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Introduction
Home
- List of Acronyms
- List of Cooperating Sponsors
- Conversion Tables
Part One
Section I:
Commodities
- Commodity Availability
- Commodity Characteristics
- References
Section II:
Food Commodity
Fact Sheets
- Beans, Black
- Beans, Great Northern
- Beans, Kidney (Light Red, Dark Red, All types)
- Beans, Navy (Pea Beans)
- Beans, Pink
- Beans, Pinto
- Beans, Small Red
- Bulgur (BW)
- Bulgur, Soy Fortified (SFBW)
- Corn (bagged, bulk)
- Cornmeal
- Cornmeal, Soy-Fortified (CMSF)
- Corn Soy Blend (CSB)
- Corn Soy Milk (CSM)
- Corn Soy Milk, Instant (ICSM)
- Lentils
- Non Fat Dry Milk (NFDM)
- Peas
- Rice
- Rice (Parboiled)
- Sorghum
- Sorghum Grits, Soy-Fortified (SFSG)
- Fortified Refined Vegetable Oil
- Wheat
- Wheat Flour
- Wheat Soy Blend (WSB)
- Wheat Soy Milk (WSM)
Section III:
Storage/Shelflife
Specifications
- Storage Specifications
- Storage Inspection Checklist
- Shelf Life of Agricultural Commodities
- References
Section IV:
Controlling
Damage to Food
Commodities
- Cleaning and Inspecting
- Insect Control
- Rodent Control
- Reference Chart for Controlling Damage to Food Commodities
- References
Part Two
An Overview
Part Three
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Annex II:
Tools and Indicators |
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Updated January 2006
Resources
for Emergency, Food Security and Nutrition Related Performance
Indicators
USAID's
Managing-for-Results Policy
The
Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) of 1993 requires all U.S.
government departments and agencies to develop strategic plans and to
measure performance against objectives. To comply with the GPRA, USAID
developed a "Managing-for-Results" policy in consultation with
collaborating sponsors (CSs) and other donors. This policy led to the
creation of specific guidance, concepts, and terms for measuring
the performance and impact of humanitarian assistance programs. For
USAID's
Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA), the
ultimate beneficiaries of this policy are vulnerable populations in
targeted
host countries. In an effort to measure the impact of Title II food aid
programs on vulnerable populations, DCHA's Office of Food for Peace
(FFP)
urges that all food aid proposals include performance monitoring and
measurement
plans. These plans should include goal, objective and intermediate
result
statements, and each objective and intermediate result should have at
least
one performance indicator to track progress toward achievement
Definition
of Goal, Objectives and Intermediate Results
A goal
is a
longer-term result, which is usually not achievable over the life of a
CS's
program. However, Title II program proposals should be designed to
contribute
toward the achievement of the goal. Strategic Objectives are
defined
as the end results that CSs seek to achieve through the proposed
program. Intermediate Results are interim result targets.
Result statements
are usually stated in the past tense of an action verb. Some examples
are
as follows:
- Sustainable
farm-level production capacity established
- Increased
market access for small farmers
- Improved
policy environment for broad-based food security programs
Definition
of Indicators
Performance
Indicators are variables with a particular characteristic or
dimension used for measuring progress toward achievement of objectives
and intermediate results. These indicators determine whether progress
is being made toward stated results, rather than a statement as to why
such progress is not being made. Performance indicators must
be direct, measurable and sufficiently sensitive to capture
small changes over short periods of time. Further, the indicators must
be
relevant, practical and cost-effective. Performance indicators may be
visualized
as signposts to indicate movement toward a destination. There are
several
types of indicators.
An output/process
indicator measures activity, such as the following:
- Percent
of food aid managers trained in improved project accountability
- Number
of vulnerable groups receiving emergency food aid
- Quantity
of food delivered through school lunch programs
Effect
indicators gauge the degree of behavioral change in the assisted
population. Examples of these indicators are changes in people's
attitudes on improved diet and nutrition, the importance of pre-natal
care or changes in perception on breast-feeding.
