD Asia by country, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 48. OECD natural gas production by country, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011); and Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 49. OECD Europe natural gas production, 1990-2035: History: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 50. Middle East natural gas production, 1990‑2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 51. Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia natural gas production, 1992-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 52. Africa natural gas production, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 53. Non-OECD Asia natural gas production, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 54. China natural gas production, 1990-2035: History: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 55. Non-OECD Central and South America natural gas production, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 56. OECD Americas net natural gas trade, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011); and Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 57. OECD Asia net natural gas trade, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 58. Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia net natural gas trade, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 59. Middle East net natural gas trade, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 60. Africa net natural gas trade, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 61. Non-OECD Asia net natural gas trade, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 62. Non-OECD Central and South America net natural gas trade, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, International Natural Gas Model (2011).

Figure 63. World natural gas reserves by region,1980-2011: 1980-1993: "Worldwide Oil and Gas at a Glance," International Petroleum Encyclopedia (Tulsa, OK: PennWell Publishing, various issues). 1994-2011: Oil & Gas Journal (various issues). Note that U.S. reserves for 2011 incorporate revisions released by EIA on December 30, 2010, after publication of the latest Oil & Gas Journal. See website www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_enr_dry_a_EPG0_r11_bcf_a.htm.

Figure 64. World natural gas reserves by geographic region as of January 1, 2011: "Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production," Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 108, No. 46 (December 6, 2010), pp. 46-49. The estimates were adjusted to reflect the latest EIA natural gas reserve estimates for the United States (as of December 31, 2010). See website www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_enr_dry_a_EPG0_r11_bcf_a.htm.

Chapter 4. Coal reference notes

152. Ontario Power Generation, website www.opg.com/power/thermal; and S. Nelson, "Ontario Completes Planned Shutdown of 4 Coal-Fired Generating Units," SNL Energy Daily Coal Report (October 4, 2010), p. 7, website www.snl.com (subscription site).

153. Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), Annual Report 2009, website http://app.cfe.gob.mx/Informeanual2009; R. Buchanan, "Japan Puts Up $273 Million for CFE's Carboelectrica Plant," Platts Coal Trader International, Vol. 10, No. 58 (March 24, 2010), p. 6, website www.platts.com (subscription site); T. Azzopardi, "Endesa Chile To Restart Quake-Damaged Power Plant in November," Platts Coal Trader International, Vol. 10, No. 210 (November 1, 2010), p. 6, website www.platts.com (subscription site); "Nueva Ventanas on Track for Early 2010 Start," Business News Americas (January 7, 2010); and "Power Generators Fuel Surge in Chilean Coal Imports," Argus Coal Transportation, Vol. 27, No. 17 (April 29, 2008), p. 5, website www.argusmediagroup.com (subscription site).

154. IHS Global Insight, "Chile: Coal Project Secures Environmental Approval in Chile" (February 28, 2011), website http://myinsight.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site); and A. Esposito, "Chile Needs To Add 10,000 MW New Capacity Over 10 Years," Dows Jones Business News (July 15, 2010).

155. "PiE's New Plant Tracker—January 2010," Power in Europe, No. 568 (January 25, 2010); "PiE's New Plant Tracker—January 2010, Feeble Demand Kills Order Activity," Power in Europe, No. 568 (January 25, 2010); "EIEE Power Plant Tracker; New Power Generation Project Tracker—April 2010," Platts Energy in East Europe, No. 188 (April 23, 2010); and "EIEE Power Plant Tracker—April 2010: Country-by-Country Breakdown on New Capacity Per Development Stage," Platts Energy in East Europe, No. 188 (April 23, 2010).

156. D. Mann, F. Roques, S. Velke, and T. Wilkinson, Nuclear Emergency in Japan: What Impact on the Future of Nuclear in Europe? (IHS CERA, March 2011), website http://client.cera.com/aspx/cda/client/report/report.aspx?CID=11885&KID=9 (subscription site).

157. Ministry of Knowledge, Korea Power Exchange, The 4th Basic Plan of Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand (2008-2022) (December 2008), website www.kpx.or.kr/english/news/data/the_4th_basic_plan.pdf.

158. International Energy Agency, "Databases for Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries 2010 Edition: Energy Statistics," website http://data.iea.org (subscription site).

159. World Steel Association, Steel Statistical Yearbook 2010 (March 3, 2010), website www.worldsteel.org/?action=publicationdetail&id=97.

160. Eskom, Annual Report 2010 (July 2009), website www.eskom.co.za/annreport10; and Eskom, Status Report on Capacity Expansion Projects, website www.eskom.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=9598.

161. World Bank, "South Africa: Eskom Investment Support Project" (April 8, 2010), website http://go.worldbank.org/VZRNV0H6G0.

162. "Mozambique: Riversdale and Tata Take Full Control of Power Plant" (January 6, 2011), website http://allafrica.com/stories/201101060946.html; S. Sikuka, "Southern Africa: SADC Takes Investment Drive to Europe for Energy Sector" (March 4, 2010), website http://allafrica.com/stories/201003040417.html; B. Benza, "Construction of 600 MW Morupule B Power Station Begins" (February 22, 2010), website http://allafrica.com/stories/201002221996.html.

163. Sasol, Sasol Facts 2010: Your Blueprint to the World of Sasol (May 2009), website http://sasol.investoreports.com/sasol_sf_2010; and U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics database, website www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm.

164. Republic of South Africa, Department: Minerals and Energy, South Africa's Mineral Industry 2007/2008 (December 2008), p. 46.

165. World Steel Association (worldsteel), "World Crude Steel Production" (January 21, 2011), website www.worldsteel.org/pictures/newsfiles/2010%20statistics%20tables.pdf; and U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics database, website www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm.

166. "Steel Industry to Receive US$39.8bn Investments Through 2016," Business News Americas (February 5, 2010); and B. Cassell, "Consultant: US Met Coal Sales to Brazil Could Double by 2016," SNL Daily Coal Report, Vol. 4, Issue 21 (February 2, 2010), p. 3, website www.snl.com (subscription site).

167. "Construction at 720MW Pecem I Thermo 85% Complete—EBX," Business News Americas (February 9, 2011); and "MPX Concludes First Stage of Pecem I Construction," Business News Americas (November 10, 2009).

168. Y. Inoue and H. Lawson, "Japan's Sumitomo Corp Eyes Russia's Elga Coal Mine," Reuters News Service (November 21, 2007), website http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKT26814420071121; and B. Cassell, "Japan's Mitsui Takes Bigger Stake in Canada's Cline Mining," SNL Interactive (July, 9, 2008), website www.snl.com (subscription site).

169. World Steel Organization, website www.worldsteel.org.

170. World Steel Organization, website www.worldsteel.org.

171. "Inner Mongolia To Start Construction of 53 Mtpa Coal Mines in 2011," China Coal Resource (January 4, 2011), website http://en.sxcoal.com/49788/NewsShow.html; and "Inner Mongolia Plans 1.2 Bt Coal Capacity by 2015," China Coal Resource (December 31, 2010), website http://en.sxcoal.com/49631/NewsShow.html.

172. "Jaisram Meets Jaiswal To Iron Out Coal Sector Issues," The Hindu Business Line (February 8, 2011), website www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article1168248.ece.

