Tropical Cyclone Report
Hurricane Gaston
27 August - 1 September 2004
Gaston was a category 1 hurricane that made
landfall along the central South Carolina coast. After moving
inland, Gaston produced heavy rainfall across portions of the
Carolinas and Virginia. Flooding in the Richmond, Virginia
metropolitan area resulted in 8 deaths.
a. Synoptic History
The genesis of Gaston can be traced to a
cold front that moved off the coast of the Carolinas into the
Atlantic on 22 August, and drifted southward the following day
before stalling on 24 August. Surface observations indicate that a
broad low formed along the weakening front on 25 August.
Thunderstorm activity associated with the low remained sporadic and
disorganized until late on 26 August, when the convective activity
began to increase and acquire a more banded structure. Early
morning visible and microwave satellite imagery on 27 August
suggest that the low had developed into the seventh tropical
depression of the season by 1200 UTC that day, about 115 n mi
east-southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. It is of note that
the frontal zone from which Gaston formed also initiated the
development of
Tropical Storm Hermine
two days later.
The "best track" chart of Gaston's path is
given in Figure 1, with the wind and pressure histories shown in
Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively.
The best track positions and
intensities are listed in Table 1. Steering currents were very weak
initially and the depression drifted slowly southward. Convective
banding continued to increase on 27 August and the depression
slowly strengthened, becoming a tropical storm early the next day
as it drifted westward about 130 n mi southeast of Charleston.
Strengthening continued on 28 August, and the first reconnaissance
aircraft to reach the cyclone found maximum flight level winds of
59 kt shortly after 1800 UTC.
Early on 29 August steering currents became
better defined, with the development of a mid- to upper-level ridge
northeast of Gaston and the approach of a mid-latitude trough into
the Appalachians. This steering pattern allowed the tropical
cyclone to begin moving northwestward toward the South Carolina
coast, and the forward motion of the cyclone increased from about 3
kt to 7 kt between 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC 29 August. Radar and
satellite imagery showed that Gaston continued to get better
organized as it approached the coast. Doppler radar observations
indicate that Gaston reached hurricane strength just before it made
landfall near Awendaw, South Carolina, between Charleston and
McClellanville, around 1400 UTC 29 August, with maximum sustained
winds estimated near 65 kt. The tropical cyclone then steadily
weakened while moving northward across northeastern South
Carolina.
At 0000 UTC 30 August Gaston weakened to a
tropical depression over northeastern South Carolina. Gaston then
turned north-northeastward ahead of the trough moving into the
eastern United States and the cyclone crossed eastern North
Carolina and southeastern Virginia during the day. Data from the
Chesapeake Light C-MAN site and a ship near the mouth of Chesapeake
Bay indicated that Gaston had regained tropical storm strength by
0000 UTC 31 August, while the center was still inland near
Yorktown, Virginia. Tropical storm force winds at this time were
confined to a small area over water southeast of the center;
however, the primary impact of Gaston in Virginia was flooding
produced by 6-12 in rains that occurred over about an 8 h
period.
Gaston moved across the southern portion of
Chesapeake Bay and crossed the Delmarva Peninsula shortly before
0600 UTC 31 August. The tropical cyclone then accelerated
northeastward, passing about 60 n mi south of Nantucket Island,
Massachusetts later that day. Gaston strengthened slightly as it
continued to accelerate to the east-northeast, before becoming
extratropical south of the Canadian Maritimes at 1200 UTC 1
September. The extratropical remnants of Gaston were finally
absorbed by a larger extratropical system on 3 September about 750
n mi south-southeast of Reykjavik, Iceland.
b. Meteorological Statistics
Observations in Gaston (Figure 2 and Figure 3)
include satellite-based Dvorak technique intensity estimates from
the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB), the Satellite
Analysis Branch (SAB) and the U. S. Air Force Weather Agency
(AFWA), as well as flight-level and dropwindsonde observations from
flights of the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of
the U. S. Air Force Reserve Command. Microwave satellite imagery
from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites, the NASA Tropical Rainfall
Measuring Mission (TRMM), the NASA QuikSCAT, and Defense
Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites were also useful
in tracking Gaston. Ship reports of tropical storm force winds
associated with Gaston are given in Table 2, and selected surface
observations from land stations and data buoys are given in
Table 3.
