You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader, available
as a free download, to view some of the files on
this page. See
EPA's
PDF page to learn more about PDF, and for a
link to the free Acrobat Reader.
The emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and
perfluorocarbons (PFCs) used as substitutes for ozone
depleting substances (ODS) are rising worldwide. The
U.S. EPA and various industries are working together to
measure, manage and reduce these emissions. Several
analyses are provided and many voluntary EPA/industry
partnerships have been started.
Emission Estimates
The emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and
perfluorocarbons (PFCs) used as substitutes for ozone
depleting substances are rising worldwide. Under the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
many nations including the U.S. annually submit
greenhouse
gas emission inventories that estimate emissions of
these and other greenhouse gases. The U.S. EPA has also
made estimates of HFC and PFC emissions globally, and
has analyzed opportunities and costs to reduce those
emissions. The original study has been revised and
incorporated into reports analyzing global emissions
and mitigation potentials of all non-CO2 greenhouse
gases.
Others have performed similar analyses, and a
partial list of these studies is provided below.
Researchers will see that different analyses can lead
to vastly different estimates of current and future
emissions, depending upon the data used and
methodologies employed.
U.S. EPA Reports
-
Global
Anthropogenic Emissions of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases
1990-2020 (EPA Report 430-R-06-003) . This
report provides historical and projected estimates of
emissions from over 90 countries and 8 regions for
all major non-CO2 greenhouse gas emission
sources. The baseline emission estimates of
HFCs and PFCs used as ODS substitutes have been
updated from the 2004 report cited below.
-
Global
Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (EPA Report
430-R-06-005). This report provides marginal
abatement curves (MACs) that reflect aggregated
breakeven prices for implementing mitigation options
in a given sector and region. The options
evaluated for mitigating emissions of ozone-depleting
substance substitutes have been updated from the 2004
report cited below.
-
Analysis of Costs to Abate International Emissions
of Ozone-Depleting Substance (ODS) Substitute
Emissions (EPA Report 430-R-04-006). This report
presents the U.S. EPA's baseline forecast of
emissions of Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) gases from the major sectors
that use these gases as substitutes for
ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and EPA's cost
estimates of reducing these emissions.
Additional Reports
- Ashford, P., D. Clodic, L. Palandre, A. McCulloch
and L. Kuijpers,
Determination of Comparative HCFC and HFC Emission
Profiles for the Foam and Refrigeration Sectors until
2015, report prepared with support from U.S. EPA
and ADEME, April 2004. (
Part
1 (PDF, 32 pp., 1.2 MB),
Part
2 (PDF, 43 pp., 559 KB),
Part
3 (PDF, 38 pp., 472 KB) Note: The preceding PDF
documents will soon be replaced by HTML versions
compliant with accessible technology.
- Enviros Consulting Ltd., 2003:
Assessment
of the costs & implication on emission of
potential regulatory frameworks for reducing
emissions of HFCs, PFCs & SF
6
, Enviros Consulting Ltd. Report CAN EC002 5008,
circa 2003.
- Harnisch, Jochen and Chris Hendriks, 2000:
Economic
Evaluation of Emission Reductions of HFCs, PFCs and
SF
6 in Europe
, Special Report, Contribution to the study
“Economic Evaluation of Sectoral Emission
Reduction Objectives for Climate Change”, on
behalf of the Commission of the European Union,
Directorate General Environment, Ecofys Energy and
Environment, April 25, 2000.
- Harnisch, Jochen, Oliver Stobbe and David de
Jager, 2001:
Abatement
of Emissions of Other Greenhouse Gases:
“Engineered Chemicals”
, February 2001, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D
Programme, m754, Ecofys, PO Box 8408, 3503 RK
Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- March Consulting Group, 1998:
Opportunities
to Minimise Emissions of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
from the European Union
, Final Report, Prepared by March Consulting
Group, UK, 30 September 1998.
- Schaefer, Deborah Ottinger, Dave Godwin and
Jochen Harnisch, 2006:
Estimating Future Emissions and Potential
Reductions of HFCs, PFCs and SF
6, to be published in The Energy Journal,
Special Issue, forthcoming.
|