173. P.R. Bose, "Logistics Venture: Coal India Looks to Rope in Railways," The Hindu Business Line (February 3, 2011), website www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/article1154052.ece.

174. "Mormugao to Boost Coal Handling," The Hindu Business Line (February 8, 2010), website www.blonnet.com/2010/02/08/stories/2010020850620500.htm; "FACTBOX—Expansion Plans at India's Main Ports," Reuters News Service (September 28, 2010), website http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/09/28/shipping-ports-india-idINSGE68Q06I20100928; J. Cowhig and R. Singh, "India Surprises with Big New Coal Ports," Reuters News Service (March 24, 2010), website www.livemint.com/2010/03/24232432/India-surprises-with-big-new-c.html.

175. B. Mukherji, "Reforms Seen Failing to Remove Indian Mine Shackles," Reuters News Service (October 7, 2007), website www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSSP7159720071009; and World Steel Organization, "World Crude Steel Production Decreases by 1.2% in 2008," website www.worldsteel.org/?action=newsdetail&id=257.

176. C. Dougherty, "Germany Finds Solution to Its Withering Coal Mines," International Herald Tribune (June 14, 2007), website www.iht.com.

177. "Turkey's Melting Capacity Seen Topping 50 mt by 2015," Steel Business Briefing (June 3, 2010), website www.steelbb.com (subscription site).

178. H. Edwardes-Evans, "Coal Burn Edges Up in Italy, Porto Tolle Key to 26 mil mt Target," Platt's International (November 19, 2010), website www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/NaturalGas/8201993.

179. "Jim Walters Links Mine and Port Expansions," Argus Coal Transportation Report, Vol. 26, No. 23 (November 6, 2007), p. 5.

180. T. Grant-Taylor, "Australia's Dalrymple Bay Coal Terminal Expansion Delayed," Herald Sun (May 29, 2008), website www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23774661-664,00.html.

181. I. Kirkwood, "Deciphering the Coal Industry," The Newcastle Herald (January 3, 2009), website www.nswtrains.com.au/nsw-trains-articles/2009/1/3/deciphering-the-coal-industry.

182. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Australian Commodities (March Quarter 2011) website http://adl.brs.gov.au/data/warehouse/pe_abares99001790/AC11.1_March_part_1_REPORT.pdf.

183. B. Cassell, "Indonesia's PT Bumi in Midst of Major Coal Production Expansion," SNL Interactive (September 1, 2010), website www.snl.com (subscription site); Adaro home page, website www.adaro.com/project_development/80.

184. D. Ghoshal, "Indonesia Thermal Coal Export Ban Proposal Worries India," Business Standard (March 3, 2011), website www.business-standard.com/india/news/indonesia-thermal-coal-export-ban-proposal-worries-india/427289/.

185. B. Cassell, "BHP Billiton Outlines Coal Projects, Sees Strong Recent Met Coal Output," SNL Interactive (July 22, 2010), website www.snl.com (subscription site); M. Creamer, "Optimum Plans To Invest R3bn Capex in Next Three Years," Mining Weekly (September 15, 2010 ), website www.miningweekly.com/article/black-owned-optimum-coal-plans-to-invest-r3bn-capex-in-next-three-years-2010-09-15.

186. "FACTBOX-South Africa's Rail and Port Bottlenecks," Reuters News Service (December 10, 2009), website http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/12/10/coal-southafrica-bottlenecks-idINGEE5B910E20091210; "Mozambique to Increase Coal Exports This Year," Argus Coal Transportation, Vol. 30, No. 12 (March 22, 2011), p. 8.

187. S. Rohan, "Riversdale to Buy Locomotives for A$46M To Move Mozambique Coal," SNL Interactive (February 10, 2011) website www.snl.com (subscription site); S. Rohan, "Vale Still On Track To Begin Mozambique Coal Exports In Mid-2011" SNL Interactive (February 18, 2011), website www.snl.com (subscription site).

188. A. MacDonald, "Interview: Mozambique Sena Rail, Port May Attract $685 Million Invest," Dow Jones Newswires (February 18, 2011) website www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2011/02/18/interviewmozambique-sena-railport-attract-685-million-invest.

189. Mechel OAO, "Mechel Announces Progress in Developing Elga Coking Coal Deposit" (February 17, 2010), website www.mechel.com/news/article.wbp?article-id=74D455E9-2858-4C79-93C8-4BEB1DC79E5B; "Mechel Postpones Commissioning Date of Railroad to Elga Coking Coal Deposit" Steel Orbis (June 10, 2010) website www.steelorbis.com/steel-news/latest-news/mechel-postpones-commissioning-date-of-railroad-to-elga-coking-coal-deposit-538970.htm.

190. "SUEK of Russia Started Coal Shipments to Japan Through Muchka; Two Cargoes of 20,000 MT Each After Turn of the Year," Tex Energy Report (February 3, 2009), website www.texreport.co.jp/xenglish (subscription site); I. Zhitomirsky, "Mechel News: Mechel OAO Commences Construction of Coal Transshipment Complex at Vanino Port" (September 9, 2008), website www.mechel.com/news/article.wbp?article-id=96E8D4FA-6F89-42F6-A6ED-E0664ABC37CD.

191. "Russia Plans Coal Port in Barents Sea," Reuters News Service (December 10, 2010), website www.rzd-partner.com/press/2010/10/12/359060.html.

192. "Supply to Tighten Further," Argus Coal Transportation, Vol. 30, No. 7, (February, 15, 2011), p. 2.

193. "Teck, Westshore Sign Four-Year Coal Contract," Argus Coal Transportation, Vol. 30, No. 10, (March 8, 2011), p. 8.

194. "Coal Will Benefit From Any West Coast Port Growth: Cloud Peak CEO," Platt's (March 15, 2011), website www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Coal/6910696.

195. "Government Aims to Have Coal Production of Chile, Peru by 2019: Colombia," BN Mining News (June 9, 2009); R. Somwanshi, "Report: Colombia Needs Investment of $6.8B to Meet Coal Expansion Goals," SNL Interactive (November 9, 2010), website www.snl.com (subscription site).

196. T. Muse, "Drummond Shifts First Exports From El Descanso," Platts International Coal Report, Vol. 16, No. 924 (June 15, 2009).

197. B. Cassell, "Joint Venture Gets Business for 1st Phase of Cerrejon Coal Expansion in Colombia," SNL Interactive (February 10, 2011), website www.snl.com (subscription site).

198. B. Cassell, "Vale Buying AMCI Stake in Australia's Belvedere Coal Project," SNL Interactive (June 4, 2010), website www.snl.com (subscription site).

199. "Colombia Moves Ahead on Port Expansions," Argus Coal Transportation, Vol. 28, No. 4 (January 29, 2008), pp. 6-7; "River and Rail Eyed for Colombia's Caribbean Coast," Argus Coal Transportation, Vol. 29, No. 39 (September 28, 2010), p. 8.

200. R. Somwanshi, "China, Brazil Looking To Invest in Colombian Metallurgical Coal Infrastructure," SNL Interactive (October 25, 2010), website www.snl.com (subscription site).

201. "Colombia: Ausenco Gets Engineering Contract for Puerto Nuevo," South American Business Information (December 31, 2009).

202. B. Cassell, "Joint Venture Gets Business for 1st Phase of Cerrejon Coal Expansion in Colombia," SNL Interactive (February 10, 2011), website www.snl.com (subscription site).