Gaston was strengthening up until landfall,
and was operationally assessed to be a strong tropical storm when
it crossed the coast. Unfortunately, no reconnaissance data were
available in these last hours. However, a post analysis of Doppler
velocity data from the Charleston and Wilmington NWS radars shows
that Gaston had winds aloft that support a reclassification to a
hurricane. The Wilmington radar observed a roughly 3 n mi wide
patch of average winds of 71 kt or more in the southeast quadrant
between 1130 and 1200 UTC on 29 August. These winds were observed
at an altitude of about 11000 ft, and would correspond to roughly
64 kt at the surface using standard adjustment factors. The
Charleston radar observed a similarly-sized area in the northwest
quadrant that also supports 64 kt surface winds. Neither radar had
a good look at the northeast quadrant, where the strongest winds
would have been expected. Based on these observations, Gaston has
been posthumously upgraded to a hurricane.
No land-based observations support
hurricane force surface winds, although the area was not
particularly well-sampled. A gust to 71 kt was recorded by a
Carolinas Coastal Ocean Observing and Prediction System station
just south of Capers Island, South Carolina, with minimum pressure
of 985.1 mb. A gust to 70 kt was recorded by a storm chaser on the
Isle of Palms. The highest surge report was over 4 ft inside of
Bulls Bay.
In South Carolina, rainfall was heaviest in
a swath from Berkeley and western Williamsburg counties through
Florence and Darlington counties. Kingstree reported 10.5 in of
rainfall, which produced urban flooding of up to 5 ft. Radar data
suggest that up to 15 in may have fallen in some areas. Flash
floods occurred in Lake City. One F1 tornado was reported in
Marlboro county South Carolina. Rains tapered off somewhat as
Gaston moved through North Carolina, with accumulations there being
generally less than 6 in. Two tornados were confirmed in North
Carolina on 29 August: an F0 in Scotland County and an unrated
tornado in Hoke County.
Gaston produced very heavy rains and flash
floods as it moved through southeastern Virginia on 30 August, with
the most severe conditions in the Richmond metropolitan area. Two
locations in Richmond reported over 12 in of rain (Table 3). Most
of this rain occurred during an eight hour period late on 30
August. The cyclone also produced a dozen F0 tornadoes in eastern
Virginia.
c. Casualty and Damage Statistics
Flash floods in the Richmond area directly
resulted in 8 fatalities. Five of these were from motorists
attempting to drive through flooded roadways, including one who
drove around a barricade to do so. Three individuals were killed
during rescue attempts. One indirect death was also reported.
Major fresh-water flooding occurred in
South Carolina. In Berkeley County, 20 structures were severely
damaged or destroyed, and dozens of other structures suffered minor
flooding damage. Winds associated with Gaston caused minor damage
to roughly 3000 structures in Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester
counties. Downed tree limbs resulted in scattered power
outages.
In Virginia, Gaston washed out roads and
bridges. Damage was concentrated in Chesterfield, Dinwiddie,
Hanover, Henrico, and Prince George counties. About 350 homes and
230 businesses were either damaged or destroyed. Tornadoes mostly
downed trees, but several roofs were also damaged.
The American Insurance Services Group
reports $65 million in insured losses associated with Gaston in
South Carolina ($20M), North Carolina ($15M), and Virginia ($30M).
Total damage is estimated to be near $130 million.
d. Forecast and Warning Critique
Average official track errors for Gaston
are given in Table 4. These errors were generally smaller than the
long-term averages. The official errors were also generally lower
than the errors of the best dynamical guidance models and very
close to the errors of the GUNA, CONU, and FSSE consensus
models.
Average official intensity errors were 8,
13, 12, 7, 5, and 10 kt for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h
forecasts, respectively. For comparison, the average official
intensity errors over the 10-yr period 1994-2003[1]
are 6, 10, 12, 15, 19, and 20 kt,
respectively. Although the errors are not particularly large, early
forecasts did not anticipate that Gaston would become a hurricane,
and as a result a hurricane warning was issued only about 14 h
prior to landfall. A tropical storm warning was first issued at
1500 UTC 28 August; Gaston made landfall roughly in the center of
the warning area 23 h later. The complete set of watches and
warnings associated with Gaston are listed in Table 5. No coastal
warnings were issued when Gaston re-strengthened to a tropical
storm over Virginia because the tropical storm force winds were
expected to remain exclusively over water.