Impact
indicators measure the fundamental changes in people's well being.
Some examples are as follows:
- Average
annual income per capita
- Morbidity
and mortality rates
- Percent
of population living below an established poverty line
Performance
indicators can be measured quantitatively or qualitatively. Quantitative
measures answer questions such as "how many?", "how much?" and
"what percent?" Examples of quantitative information are data from food
delivery records, health clinic records, and death records. Qualitative
measures are subjective (e.g., changes in people's attitudes,
perceptions and well being, etc.) and therefore, require indirect
methods to quantify. These indirect methods include
interviews, focus group discussions and rapid assessments.
Establishment
of Performance Indicators
There
are several reference documents that may be used to assist CSs in
developing performance indicators. Some of the more useful documents
are identified below by category.
- Nutritional
Status: Anthropometric Measures (height/age; weight/height; weight/age)
are typically used to measure the nutritional status of children,
although it can also be used for adults. That said, Body Mass Index
(BMI) is now considered to be a better measurement of nutritional
status for adults. The BMI determines body mass by relating body weight
to surface area rather than height and is calculated by dividing the
square of a person's height squared divided by their weight. For
detailed guidance on the use of anthropometry measurement, please see
Annex 3 of WHO's The Management of Nutrition in Major Emergencies
and the Antropometry Measurement Guide, which is listed under
the FANTA publications in the Resource List at the end of this Annex.
- Maternal
and Child Health and Nutrition (MCHN): For useful guidance on
establishing indicators for food aid programs focused on improving the
nutritional status of women and children, please see Annex 2 of
UNHCR/WFP's Supplementary Feeding for Mothers and Children:
Operational Guidelines; Measuring Household Food Consumption: Analyzing
Data prepared by FANTA and Infant and Young Child Feeding
Emergencies prepared by LINKAGES. Both documents are listed
in the Resource List at the end of this Annex.
- Food
Security:
For a complete list of generic food security indicators, please see
Appendix 26 of FANTA's Measuring Household Food Consumption:
Analyzing Data.
- Emergency:
For
useful guidance on developing performance indicators for emergency
programs,
please see the chapter on Minimum Standards in Food Aid of the SPHERE
Project's Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster
Response; UNHCR/WFP's Guidelines for Selective Feeding
Programmes in Emergency Situations; and Annex 7 of WHO's The
Management of Nutrition
in Major Emergencies.
Development
and Use
of Baseline Data
For
each performance indicator, a baseline is necessary. This is
crucial in measuring progress toward an intermediate result or
objective. Depending on the type of performance indicator being
measured, the baseline data can be a point-in-time observation, a
cumulative or an average value over a period of time.
One
key to success with
the Managing-for-Results approach is the involvement of all
stakeholders in
the design and implementation of Title II food aid programs. When all
stakeholders
are engaged, resources are better utilized, funds better leveraged,
results
are more relevant and an efficient and effective transfer of program
activities
to local counterparts and institutions is more likely.
For
more detailed guidance on performance monitoring and measurement,
please see USAID's Managing for Results Terminology in Annex
1 and USAID/CDIE's Performance Monitoring
and Evaluation Tips, which is available online at www.dec.org/usaid_eval.
RESOURCE
LIST
- Food
and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) Project, Academy for
Educational Development, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C.,
20009-5721. Tel: 202-884-8000; Fax 202-884-8432. E-mail: fanta@aed.org; Web site http://www.fantaproject.org.
FANTA has the following publications:
- Agricultural
Productivity Indicators Measurement Guide. Patrick Diskin
- Anthropometry Indicators
Measurement Guide. Bruce Cogill
- Food For Education Indicator
Guide.
Joy Miller del Rosso and Gilles Bergeron
- Food Security Indicators and
Framework for Use in the Monitoring and Evaluation of Food Aid Programs.