203. U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1991, DOE/EIA-0219(91) (Washington, DC, December 1992), Table 33; and Annual Energy Review 2009, DOE/EIA-0384 (2009) (Washington, DC, August 2010), Table 11.13, website www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual.

204. U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics database, website www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm.

205. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-5, "Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report, Coke Plants."

206. International Energy Agency, Coal Information 2010 (Paris, France, July 2010), "2008 Country Specific Average Net Calorific Values," pp. I.15 and I.31. Note: The International Energy Agency's "net calorific" conversion factors were increased by 5 percent to better match conversion factors published by EIA, which are reported on an "as received" basis.

Chapter 4 figure sources

Figure 65. World coal consumption by region, 1980‑2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 66. Coal share of world energy consumption by sector, 2008, 2020 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2020 and 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 67. OECD coal consumption by region, 1980, 2008, 2020 and 2035: 1980 and 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2020 and 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 68. Non-OECD coal consumption by region, 1980, 2008, 2020 and 2035: 1980 and 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2020 and 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 69. Coal share of China's energy consumption by sector, 2008, 2020, and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2020 and 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 70. World coal imports by major importing region, 1995-2035: History: SSY Consultancy and Research Ltd, SSY's Coal Trade Forecast, Vol. 18, No. 4 (London, United Kingdom, July 2010), and previous issues; International Energy Agency, Coal Information 2010 (Paris, France, August 2010), and previous issues; and EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2009, DOE/EIA-0121(2009/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2010), and previous issues; Btu conversions from short tons are estimated by EIA's Office of Energy Analysis. Projections: EIA, IEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run IEO2011.D050311A.

Figure 71. Coal imports to Asia by major importing region, 2008 and 2035: 2008: SSY Consultancy and Research Ltd, SSY's Coal Trade Forecast, Vol. 18, No. 4 (London, United Kingdom, July 2010). 2035: EIA, IEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run IEO2011.D050311A.

Chapter 5. Electricity reference notes

207. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, France, November 2010), pp. 237-238.

208. The World Bank, "Vietnam: Reliable Electricity in Rural Vietnam" (July 2009), website www.worldbank.org/vn.

209. T. Grieder, "Japan: Japan on Brink of Nuclear Meltdown After Two Explosions at Fukushima Complex" (March 14, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

210. V. Lauerman, "Japan: Energy Mix Fallout," Energy Compass, Vol. 22, No. 12 (March 25, 2011), p. 7, website www.energyintel.com/pages/Login.aspx?fid=art&DocId=711898 (subscription site).

211. World Nuclear Association, "World Nuclear Power Reactors & Uranium Requirements" (February 6, 2011), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/reactors.html.

212. See International Atomic Energy Agency, "Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management," Registration No. 1729 (April 11, 2011), website www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Conventions/jointconv_status.pdf.

213. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, Analysis of the Total System Life Cycle Cost of the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program, Fiscal Year 2007, DOE/RW-0591 (Washington, DC, July 2008), website www.energy.gov/media/Total-Life-Cycle.pdf.

214. D.E. Shropshire, K.A. Williams, J.D. Smith, et al., Advanced Fuel Cycle Cost Basis, INL/EXT-07-12107 Rev. 2 (Idaho Falls, ID: Idaho National Laboratory, December 2009), website www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/4536700.pdf.

215. D.E. Shropshire, K.A. Williams, J.D. Smith, et al., Advanced Fuel Cycle Cost Basis, INL/EXT-07-12107 Rev. 2 (Idaho Falls, ID: Idaho National Laboratory, December 2009), website www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/4536700.pdf.

216. U.S. Department of Energy, Loan Guarantee Program, "Key Documents: Title XVII. Incentives for Innovative Technologies" (August 8, 2005), website www.lgprogram.energy.gov.

217. Ontario Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, "Frequently Asked Questions" (as of February 23, 2009), website www.mei.gov.on.ca/en/energy/electricity/?page=electricity-faqs.

218. T. Talaga, "Four More Ontario Coal-Fired Generating Units Shut Down" (October 1, 2010), website www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/869588--four-more-ontario-coal-fired-generating-units-shut-down.

219. Hydro Quebec, "Eastmain-1-A/Sarcelle/Rupert Project" (February 10, 2011), website www.hydroquebec.com/rupert/en/index.html.

220. Hydro Quebec, "Projet de la Romaine, En bref" (February 10, 2011), website www.hydroquebec.com/romaine/projet/index.html; and Manitoba Hydro, "Wuskwatim Generation Project" (February 10, 2011), website www.hydro.mb.ca/projects/wuskwatim/overview.shtml?WT.mc_id=2625.

221. Canadian Wind Energy Association, "Canadian Wind Farms" (February 10, 2011), website www.canwea.ca/farms/index_e.php.

222. Canadian Wind Energy Association, "Canada Reaches Milestone as Wind Energy Now Produced in Every Province" (press release, December 2, 2009), website www.canwea.ca/media/release/release_e.php?newsId=70.

223. IEA Policies and Measures Database, "Ontario Feed-In Tariff Programme" (February 10, 2011), website www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=re&id=4440&action=detail.

224. Canadian Wind Energy Association, "Canadian Wind Farms" (February 10, 2011), website www.canwea.ca/farms/index_e.php.

225. IHS Global Insight, "Mexico: Country Reports: Utilities: Electricity and Gas" (June 25, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

226. IHS Global Insight, "Mexico: Country Reports: Utilities: Electricity and Gas" (June 25, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

227. J. Roeder, "Natural Gas Replacing Fuel Oil and Diesel in Mexico's Power Plants," The Oil Daily, Vol. 59, No. 19 (January 29, 2009), p. 5.

228. IHS Global Insight, "Mexico: Country Reports, Oil & Gas Downstream" (February 7, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

229. "Chile, Argentina Eye LNG Drought Relief," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 28 (February 23, 2011), p. 5.

230. L. Viscidi, "Argentina Ups Gas Exports to Chile, Region Appears Well Supplied," The Oil Daily, Vol. 59, No. 41 (March 3, 2009), p. 5.

231. IHS Global Insight, "Mexico: Country Reports: Utilities: Electricity and Gas" (June 25, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

232. Pacific Hydro, "Our Projects: La Higuera Hydro Project" and "Our Projects: La Confluencia Hydro Project," website www.pacifichydro.com.au/en-us/our-projects/Chile (no date).

233. "Our Projects: Future Chilean Hydro Projects," Pacific Hydro, website www.pacifichydro.com.au/en-us/our-projects/Chile (no date).

234. IHS Global Insight, "Mexico: Mexico Completes Latin America's Largest Wind Farm" (November 25, 2009), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

235. Asociacion Mexicana de Energia Eolica, "Proyectos Eolicos en Mexico" (February 19, 2010), website www.amdee.org/Amdee/AMDEE_presentacion_esp.pdf, p. 23.

236. IHS Global Insight, "Mexico: Spanish Company Award Wind Projects in Mexico" (March 10, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

237. "Chile Adds Wind Power Capacity," The Oil Daily, Vol. 61, No. 29 (February 10, 2011), p. 7.