Acknowledgements
Landfall observations, as well as damage and
casualty information, were compiled and provided by the NWS/Weather
Forecast Offices in Charleston, SC, Wilmington, NC, Jacksonville,
FL, and Wakefield, VA.
[1]Errors given for the 96 and 120
h periods are averages over the three years 2001-2003.
Table 1: Best track for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept.
2004.
Date/Time (UTC) | Position | Pressure (mb) | Wind Speed (kt) | Stage |
Lat. (°N) | Lon. (°W) |
27 / 1200 | 31.8 | 78.1 | 1015 | 25 | tropical depression |
27 / 1800 | 31.6 | 78.0 | 1014 | 25 | " |
28 / 0000 | 31.4 | 78.0 | 1011 | 30 | " |
28 / 0600 | 31.3 | 78.2 | 1005 | 35 | tropical
storm |
28 / 1200 | 31.3 | 78.5 | 1000 | 45 | " |
28 / 1800 | 31.3 | 78.8 | 997 | 50 | " |
29 / 0000 | 31.5 | 79.1 | 994 | 55 | " |
29 / 0600 | 32.1 | 79.4 | 991 | 60 | " |
29 / 1200 | 32.8 | 79.5 | 986 | 65 | hurricane |
29 / 1800 | 33.5 | 79.6 | 992 | 45 | tropical
storm |
30 / 0000 | 34.2 | 79.4 | 995 | 30 | tropical
depression |
30 / 0600 | 34.9 | 79.1 | 998 | 30 | " |
30 / 1200 | 35.6 | 78.7 | 1000 | 25 | " |
30 / 1800 | 36.4 | 77.8 | 1002 | 30 | " |
31 / 0000 | 37.2 | 76.6 | 1001 | 35 | tropical
storm |
31 / 0600 | 38.1 | 74.8 | 1001 | 35 | " |
31 / 1200 | 39.1 | 72.9 | 1001 | 35 | " |
31 / 1800 | 40.2 | 70.5 | 999 | 35 | " |
01 / 0000 | 41.0 | 67.5 | 999 | 40 | " |
01 / 0600 | 41.7 | 63.5 | 999 | 45 | " |
01 / 1200 | 43.0 | 59.6 | 999 | 45 | extratropical |
01 / 1800 | 45.0 | 55.0 | 998 | 45 | " |
02 / 0000 | 47.0 | 50.0 | 997 | 45 | " |
02 / 0600 | 48.5 | 44.0 | 996 | 45 | " |
02 / 1200 | 50.0 | 38.0 | 994 | 45 | " |
02 / 1800 | 51.1 | 32.0 | 994 | 40 | " |
03 / 0000 | 52.0 | 28.9 | 998 | 35 | " |
03 / 0600 | | | | | absorbed by extratropical low |
29 / 1400 | 33.0 | 79.6 | 985 | 65 | landfall near Awendaw, S.C. |
29 / 1400 | 33.0 | 79.6 | 985 | 65 | minimum pressure |
Table 2: Selected ship reports with winds
of at least 34 kt for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004.
