There are four types of headache: vascular, muscle contraction (tension), traction, and inflammatory. The most common type of vascular headache is migraine. Migraine headaches are usually characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head, an upset stomach, and, at times, disturbed vision. Women are more likely than men to have migraine headaches. After migraine, the most common type of vascular headache is the toxic headache produced by fever. Other kinds of vascular headaches include "cluster” headaches, which cause repeated episodes of intense pain, and headaches resulting from high blood pressure. Muscle contraction headaches appear to involve the tightening or tensing of facial and neck muscles. Traction and inflammatory headaches are symptoms of other disorders, ranging from stroke to sinus infection. Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as warning signals of more serious disorders. This is particularly true for headaches caused by inflammation, including those related to meningitis as well as those resulting from diseases of the sinuses, spine, neck, ears, and teeth.
When headaches occur three or more times a month, preventive treatment is usually recommended. Drug therapy, biofeedback
training, stress reduction, and elimination of certain foods from the diet are the most common methods of preventing and controlling
migraine and other vascular headaches. Regular exercise, such as swimming or vigorous walking, can also reduce the frequency
and severity of migraine headaches. Drug therapy for migraine is often combined with biofeedback and relaxation training.
One of the most commonly used drugs for the relief of migraine symptoms is sumatriptan. Drugs used to prevent migraine also
include methysergide maleate, which counteracts blood vessel constriction; propranolol hydrochloride, which also reduces the
frequency and severity of migraine headaches; ergotamine tartrate, a vasoconstrictor that helps counteract the painful dilation
stage of the headache; amitriptyline, an antidepressant; valproic acid, an anticonvulsant; and verapamil, a calcium channel
blocker.
Not all headaches require medical attention. But some types of headache are signals of more serious disorders and call for
prompt medical care. These include: sudden, severe headache or sudden headache associated with a stiff neck; headaches associated with fever, convulsions, or accompanied by confusion or loss of consciousness; headaches following a blow
to the head, or associated with pain in the eye or ear; persistent headache in a person who was previously headache free;
and recurring headache in children. Migraine headaches may last a day or more and can strike as often as several times a week or as rarely as once every few years.
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research relating to headaches at its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and supports additional research through grants
to major medical institutions across the country. NINDS also supports and conducts studies to improve the diagnosis of headaches
and to find ways to prevent them.
American Headache Society Committee for Headache Education (ACHE) 19 Mantua Road Mt. Royal, NJ 08061 achehq@talley.com http://www.achenet.org Tel: 856-423-0043 Fax: 856-423-0082 |
American Pain Foundation 201 North Charles Street Suite 710 Baltimore, MD 21201-4111 info@painfoundation.org http://www.painfoundation.org Tel: 888-615-PAIN (7246) Fax: 410-385-1832 |
Migraine Research Foundation 300 East 75th Street Suite 3K New York, NY 10021 info@migraineresearchfoundation.org http://www.migraineresearchfoundation.org Tel: 212-249-5402 Fax: 212-249-5405 |
National Headache Foundation 820 N. Orleans Suite 217 Chicago, IL 60610-3132 info@headaches.org http://www.headaches.org Tel: 312-274-2650 888-NHF-5552 (643-5552) Fax: 312-640-9049 |
Prepared by:
Office of Communications and Public Liaison
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD 20892
NINDS health-related material is provided for information purposes only and does not necessarily represent endorsement by or an official position of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke or any other Federal agency. Advice on the treatment or care of an individual patient should be obtained through consultation with a physician who has examined that patient or is familiar with that patient's medical history.
All NINDS-prepared information is in the public domain and may be freely copied. Credit to the NINDS or the NIH is appreciated.
Last updated August 03, 2009