238. European Wind Energy Association, "Record 51% Growth for EU Offshore Wind Power in 2010" (January 2, 2011), website www.ewea.org/index.php?id=60&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=1895&tx_ttnews[backPid]=1&cHash=6f1e5d7da6ce1f4c45883c786431cc8e.

239. "Thanet Offshore Wind Farm," Vatenfall—Wind Power (March 16, 2011), website www.vattenfall.co.uk/en/thanet-offshore-wind-farm.htm.

240. "First Foundation Installed at London Array," London Array (March 8, 2011), website www.londonarray.com/wp-content/uploads/First-foundation-installed-at-London-Array.pdf.

241. European Parliament, Directive 2001/77/EC, "Renewable Energy: The Promotion of Electricity From Renewable Energy Sources" (2001), website http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l27035.htm.

242. European Parliament, "Citizens' Summary: EU Climate and Energy Package" (December 2008), website http://ec.europa.eu/climateaction/docs/climate-energy_summary_en.pdf.

243. Greenwire, "Renewable Energy: A Cautionary Tale About Feed-in Tariffs" (August 18, 2009), website www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2009/08/18/1.

244. IHS Global Insight, "Spain to Cut Power Subsidies for New Solar Projects" (August 4, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

245. "Germany to Cut Solar Subsidies by up to 15 pct," Reuters News Service (February 24, 2011), website www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/24/germany-solar-idUSLDE71N2KG20110224.

246. "Italy in Big Tariff-Led Solar Boom—But Bust Looms," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 2 (January 12, 2011), p. 8.

247. A. Breidthardt, "German Government Wants Nuclear Exit by 2022 at Latest," Reuters News Service (May 30, 2011), website www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/30/us-germany-nuclear-idUSTRE74Q2P120110530.

248. J. Kanter, "Switzerland Decides on Nuclear Phase-Out," New York Times (May 25, 2011), website www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/business/global/26nuclear.html.

249. British Broadcasting Corporation, "Italy Nuclear: Berlusconi Accepts Referendum Blow" (June 14, 2011), website www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13741105.

250. IHS Global Insight, "Turkey-Russia: Turkey Reiterates Plans for First NPP; Russia Wants Tighter International Nuclear Safety Rules" (March 25, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

251. "Spanish Coal Kicks In," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 9 (March 2, 2011), p. 2.

252. IHS Global Insight, "Fukushima Fallout: What Next for the Global Nuclear Renaissance?" (June 20, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

253. IHS Global Insight, "Fukushima Fallout: What Next for the Global Nuclear Renaissance?: Japan's Summer Power Crunch" (June 16, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

254. J. Soble, "Japan Looks to Renewable Energy," Financial Times (June 19, 2011), website www.ft.com.

255. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, "The New Purchase for Photovoltaic Electricity Will Be Launched November 1, 2009" (August 31, 2009), website www.meti.go.jp/english/press/data/20090831_02.html.

256. Global Wind Energy Council, Regions: Pacific: Australia (August 2010), website www.gwec.net/index.php?id=116.

257. "Push for New Zealand Energy Efficiency by 2025," New Zealand Herald (July 24, 2010), website www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10660835.

258. New Zealand Geothermal Association, July 2010 Newsletter (July 8, 2010), p. 6, website www.nzgeothermal.org.nz/Publications/Newsletters/NZGA-Newsletter-July-2010.pdf.

259. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in Russia" (January 21, 2011), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf45.html.

260. International Water Power and Dam Construction, "Sayano-Shushenskaya Findings Delayed to Late Sept; First Unit Could be in Service in Q1-'10" (September 18, 2009), website www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=130&storyCode=2054160.

261. IHS Global Insight, "Russian PM Pushes for On-Time Launch of Long-Delayed Boguchansk HPP" (August 3, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

262. HydroWorld, "Russian Aluminum Firm Resumes Support of 3,000 MW Boguchanskaya" (June 23, 2009), website www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/0514605386/articles/hrhrw/hydroindustrynews/general/russian-aluminum_firm.html.

263. International Water Power and Dam Construction, "Central Asia: Long-Term Challenges and Short-Term Crises" (March 17, 2009), website www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2052456.

264. IHS Global Insight, "Tajik Economic Growth Remains Vigorous Despite Border Trouble with Uzbekistan" (June 11, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

265. "Tajikistan Looks To Solve Energy Crisis With Huge Dam," BBC News (March 23, 2010), website http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8580171.stm.

266. CEZ Group, "First Turbine of Fantanele Wind Farm Was Connected to the Grid" (June 2, 2010), website www.cez.cz/en/cez-group/media/press-releases/2928.html.

267. IHS Global Insight, "Chinese Government Reportedly Meets National Target for Closing Old Coal-Fired Power Plants" (June 26, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

268. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in China" (January 28, 2011), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html.

269. Zhen Li, Chengdu, "China: Beijing Looks To Curb Unlicensed Newbuild Activity," Nuclear Intelligence Weekly, Vol. 5, No. 8 (February 22, 2011), pp. 4-6.

270. V. Lauerman, "Japan: Energy Mix Fallout," Energy Compass, Vol. 22, No. 12 (March 25, 2011), p. 7, website www.energyintel.com/pages/Login.aspx?fid=art&DocId=711898 (subscription site).

271. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in India" (January 20, 2011), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html.

272. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in India" (January 20, 2011), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html.

273. "Son La Pushes Hydro Program," Power in Asia, No. 509 (August 14, 2008), p. 17.

274. A. Netto, "New Doubts Over Malaysia's Bakun Dam," Asia Times Online (July 10, 2008), website www.atimes.com; IHS Global Insight Inc., "Malaysia: Malaysian Government Scraps Plans for Subsea Electric Cables from Hydroelectric Dam" (May 12, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site)

275. M. Landler, "U.S. Strategy in Pakistan is Upended by Floods," New York Times (August 18, 2010), website www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/world/asia/19diplo.html.

276. "Pakistan Floods Turned Back Clock and Turned Off Lights," BBC News (October 19, 2010), website www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11568963.

277. "Uttarakhand Projects Face Problems," Platts Power in Asia, No. 558 (August 5, 2010), p. 10-11.

278. Central Energy Authority, Hydro Development Plan for 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) (New Delhi, India, September 2008), pp. i and iv, website www.cea.nic.in/hydro/Hydro%20Development%20Plan%20for%2012th%20Five%20Year%20Plan.pdf.

279. IHS Global Insight, "China: Installation of Underground Power Station Begins at Three Gorges Project in China" (May 29, 2009), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

280. International Water Power and Dam Construction, "Voith Contract at Xiluodu, Early '09 Order Progress" (April 3, 2009), website www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=130&storyCode=2052638.

281. Ertan Hydropower Development Company, "Cascade Projects Planning" (February 11, 2011), website http://www.ehdc.com.cn/newsite/en/development.aspx.

282. "Chinese Solar Projects in New Surge," Platts Power in Asia, No. 536 (September 17, 2009), p. 4.

283. "India Plans Solar Power Boost," Platts Power in Asia, No. 536 (September 17, 2009), p. 7.

284. IHS Global Insight, "Clouds Gather Over India's Solar Power Plans" (November 12, 2009), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

285. H. Ma and L. Fu, "Beyond the Numbers: A Closer Look at China's Wind Power Success," Worldwatch Institute (2011), website www.worldwatch.org/beyond-numbers-closer-look-china's-wind-power-success.