Ship Name or Call Sign | Date/Time (UTC) | Lat. (°N) | Lon. (°W) | Wind dir/speed (deg/kt) | Pressure (mb) |
A8DO7 | 29 / 0300 | 31.5 | 79.8 | 310 / 41 | 1006.0 |
KRHX | 29 / 0900 | 31.9 | 79.6 | 270 / 38 | 1003.0 |
VRCV | 29 / 1800 | 32.8 | 79.0 | 210 / 36 | 1006.7 |
OXKO2 | 30 / 1200 | 33.9 | 76.6 | 200 / 35 | 1016.3 |
H9YY | 31 / 0000 | 36.5 | 75.1 | 170 / 36 | 1010.0 |
H9YY | 31 / 0000 | 36.5 | 75.1 | 170 / 36 | 1010.0 |
HZZD | 31 / 1900 | 40.6 | 68.9 | 130 / 37 | 1006.8 |
WRYG | 01 / 0600 | 40.6 | 63.2 | 240 / 44 | 1006.8 |
DGTX | 01 / 0600 | 46.1 | 54.4 | 210 / 41 | 1010.3 |
HP6038 | 01 / 1200 | 46.4 | 48.4 | 210 / 43 | 1011.6 |
VEP717 | 01 / 1200 | 46.7 | 48.7 | 210 / 43 | 1009.9 |
YJUF7 | 01 / 1200 | 46.8 | 48.0 | 210 / 38 | 1010.5 |
HP6038 | 01 / 1500 | 46.4 | 48.4 | 210 / 41 | 1010.1 |
VEP717 | 01 / 1500 | 46.7 | 48.7 | 210 / 41 | 1008.0 |
YJUF7 | 01 / 1500 | 46.8 | 48.0 | 210 / 40 | 1008.9 |
HP6038 | 01 / 1800 | 46.4 | 48.4 | 210 / 41 | 1008.2 |
VEP717 | 01 / 1800 | 46.7 | 48.7 | 230 / 36 | 1007.3 |
YJUF7 | 01 / 1800 | 46.8 | 48.0 | 220 / 36 | 1007.4 |
SBFC | 01 / 1800 | 47.3 | 41.8 | 220 / 45 | 1007.0 |
VEP717 | 02 / 0000 | 46.7 | 48.7 | 170 / 38 | 1000.0 |
YJUF7 | 02 / 0000 | 46.8 | 48.0 | 180 / 35 | 1000.9 |
SBFC | 02 / 0600 | 46.3 | 45.6 | 230 / 45 | 998.6 |
LANT5 | 02 / 0600 | 48.6 | 31.3 | 220 / 36 | 1006.0 |
LANT5 | 02 / 1200 | 48.1 | 33.0 | 200 / 35 | 1005.0 |
LANT5 | 02 / 1800 | 48.2 | 34.6 | 220 / 38 | 1000.0 |
|
Table 3: Selected surface observations for
Hurricane Gaston, 27 August - 1 September.
| Minimum Sea-level Pressure | Maximum Surface Wind Speed (kt) | |
Location | Date/ Time (UTC) | Press. (mb) | Date/ Timea
(UTC) | Sust. Windb
(kts) | Peak Gust (kts) | Storm Surgec
(ft) | Storm Tided
(ft) | Rain (storm total) (in) |
South Carolina |
Charleston (CHS) | 29/1330 | 999 | 29/1457 | 37 | 48 | | | 4.05 |
Florence (FLO) | 30/0058 | 998.6 | 29/2300 | 30 | 41 | | | 4.36 |
North Myrtle
Beach (CRE) | 29/2234 | 1004.7 | 30/0040 | 31 | 39 | | | 1.69 |
Myrtle Beach (MYR) | | | 29/1945 | 35 | 45 | | | 0.47 |
| | | | | | | | |
S.C. (Unofficial) |
South Capers Island | 29/1254 | 985.1 | 29/1124 | 46e | 71 | 2 | | |
Downtown
Charleston | | | 29/0818 | 28g | 42 | | | 4.63 |
Pineville | | | 29/1820 | 37g | 51 | | | 5.01 |
Isle of Palms | 29/1350 | 987 | 29/1239 | | 70 | | | |
Myrtle Beach Springmaid
Pier | 29/2124 | 1002.6 | 29/2200 | 39f | 50 | | | |
Georgetown | | | 29/1820 | | 43 | | | |
Jamestown | | | | | | | | 7.05 |
Fort Moultrie | | | | | | | | 5.05 |
Charleston Harbor | | | | | | 1 | 7.03h | |
Bulls Bay Charleston County | | | | | | ~4.5 | | |
Loris | | | | | | | | 2.87 |
Outland Georgetown County | | | | | | | | 3.91 |
LakeCity | | | | | | | | 6.45 |
Hartsville | | | | | | | | 2.81 |
Darlington Airport | | | | | | | | 6.00 |
Darlington | | | | | | | | 5.55 |
McColl | | | | | | | | 5.84 |
Mullins | | | | | | | | 2.24 |
Pee Dee | | | | | | | | 3.41 |
Dillon | | | | | | | | 4.46 |
Cades | | | | | | | | 9.83 |