Frank Riely,
Nancy Mock, Bruce Cogill, Laura Bailey, and Eric Kenefick
- General
Indicators of Appropriate Feeding of Children 6 through 23 months from
the KPC 2000+. Mary Arimond and Marie T. Ruel
- HIV/AIDS:
A Guide for Nutritional Care and Support 2004. FANTA
- Household
Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for Measurement of Household Food
Access: Indicator Guide. Anne Swindale and Paula Bilinsky.
- Improving the Use of Food
Rations
In Title II Maternal/Child Health and Nutrition Programs. Serena
Rajabiun, Beatrice Rogers, Margarita Safdie, Anne Swindale
- Measuring Household Food
Consumption: A Technical Guide. Anne Swindale and Punam
Ohri-Vachaspati
- Months
of Inadequate Household Food Provisioning (MIHFP) for Measurement of
Household Food Access: Indicator Guide. Paula Bilinsky and Anne
Swindale.
- Potential Uses of Food Aid to
Support HIV/AIDS Mitigation Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. FANTA
- Recommendations for the
Nutrient
Requirements for People living with HIV/AIDS. FANTA.
- Sampling Guide. Robert
Magnani
- Water and Sanitation
Indicators
Measurement Guide. Patricia Billig, Diane Benahmane and Anne
Swindale
- Food
Aid Management (FAM), 1625 K Street, NW, 5th Floor Washington, DC
20006. Tel: (202) 223-4860, Fax: (202) 223-4862; Web site http://www.foodaidmanagement.org.
Provides USAID documents (FY 1990-ongoing).
- Linkages
Project. Recommended Feeding and Dietary Practices to Improve
Infant and Maternal Nutrition, Academy for Educational
Development, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C., 20009-5721.
Tel: 202-884-8000; Fax: 202-884-8977; E-mail: linkages@aed.org.
- Linkages
Project. Infant and Young Child Feeding Emergencies, Academy
for Educational Development, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington,
DC 20009-5721,
April 1997.. Tel: 202-884-8000; Fax: 202-884-8977; E-mail: linkages@aed.org.
- National
Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances. National
Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1989.
- SARA
Project.
Nutrition and
HIV/AIDS: Evidence, Gaps and Priority Actions. Ellen
Piwoz. SARA Project, Academy for Educational Development, (http://sara.aed.org/publications/cross_cutting/hiv_nutrition/HIV-Nutrition_%20brief.pdf)
- The
Sphere Project. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in
Disaster Response, PO Box 372, 17 Chemin des Crets, CH-1211 Geneva
19, Switzerland, 2000. Tel: 011-41-22-730-4501; Fax:
011-41-22-730-4905; E-mail: sphere@ifrc.org;
Web site: http://www.sphereproject.org.
- USAID/DCHA.
Menu of Sector-Specific Humanitarian
Assistance Performance Indicators, Checchi-Louis Berger
International, Inc., 1819 H Street, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20006.
Tel: 202-331-7775.
- USAID/CDIE.
Performance Monitoring and Evaluation
Tips. 1996. Web site: http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/usaid_eval/#004
- WFP/WHO
Supplementary Feeding for Mothers and
Children: Operational Guidelines (Provisional), World Food
Programme, Via Cesare Giulio Viola 68, Parco dé Medici, Rome
00148, Italy, August 1998. Tel: 011-3906-6513-1; Fax: 011-3906-6590-632
or 637; E-Mail: Pieter.Dijkhuizen@wfp.org
and Mokbelm@who.ch. Web site: http://www.wfp.org.
- WFP/UNHCR
Selected Feeding Guidelines in Refugee
and Emergency Situations, World Food Programme, Via Cesare Giulio
Viola 68, Parco dé Medici, Rome 00148, Italy. Tel:
011-3906-6513-1; Fax: 011-3906-6590-632 or 637; E-Mail: Pieter.Dijkhuizen@wfp.org
and Mokbelm@who.ch. Web site: http://www.wfp.org.
- WHO.
The Management of Nutrition in Major
Emergencies. Geneva, 2000.
- WHO.
Nutrient
Requirements for People Living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical
consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland,
13-15 May 2003, http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB116/B116_12-en.pdf.
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