286. H. Ma and L. Fu, "Beyond the Numbers: A Closer Look at China's Wind Power Success," Worldwatch Institute (2011), website www.worldwatch.org/beyond-numbers-closer-look-china's-wind-power-success.

287. Philippine Department of Energy, "Gross Power Generation by Source," Power Statistics, website www.doe.gov.ph/EP/Powerstat.htm (accessed February 11, 2011), p. 1.

288. "Indonesia Cuts Capacity of Planned Geothermal Plants," Reuters News Service (January 26, 2010), website www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60P2FP20100126.

289. "Indonesia Seeks To Tap Its Huge Geothermal Reserves," The New York Times (July 26, 2010), website www.nytimes.com/2010/07/27/business/global/27iht-renindo.html?pagewanted=all.

290. International Energy Agency, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2010 Edition (Paris, France, 2010), website www.iea.org/w/bookshop/add.aspx?id=564.

291. R. Mostafavi, "Iran Confirms Unloading Fuel from Bushehr Reactor," Reuters News Service (February 26, 2011), website www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/26/us-iran-nuclear-bushehr-idUSTRE71P19G20110226.

292. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates" (February 2010), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/UAE_nuclear_ power_inf123.html.

293. Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation, "UAE Submits Plans for First Nuclear Plants" (December 27, 2010), website www.enec.gov.ae/news/uae-submits-plans-for-first-nuclear-plants.

294. MarketWatch, "Lightbridge to Conduct Nuclear Energy Assessments for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Member States" (December 2, 2010), website www.marketwatch.com/story/lightbridge-to-conduct-nuclear-energy-assessments-for-the-gulf-cooperation-council-gcc-member-states-2010-12-02.

295. H. Hafidh, "Jordan to Tender in Jan for Nuclear Power Plant," Wall Street Journal (December 15, 2010).

296. T. Inajima and Y. Okada, "Kuwait Plans to Build Four Nuclear Reactors as It Seeks Alternative to Oil," Bloomberg (September 9, 2010), website www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-10/kuwait-joins-gulf-push-for-nuclear-power-with-plans-to-build-four-reactors.html.

297. K. Maree, "Gulf's First Coal-Fired Power Plant to be Built at Duqm: Muscat Approves Project as Concerns Grow Over Future Energy Sources," MEED Middle East Economic Digest (April 25, 2008), website www.meed.com/power (subscription site).

298. Zawya, "Duqm IWPP's Coal Requirements Projected at 3mt per Year" (January 25, 2010), website www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100125040559/Duqm IWPP's coal requirements projected at 3mt per year.

299. D. Candappa and T. Austin, "Oman Eyes Gulf's First Coal Power Plant—Report," Reuters News Service (January 26, 2008), website http://uk.reuters.com.

300. IHS Global Insight, "Iran: Utilities: Electricity and Gas" (November 9, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

301. IHS Global Insight, "United Arab Emirates: Head of Abu Dhabi's Masdar Renewable Energy City Initiative Resigns amid Strategic Review" (July 14, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

302. World Gas Intelligence, "Abu Dhabi Settles on Solar Power in Race to Meet Green Goals" (January 19, 2011), p. 8.

303. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in South Africa" (November 2010) website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf88.html.

304. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in Egypt" (January 26, 2011) website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf102.html.

305. IHS Global Insight, "Sub-Saharan Africa: Emerging from the Dark: Ethiopia's Region-Wide Electricity Ambitions" (November 23, 2009), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

306. IHS Global Insight, "Sudan-Ethiopia: First Hydropower Exports from Ethiopia to Sudan Expected in September" (July 20, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

307. IHS Global Insight, Inc., "Brazil: Utilities: Electricity" (December 1, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

308. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in Brazil" (January 21, 2011), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf95.html.

309. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in Brazil" (January 21, 2011), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf95.html.

310. L. Viscidi, "Brazil Plans to Have Third LNG Terminal Up and Running by 2013," The Oil Daily, Vol. 59, No. 30 (February 13, 2009), p. 2.

311. IHS Global Insight, "Brazil: Utilities: Electricity" (December 1, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

312. IHS Global Insight, "Brazil: Large Hydro Project Continues to Court Controversy in Brazil" (February 1, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription required).

313. IHS Global Insight, "Brazil: Brazil Holds First Ever Dedicated Wind Power Auction" (December 15, 2009), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

314. Alstom Power press release, "Alstom Wins First Contract in the Brazilian Wind Market—Worth €100 Million" (July 9, 2010), website www.alstom.com/power/news-and-events/press-releases.

315. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in Argentina" (September 2010), website www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf96.html.

316. "Chile, Argentina Eye LNG Drought Relief," World Gas Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 28 (February 23, 2011), p. 5, website www.energyintel.com (subscription site).

317. IHS Global Insight, "Venezuela: Venezuelan Government to Consider Re-Establishing Electricity Rationing" (March 14, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

318. E. Minaya, "Venezuela to Ration Electricity Again as Power Shortages Linger," Wall Street Journal Digital Network (June 13, 2011), website http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110613-711805.html (subscription site).

Chapter 5 figure sources

Figure 72. Growth in world electricity generation and total delivered energy consumption, 1990-2035: History: Generation: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Delivered Energy Consumption: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 73. OECD and non-OECD net electricity generation, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 74. Non-OECD net electricity generation by region, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 75. World net electricity generation by fuel, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 76. World net electricity generation from nuclear power by region, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 77. OECD Americas net electricity generation by region, 1990-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011) and Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 78. OECD Americas net electricity generation by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011) and Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 79. OECD Europe net electricity generation by fuel, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 80. OECD Asia net electricity generation by region, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 81. Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia net electricity generation by region, 2008-2035: 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 82. Non-OECD Asia net electricity generation by fuel, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 83. Middle East net electricity generation by fuel, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 84. Net electricity generation in Africa by fuel, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 85. Net electricity generation in Brazil by fuel, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 86. Other Central and South America net electricity generation by fuel, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Chapter 6. Industrial reference notes

319. International Energy Agency Data Services, Energy Balances of OECD and Non-OECD Countries (2007), website http://data.iea.org (subscription site).

320. International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050 (Paris, France, June 2008), pp. 471-473.

321. International Energy Agency, Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions (Paris, France, June 2007), pp. 59-75.

322. FACTS Global Energy, Energy Insights: Asian Petrochemical Industry—Fundamental Changes on the Way, No. 139 (December 2009), pp. 1-2.

323. IHS Global Insight, "IHS Global Insight Report: Chemicals (World Industry)" (December 7, 2010), website www.globalinsight.com (subscription site).

324. IHS Global Insight, "IHS Global Insight Report: Steel (World Industry)" (January 27, 2011), website www.globalinsight.com (subscription site).

325. American Iron and Steel Institute, "How a Blast Furnace Works," website www.steel.org/Making%20Steel/How%20Its%20Made/Processes/How%20A%20Blast%20Furnace%20Works.aspx.

326. World Steel Association, World Steel in Figures 2010 (Brussels, Belgium: 2010), p. 10, website www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/WSIF2010.pdf.

327. World Steel Association, World Steel in Figures 2010 (Brussels, Belgium: 2010), p. 10, website www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/WSIF2010.pdf.