Kingstree | | | | | | | | 10.50 |
Georgetown | | | | | | | | 3.80 |
Andrews | | | | | | | | 5.30 |
| | | | | | | | |
North Carolina |
Lumberton (LBT) | 30/0641 | 1001.4 | 30/0326 | 27 | 35 | | | 3.37 |
Wrightsville Beach NOS Jonnie Mercer
Pier | 29/2300 | 1008.8 | 30/0412 | 33f | 38 | | | |
Sunset Beach Pier
NOS | 29/2200 | 1005.8 | 29/2100 | | 36 | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
N.C. (Unofficial) |
Carolina Beach | | | 30/0250 | | 39 | | | |
Lumberton 3SE | | | | | | | | 3.36 |
Longwood | | | | | | | | 2.68 |
Fair Bluff | | | | | | | | 3.01 |
Red Springs | | | | | | | | 6.10 |
Virginia (Official) |
Richmond (RIC) | | | | | | | | 6.68 |
Wakefield (NWS Office) | | | | | | | | 2.51 |
Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel
NOS | | | 31/0142 | 37 | 45 | | | |
Kiptopeke NOS | | | 31/0236 | 38 | 48 | | | |
Rappahannock Light NOS | 31/0224 | 1000.9 | 31/0506 | 34 | 39 | | | |
Sewells Point
NOS | | | 31/0118 | 35 | 43 | | | |
Yorktown NOS | 30/2342 | 1001.4 | 30/1900 | 32 | 42 | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Virginia (Unofficial) |
Ashland | | | | | | | | 10.61 |
Richmond (Math & Science Center) | | | | | | | | 12.30 |
Richmond (West End) | | | | | | | | 12.60 |
Richmond (Science
Museum) | | | | | | | | 6.56 |
Richmond (St. Christopher's
School) | | | | | | | | 6.40 |
Mechanicsville | | | | | | | | 10.70 |
Chester | | | | | | | | 6.20 |
Winterpock | | | | | | | | 5.69 |
Sandston | | | | | | | | 8.10 |
Buoys and CMAN sites |
TYBG1 (Navy Tower
R8) | 29/0532 | 1004.3 | 29/0432 | 39 | 47 | | | |
SPAG1 (Navy Tower
R2) | 29/0800 | 1003 | | | | | | |
DUCN7 (Duck
Pier) | 30/2100 | 1009.7 | 31/0100 | 29 | 40 | | | |
FBIS1 (Folly
Beach) | 29/1200 | 998 | 29/1200 | 32g | 44 | | | |
CHLV2 (Chesapeake
Lt.) | 31/0200 | 1006 | 31/0150 | 44g | 51 | | | |
41004 | 29/0850 | 996 | | | | | | |
44004 | 31/1500 | 1012.2 | 31/1700 | 33g | 43 | | | |
44008 | 31/2000 | 1000.4 | 31/2200 | 31 | 42 | | | |
44009 | 31/0700 | 1003.3 | 31/0940 | 27g | 34 | | | |
44011 | 01/0200 | 1001.4 | 01/0310 | 28g | 38 | | | |
44014 | 30/2300 | 1009.7 | 31/0500 | 28 | 36 | | | |
44137 | 01/0820 | 1000.4 | 01/0920 | 30 | 43 | | | |
aDate/time is for sustained
wind when both sustained and gust are listed.
bExcept as noted, sustained
wind averaging periods for C-MAN and land-based ASOS reports are 2
min; buoy averaging periods are 8 min.
cStorm surge is water height
above normal astronomical tide level.
d Storm tide is water height
above National Geodetic Vertical Datum (1929 mean sea level).
e2 min average.
f6 min average.
g10 min average.
hWater height above mean lower low water. |
Table 4: Preliminary forecast evaluation
(heterogeneous sample) for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept.
2004. Forecast errors (n mi) are followed by the number of
forecasts in parentheses. Errors smaller than the NHC official
forecast are shown in bold-face type. Verification includes the
depression stage, but does not include the extratropical stage.