328. IHS Global Insight, "IHS Global Insight Report: Cement (U.S.) (World Industry)" (December 30, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

329. Cembureau, "Sustainable Cement Production," (June 2009), website www.cembureau.be/sustainable-cement-production-co-processing-alternative-fuels-and-raw-materials-cement-industry.

330. International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Transitions for Industry (Paris, France, September 2009), pp. 137-138.

331. IHS Global Insight, "IHS Global Insight Report: Paper (U.S.) (World Industry)" (December 30, 2010), website www.globalinsight.com (subscription site).

332. International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Transitions for Industry (Paris, France, September 2009), p. 137.

333. International Aluminum Institute, "Aluminum for Future Generations/2009 Update" (2009), website www.world-aluminium.org/cache/fl0000303.pdf.

334. IHS Global Insight, "IHS Global Insight Report: Nonferrous Metals (World Industry)" (December 3, 2010), website www.globalinsight.com (subscription site).

335. A. Simon, "Aluminum East of Suez: The Search for Cheap Electricity Supplies," Power in Asia, No. 516 (November 20, 2008), pp. 4-8.

336. The Aluminum Association, "Industry Overview" (2008), website www.aluminum.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Overview&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=27135.

337. International Aluminum Institute, "Aluminum for Future Generations/2009 Update" (2009), website www.world-aluminium.org/cache/fl0000303.pdf.

338. U.S. Department of Energy, "Industrial Technologies Program Fact Sheet," website www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/about/pdfs/itp_program_fact_sheet.pdf.

339. 110th Congress, "Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007," Public Law 110-140, website http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ140.110.

340. National Energy Board of Canada, "Energy Briefing Note: Codes, Standards, and Regulations Influencing Energy Demand" (Calgary, Alberta, November 2008), p. 13, website www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/nrgdmnd/cdstndrdrgltn2008/cdstndrdrgltn-eng.html.

341. Government of Canada, Turning the Corner: Regulatory Framework for Industrial Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Ottawa, Ontario, March 2008), pp. 97-98, website www.ec.gc.ca/doc/virage-corner/2008-03/pdf/COM-541_Framework.pdf.

342. International Energy Agency, Chile: Energy Policy Review 2009, pp. 90 and 95-98, website www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/chile2009.pdf.

343. Comisión Intersecreterial de Cambio Climático, Programa Especial de Cambio Climático 2009-2012 (Mexico, December 2009), website www.semarnat.gob.mx/temas/cambioclimatico/Paginas/pecc.aspx.

344. European Commission, "Climate Change: Commission Welcomes Final Adoption of Europe's Climate and Energy Package" (Press Release, December 17, 2008), website http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/1998&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.

345. International Federation of Industrial Energy Consumers, "IFIEC Europe's Initial Response to the EU Climate Package: Challenging Climate Change Targets Require Cost Efficient Solutions" (Press Release, January 29, 2008), website www.ifieceurope.org/docs/climate%20package%20resp%20press%20rel%2029%2001%2008.pdf.

346. "Keeping It Clean," The Economist (December 12, 2008), website www.economist.com (subscription site).

347. K. Kanekiyo, "Japanese Experience Toward Energy Efficient Economy," presentation at The China International Energy Forum (Beijing, November 1-2, 2007), website http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/408.pdf.

348. Y. Yamashita, "Key Points of Outlook 2009: Developments Involving Energy Conservation" (March 2009), website http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/en/data/pdf/476.pdf.

349. World Steel Association, World Steel in Figures 2010 (Brussels, Belgium, 2010), p. 10, website www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/WSIF2010.pdf.

350. W.M. Morrison, CRS Report for Congress: China's Economic Conditions (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, December 11, 2009), p. 1, website http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33534_20091211.pdf.

351. "China's Parliament Adopts 12th Five-Year Plan," News of the Communist Party of China (March 14, 2011), website http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66102/7318556.html.

352. "China's New Five-Year Plan," Reuters News Service (March 10, 2011), website http://blogs.reuters.com/india-expertzone/2011/03/10/chinas-new-five-year-plan; and "China's Five Year Energy and Emissions Plan," OilPrice.com (March 11, 2011), website http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/China-s-Five-Year-Energy-and-Emissions-Plan.html.

353. K. Bradsher, "In Crackdown on Energy Use, China To Shut 2,000 Factories," New York Times (August 9, 2010), website http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/business/energy-environment/10yuan.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1308331414-6Aiy0Q7wlczwGoH+whfJLw.

354. J.A. Sathaye, "India: Energy Demand and Supply and Climate Opportunities," presentation at the Workshop on Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Opportunities in China and India (Washington, DC, March 22, 2006), website http://ies.lbl.gov/ppt/indiasupplydemand.pdf.

355. "Melting Asia," The Economist (June 5, 2008), website www.economist.com (subscription site).

356. World Steel Association, World Steel in Figures 2010 (Brussels, Belgium: 2010), p. 10, website www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/WSIF2010.pdf.

357. U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2008, DOE/EIA-0484(2008) (Washington, DC, September 2008), website www.eia.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html.

358. Government of India—Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change, National Action Plan on Climate Change (June 2008), pp. 22-24, website www.pmindia.nic.in/Pg01-52.pdf.

359. World Steel Association, World Steel in Figures 2010 (Brussels, Belgium: 2010), p. 9, website www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/WSIF2010.pdf.

360. World Steel Association, World Steel in Figures 2010 (Brussels, Belgium: 2010), p. 10, website www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/WSIF2010.pdf.

361. Government of Brazil—Interministerial Committee on Climate Change, Executive Summary: National Plan Climate Change (December 2008), website www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/208/_arquivos/national_plan_208.pdf.

362. M. Hariharan, "Middle East Petrochemical Producers Will Face New Challenges This Decade," ICIS Chemical Business (June 11, 2010), website www.icis.com/Articles/2010/06/11/9366984/middle-east-petrochemical-producers-will-face-new-challenges-this.html.

Chapter 6 figure sources

Figure 87. Annual changes in world industrial and all other end-use energy consumption from previous year, 2007-2011: 2007 and 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2009-2011: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 88. World delivered energy consumption in the industrial and all other end-use sectors, 2005-2035: 2005-2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 89. OECD and Non-OECD industrial sector energy consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 90. World industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 91. OECD industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 92. Non-OECD industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 93. World industrial sector energy consumption by major energy-intensive industry shares, 2008: International Energy Agency Data Services, World Energy Balances (2010), website www.iea.org (subscription site).

Figure 94. OECD and Non-OECD major steel producers, 2009: World Steel Association, "World Steel in Figures 2010," (October 2010), website www.worldsteel.org.

Figure 95. U.S. industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 96. Canada industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 97. OECD Europe industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 98. Australia/New Zealand industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 99. China industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 100. Brazil industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. 2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Chapter 7. Transportation energy consumption reference notes

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377. "Business Opportunities in Chile," British Embassy Santiago, UK in Chile (December 29, 2010), website http://ukinchile.fco.gov.uk/en/business/help-for-uk-companies/business-opportunities-in-chile-.

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380. "Car Sales Rise Despite End of Scrappage Scheme," Reuters News Service (July 6, 2010), website http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/07/06/uk-britain-cars-idUKTRE66510B20100706.

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386. "A New Era: Accelerating Toward 2020—an Automotive Industry Transformed," Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (2009), website www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Global/Local%20Assets/Documents/A%20New%20Era_Online_final.pdf.