Forecast Technique | Period (hours) |
12 | 24 | 36 | 48 | 72 | 96 | 120 |
CLP5 | 35 (15) | 80 (13) | 128 (11) | 167 (10) | 315 (8) | 306 (4) | |
GFNI | 33 (9) | 30 (7) | 70 (7) | 141 (7) | 364 (5) | 1000 (1) | |
GFDI | 30 (11) | 55 (9) | 82 (8) | 141 (8) | 301 (6) | 418 (2) | |
GFDN | 36 (10) | 56 (9) | 62 (8) | 111 (8) | 277 (5) | 799 (2) | |
GFSI | 20 (11) | 42 (9) | 60 (8) | 84 (8) | 176 (6) | 379 (2) | |
AEMI | 21 (13) | 42 (11) | 51 (9) | 81 (9) | 168 (7) | 206 (3) | |
NGPI | 24 (11) | 46 (9) | 74 (8) | 130 (8) | 305 (6) | 801 (2) | |
UKMI | 26 (7) | 41 (6) | 77 (6) | 150 (6) | 375 (4) | | |
A98E | 32 (15) | 51 (13) | 71 (11) | 108 (10) | 221 (8) | 410 (4) | |
A9UK | 30 (7) | 52 (6) | 85 (5) | 155 (5) | 239 (4) | | |
BAMD | 27 (15) | 56 (13) | 96 (11) | 129 (10) | 152 (8) | 315 (4) | |
BAMM | 31 (15) | 54 (13) | 79 (11) | 97 (10) | 200 (8) | 308 (4) | |
BAMS | 44 (15) | 82 (13) | 114 (11) | 153 (10) | 315 (8) | 376 (4) | |
CONU | 21 (11) | 31 (9) | 44 (8) | 72 (8) | 185 (6) | 519 (2) | |
GUNA | 17 (7) | 26 (6) | 46 (6) | 75 (6) | 175 (4) | | |
FSSE | 18 (8) | 32 (6) | 46 (6) | 65 (6) | 153 (4) | | |
OFCL | 19 (13) | 36 (11) | 54 (9) | 66 (9) | 159 (7) | 258 (3) | |
NHC Official (1994-2003 mean) | 44 (3172) | 78 (2894) | 112 (2636) | 146 (2368) | 217 (1929) | 248 (421) | 319 (341) |
|
Table 5: Watch and warning summary for
Hurricane Gaston 27, August - 1 September , 2004.
Date/Time | Action | Location |
27 / 2100 | Tropical Storm Watch issued | Surf City to Fernandina Beach |
28 / 1500 | Tropical Storm Watch modified to | Little River Inlet to SurfCity |
28 / 1500 | Tropical Storm Warning issued | Savannah River to Little River Inlet |
28 / 2100 | Hurricane Watch issued | Savannah River to Little River Inlet |
29 / 0000 | Tropical Storm Warning/Hurricane Watch changed to Hurricane Warning | Savannah River to Little River Inlet |
29 / 0300 | Tropical Storm Watch changed to Tropical Storm Warning | Little River Inlet to SurfCity |
29 / 1200 | Tropical Storm Watch discontinued | All |
29 / 1500 | Tropical Storm Warning modified to | Edisto Beach to Little River Inlet |
29 / 1500 | Hurricane Warning discontinued | All |
29 / 2100 | Tropical Storm Warning modified to | South Santee River to Little River Inlet |
30 / 0000 | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | All |
Figure 1:
Best track positions for
Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004. Track during the
extratropical stage is based, in part, on analyses from the NOAA
Ocean Prediction Center.
Figure 2:
Selected wind observations and
best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane
Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004. Aircraft observations have been
adjusted for elevation using 90%, 80%, and 80% reduction factors
for observations from 700 mb, 850 mb, and 1500 ft, respectively.
Estimates during the extratropical stage are based, in part, on
analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center. Thin vertical line
denotes landfall.
Figure 3:
Selected pressure observations
and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Gaston,
27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004. Estimates during the extratropical stage
are based, in part, on analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction
Center. Thin vertical line denotes landfall.
|