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388. "Eco-Friendly Car Subsidiary to End in Days," Kyodo News (September 9, 2010), website http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20100909a5.html.

389. "Prius Breaks 20-Year Record for Annual Car Sales at 315,669 Units," Kyodo News (January 12, 2011), website http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20110112a2.html.

390. "Toyota Touts Home-Energy System," Kyodo News (October 7, 2010), website http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20101007a3.html.

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392. "Runway Extension at Narita Finally Opens," The Japan Times Online (October 23, 2009), website http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20091023a3.html.

393. "Haneda's New Dawn," Asia-Pacific Business Traveller (June 28, 2010), website http://asia.businesstraveller.com/asia-pacific/archive/2010/july-august-2010/special-reports/hanedaa-s-new-dawn; and "Opportunities and Challenges Will Determine the Future of All Nippon Airways (ANA)—Interview with Shinichiro Ito, President and CEO," Airlines International (June 2010), website www.iata.org/pressroom/airlines-international/june-2010/pages/04.aspx.

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395. "Narita Operator Mulls New Terminal for Low-Cost Carriers," The Japan Times Online (June 10, 2010), website http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20100610a3.html.

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425. "China Trains With World's Most Tracks Double Shares," Bloomberg News (December 03, 2010), website www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-03/china-trains-with-world-s-most-tracks-double-shares.html.

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428. "China Bids for High-Speed Rail Record," China Daily (December 8, 2010), website http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/08/c_13639914.htm.

429. IHS Global Insight, "Beijing to Be Linked to Most Chinese Provincial Capitals with High-Speed Railways by 2012," (December 9, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

430. X. Dingding, "Beijing-Shanghai Train Takes Four Hours," China Daily (November 16, 2010), website www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/16/content_11553267.htm.

431. K.B. Richburg, "China is Pulling Ahead in Worldwide Race for High-Speed Rail Transportation," The Washington Post (May 12, 2010), website www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/11/AR2010051104950.html.

432. M. Renner and G. Gardner, "Global Competitiveness in the Rail and Transit Industry," Worldwatch Institute (September 2010), website www.worldwatch.org/system/files/GlobalCompetitiveness-Rail.pdf.

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434. IHS Global Insight, "Indian Vehicle Sales Reach Record During January, But Growth Momentum Stabilises" (February 8, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

435. International Energy Agency data services, World Energy Balances (2010), website http://data.iea.org (subscription site).

436. A. Mukherjee, "Social Impact of Globalizing Transport Services: The Case of India," International Transport Forum 2009 (2009), website www.internationaltransportforum.org/2009/workshops/pdf/ws2-Mukherjee2.pdf.

437. S. Dutta, "LIC to Invest in Infrastructure," India Business Review (September 17, 2010), website www.businessreviewindia.in/sectors/bombay-nse-india-india/lic-invest-infrastructure; and S. Srivastava, "India Estimates a $300bn Infrastructure Funding Gap," PEI Infrastructure Investor (October 13, 2010), website www.infrastructureinvestor.com/Article.aspx?article=56727&hashID=27214BD8B6BBF7DBD9290CC120A5B25C2965933B.

438. "World Motor Vehicle Production," International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (2010), website http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/.

439. IHS Global Insight, "Indian Vehicle Sales Reach Record During January, But Growth Momentum Stabilises," (February 8, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

440. IHS Global Insight, "Indian Vehicle Sales Reach Record During January, But Growth Momentum Stabilises," (February 8, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

441. B. Moestafa and A. Suhana, "Indonesia Boosts 2011 Infrastructure Spending, Yudhoyono Says," Bloomberg Businessweek (August 16, 2010), website www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-16/indonesia-boosts-2011-infrastructure-spending-yudhoyono-says.html.

442. "OECD Suggests Indonesia Shift Spending from Subsidies to Pro-Growth Programs," The Jakarta Post (November 1, 2010), website www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/01/oecd-suggests-indonesia-shift-spending-subsidies-progrowth-programs.html.

443. S. Poddar, "Hopu, CDB in Talks for Indonesian Railway," PEI Infrastructure Investor (April 22, 2010), website www.infrastructureinvestor.com/Article.aspx?article=52342&hashID=5E06B8E5D3D92E02107F92004E6F0CC643BA55A0; T. Wright, "Indonesia Clears Railway Investment From Mideast," The Wall Street Journal (New York: December 16, 2009), website http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704398304574597311097667626.html; and I. Tisnabudi, "Itochu Wins Construction Bid for Kalimantan Railway," The Jakarta Globe (Jakarta: August 19, 2010), website www.thejakartaglobe.com/bisindonesia/itochu-wins-construction-bid-for-kalimantan-railway/391844.

444. "Jam Jakarta: The Race to Beat Total Gridlock," The Economist (February 4, 2010), website www.economist.com/node/15473915; Jakarta MRT, website http://jakartamrt.com/index.php/Project-History.html; and "Engineering Services for Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit System Project," Embassy of Japan in Indonesia (November 28, 2006), website www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/projects/loan/odaprojects_loan_2006_1.htm.

445. "Cheap Credit And Poor Public Transport Fuel Motorcycle Boom," Business Monitor International (June 9, 2010), website http://store.businessmonitor.com/article/356523.

446. A. Primanita, "'Elevated Roads Won't Be Enough' for Jammed Jakarta," The Jakarta Globe (Jakarta: May 28, 2010), website www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/elevated-roads-wont-be-enough-for-jammed-jakarta/377597.

447. "New Economic Model for Malaysia," Tenth Malaysia Plan 2011-2015, Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia (Putrajaya: June 10, 2010), p. 64, website www.pmo.gov.my/dokumenattached/RMK/RMK10_Eds.pdf.

448. "Car Sales in Russia Halved in 2009 to 4-Year Low," RIA Novosti (Moscow: January 14, 2010), website http://en.rian.ru/business/20100114/157544741.html.

449. IHS Global Insight, "Scrappage Pays Off for Russian Light-Vehicle Market with 30% Rise in Sales in 2010, 60% Increase in December," ( January 17, 2011), website www.ihs.com/products/Global-Insight/industry-economic-report.aspx?ID=1065928678 (subscription site).

450. M. Markey, "Topic Report: Oil Consumption Growth in the Middle East," Apache Corporation (December 17, 2007) , website http://apachecorp.centerft.com/explore/Browse_Archives/View_Article.aspx?Article.ItemID=498.

451. A. Wagner, "International Fuel Prices 2010/2011," The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (January 2011), website www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/giz2011-international-fuel-prices-2010-2011-data-preview.pdf.

452. "The World's Most Radical Subsidy Reform Program: The Case of Iran," FACTS Global Energy (September 2010), website www.fgenergy.com (subscription site).

453. IHS Global Insight, "Inflation Jumped to 12% in Iran during October," (December 7, 2010), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

454. Ministry of Economy and Planning, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, The Ninth Development Plan (2010-2014) (December 2010), Chapter 31 "Transport," pp. 597-619, website www.mep.gov.sa/index.jsp;jsessionid=AA66A16CAFCF0D85D56AF67446FFB71A.beta?event=ArticleView&Article.ObjectID=79.

455. W. Hadfield, "Transport 2010: Railway Building Enjoys a Revival in the Middle East," MEED: Middle East Business Intelligence (December 21, 2009), website www.meed.com/supplements/2009/meed-yearbook-2010/transport-2010-railway-building-enjoys-a-revival-in-the-middle-east/3003026.article (subscription site).

456. "Tabuk Airport to Receive International Flights," Arab News (October 31, 2010), website http://arabnews.com/economy/article176907.ece.

457. Ministry of Economy and Planning, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, The Ninth Development Plan (2010-2014) (December 2010), Chapter 31 "Transport," pp. 597-619, website www.mep.gov.sa/index.jsp;jsessionid=AA66A16CAFCF0D85D56AF67446FFB71A.beta?event=ArticleView&Article.ObjectID=79, and "The New KAIA Project," King Abdulla International Airport, website www.jed-airport.com/en/about_new.php.

458. "High-Tech Airports Planned for Jazan, Taif," Zawya (September 21, 2010), website www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100921031352/?relcontent=ZW20101106000014 (subscription site).

459. S. Abdullah, "Petition to Lift Ban on Women Driving," Arab News (February 19, 2011), website http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article270985.ece; and H. Toumi, "Saudi Consultative Council Likely to Debate Allowing Women to Drive," Gulf News (January 6, 2011), website http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-consultative-council-likely-to-debate-allowing-women-to-drive-1.742139.

460. "Automotive Forecast," Zawya (August 27, 2008), website www.zawya.com/middle-east/countries/saudi-arabia/macrowatch.cfm?eiusection=Automotive%20Forecast (subscription site).

461. I. Hassan and A. Hammond, "Car Makers Target Saudi Women Despite Driving Ban," Reuters News Service (December 10, 2007), website www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/10/us-saudi-cars-women-idUSL1071429920071210.

462. Business Monitor International, Saudi Arabia Autos Report (London: September 2010), website http://ae.zawya.com/researchreports/p_2010_01_19_12_47_05/20101013_p_2010_01_19_12_47_05_091022.pdf.

463. "Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro Project, Saudi Arabia," Railway-Technology.com (November 2010), website www.railway-technology.com/projects/al-mashaaer-al-mugad/.

464. Richard J. Daley Global Cities Forum, New Partnerships for a New Economy: Driving Innovation in Cities, (Chicago: April 26-27, 2010), website www.uic.edu/orgs/daleyforum/pdfs/2010_Best_Practice_Book-v2.pdf.

465. R. Absal, "Abu Dhabi Metro Trains to Start Operation by 2016, Trams by 2014," Gulf News (March 2, 2009), website http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/abu-dhabi-metro-trains-to-start-operation-by-2016-trams-by-2014-1.55634.

466. "GCC Metro Plans: Ambitious Investment Plans for Metro Rail Sector," Global Mass Transit Report (November 1, 2009), website www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=427.

467. "National Railway Pre-Qualification Tenders Attract Strong," Zawya News (May 8, 2010), website www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100508055406/?relcontent=ZW20110124000069 (subscription site).

468. "Gulf Cooperation Council—GCC Rail Network," Zawya News, website www.zawya.com/projects/project.cfm/pid190607012406 (subscription site).

469. M. Guiebo and N. Kgengwenyane, Infrastructure and Intra African Trade, Economic Commission for Africa, African Trade Policy Centre Briefing No. 14 (September 2010), website www.uneca.org/atpc/Briefing_papers/14.pdf.

470. IHS Global Insight, "Brazilian Light-Vehicle Sales Boom in December, Finish 2010 Up 11% Versus 2009," (January 07, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

471. IHS Global Insight, "Argentine Vehicle Production Achieves Record During 2010, Exports Surge 38.9% Y/Y," (January 06, 2011), website www.ihsglobalinsight.com (subscription site).

472. Petrobras, "Economy: Energy Matrix: Biofuel," Portal Brasil (2010), website www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/economy/energy-matrix/biofuel/br_model1?set_language=en.

473. I. Riveras, "Brazil Local Demand to Drive Ethanol Production," Reuters News Service (January 14, 2008), website www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/14/us-biofuel-summit-datagro-ethanol-idUSN1440343720080114; and I. Riveras, "Brazil Ethanol Consumption to Fall in 2011—Datagro," Reuters News Service (Febuary 21, 2011), website http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFN2122989820110221.

474. I. Riveras, "Brazil Ethanol Consumption to Fall in 2011—Datagro," Reuters News Service (Febuary 21, 2011), website http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFN2122989820110221.

Chapter 7 figure sources

Figure 101. World liquids consumption by end-use sector, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 102. OECD and non-OECD transportation sector liquids consumption, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 103. OECD Americas transportation energy use by country, 2008 and 2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011) and Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo.

Figure 104. OECD Asia transportation energy use by country, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 105. Non-OECD transportation energy use by region, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 106. Non-OECD Asia transportation energy use by country, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 107. Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia transportation energy use by country, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 108. Transportation energy use in the Middle East and Africa, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 109. Central and South America transportation energy use by country, 2008-2035: 2008: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Chapter 8. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions reference notes

475. Summary information is taken largely from Pew Center on Global Climate Change, "Copenhagen Climate Conference – COP 15" (December 21, 2009), website www.pewclimate.org/copenhagen/cop15.

476. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Fifteenth Session, FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1 (March 30, 2010), "Addendum: Decisions Adopted by the Conference of the Parties," p. 5, website http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf.

477. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, "Sixteenth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Sixth Session of the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol" (December 2010), website www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/cancun-climate-conference-cop16-summary.pdf; and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, "UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun Delivers Balanced Package of Decisions, Restores Faith in Multilateral Process" (December 11, 2010), website http://unfccc.int/files/press/news_room/press_releases_and_advisories/application/pdf/pr_20101211_cop16_closing.pdf.

Chapter 8 figure sources

Figure 110. World energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 111. World energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by fuel type, 1990-2035: History: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 112. OECD and non-OECD energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by fuel type, 1990-2035: 1990 and 2008: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 113. Average annual growth of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in OECD economies, 2008‑2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 114. Average annual growth of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in non-OECD economies, 2008-2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 115. Increases in carbon dioxide emissions by fuel type for regions with highest absolute emissions growth, 2008-2035: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 116. Cumulative carbon dioxide emissions by region, 1991-2005, 2006-2020, and 2021-2035: History: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011).

Figure 117. Average annual change in Kaya decomposition components of non-OECD carbon dioxide emissions growth, 1990‑2008 and 2008-2035: History: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011). Population (history and projections): IHS Global Insight, World Overview (Lexington, MA, various issues). GDP (history and projections): Derived from IHS Global Insight, World Overview (Lexington, MA, various issues).

Figure 118. Average annual change in Kaya decomposition components of OECD carbon dioxide emissions growth, 1990‑2008 and 2008-2035: History: Derived from EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of March 2011), website www.eia.gov/ies. Projections: EIA, World Energy Projection System Plus (2011) and Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo. Population (history and projections): United States: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo. Other Countries: IHS Global Insight, World Overview (Lexington, MA, various issues). GDP (history and projections): United States: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011, DOE/EIA-0383(2011) (Washington, DC, April 2011), AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System, run REF2011.D020911A, website www.eia.gov/aeo. Other Countries: Derived from IHS Global Insight, World Overview (Lexington, MA, various issues).