|
|
|
|
|
Introduction
Home
- List of Acronyms
- List of Cooperating Sponsors
- Conversion Tables
Part One
Section I:
Commodities
- Commodity Availability
- Commodity Characteristics
- References
Section II:
Food Commodity
Fact Sheets
- Beans, Black
- Beans, Great Northern
- Beans, Kidney (Light Red, Dark Red, All types)
- Beans, Navy (Pea Beans)
- Beans, Pink
- Beans, Pinto
- Beans, Small Red
- Bulgur (BW)
- Bulgur, Soy Fortified (SFBW)
- Corn (bagged, bulk)
- Cornmeal
- Cornmeal, Soy-Fortified (CMSF)
- Corn Soy Blend (CSB)
- Corn Soy Milk (CSM)
- Corn Soy Milk, Instant (ICSM)
- Lentils
- Non Fat Dry Milk (NFDM)
- Peas
- Rice
- Rice (Parboiled)
- Sorghum
- Sorghum Grits, Soy-Fortified (SFSG)
- Fortified Refined Vegetable Oil
- Wheat
- Wheat Flour
- Wheat Soy Blend (WSB)
- Wheat Soy Milk (WSM)
Section III:
Storage/Shelflife
Specifications
- Storage Specifications
- Storage Inspection Checklist
- Shelf Life of Agricultural Commodities
- References
Section IV:
Controlling
Damage to Food
Commodities
- Cleaning and Inspecting
- Insect Control
- Rodent Control
- Reference Chart for Controlling Damage to Food Commodities
- References
Part Two
An Overview
Part Three
|
|
|
|
|
Annex I:
DEFINITIONS |
|
Updated January 2006
A. USAID TERMINOLOGY
Activity
Manager: That member of the strategic objective or results
package team designated by the team to manage a given activity or set
of activities. Member of an SO Team or sub-team who is responsible for
the day-to-day management of one or more specific activity(s). The
Activity Manager is selected by the SO Team, and may or may not also
have the delegated authorities of a Cognizant Technical Officer (CTO),
whose authority to carry out contract management functions are
delegated from a Contracting or Agreement Officer.
Agency
Goal: A long-term development result in a specific area to
which USAID programs contribute and which has been identified as a
specific goal in the Agency Strategic Plan (ASP).
Agency
Objective: A development result that contributes to the
achievement of an Agency goal as defined in the ASP.. Agency objectives
generally denote preferred approaches or areas of emphasis for programs
that support specific goals. Agency Objectives provide a general
framework for more detailed planning that occurs for specific country
and regional programs.
Agricultural
Commodity: Agricultural commodity is defined in the Farm Bill
as any agricultural commodity or products thereof produced in the
United
States.
Annual
Estimate of Requirements (AER): The food budget proposal
submitted by a PVO to A.I.D. that indicates who will receive food, how
much, and how
often. It provides the foundation on which call forwards of commodities
are based.
Automated
Directives System (ADS): The ADS comprises USAID's official,
written guidance to its employees on policies, operating procedures,
and delegations of authority for conducting Agency business. The ADS
replaces the old AID Handbook System. The ADS is intended to help
Agency employees understand their responsibilities and achieve the
Agency's development goals, consistent with applicable rules, sound
policy, and management practices. http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/
Basic
Foods: These constitute the main bulk of rations in emergency
operations, and provide the majority of energy, protein, and fat
required by
recipients. These foods include staples (wheat, maize, sorghum, roots,
tubers, etc.), vegetable oil, and protein-rich foods (e.g. pulses).
Bellmon
Analysis and Determination: A Bellmon Analysis is required by
US Federal law to determine that adequate storage facilities are
available in the
recipient country to prevent the spoilage or waste of commodity and
importation of the commodity will not result in a substantial
disincentive to or
interference with domestic production or marketing in that country. The
analysis also takes into account the Usual Marketing Requirement (UMR)
of United States commercial commodities to ensure that there is no
interference with this requirement. A Bellmon Determination is
supported by a Bellmon
Analysis, which is prepared prior to the initiation of any PL 480
programs. In
countries where PL 480 commodities are already being programmed, the CS
reviews
the existing Bellmon analysis to determine whether the marketplace can
absorb the additional commodities, and whether storage is adequate. In
countries where no PL 480 program is operating, the CS must conduct its
own
Bellmon analysis, unless an analysis has been or is being carried out
by USAID.
The Bellmon Determination must be recertified each year. For multi-year
development programs, the Bellmon analysis must be updated annually by
the CSs.
Bills
of Lading (B/L): Document used by exporters, importers and
functional intermediaries to establish contract of carriage, receipt
for the goods carried, and the transfer of legal title to the goods
carried.
Blended
Foods: PL 480 foods consisting of finely granulated precooked
cereal flour, soy flour, and grains fortified with vitamins and
minerals. These have shorter cooking time, easier digestibility, higher
donor cost, and shorter shelflife.
Bulk
commodities: Commodities that are not processed, fortified, or
bagged. Whole wheat, corn, and beans are commodities that can be
provided in bulk form.
Call
Forward: A request initiated by the Field Office of a
Cooperating Sponsor to AID for the delivery of a specified amount of
food commodities to a
particular country program for use over a specified period of time. A
Call Forward
can be made only after the DAP and AER have been approved. In response,
USDA solicits bids, and arranges procurement and shipping. USDA
notifies the PVO shipping department of the purchase order, the port of
arrival
and the estimated time of arrival.
Cargo
Preference: Requirement that commodities supplied by the USG
must be shipped on US-flag vessels, as established by the Merchant
Marine Act of 1936 (section 901b).
Certificate
of Inspection: Document certifying the condition of goods at a
particular point of transit.
Certificate
of Origin: A certificate stating the country in which a
commodity has been grown, milled, produced, manufactured or assembled.
Chronic
Food Insecurity: A state of food insecurity that arises and
endures
as a result of long term, not easily changed conditions, such as access
to
land. (See also Transient Food Insecurity)
Chronic
Food Insecurity Indicators: Measurement of chronic food
insecurity,
which reflects resources access and socio-economic constraints.
Chronic
Vulnerability: Long-term conditions that predispose a
particular group or region to food insecurity.
Clearing
and Forwarding Agent: Licensed individual or firm who takes
responsibility for passing documents to customs and port authorities,
and often for
moving the commodities out of port to warehouses.
Commodity
Credit Corporation (CCC): Operating unit of the US Department
of Agriculture, under the management of an Undersecretary for
International Affairs and Commodity Programs, that manages export
credits, surplus stocks and
acquisition of commodities for PL 480 and Section 416(b) purposes.
Commodity
Eligibility List: AID circular listing PL 480 commodities
available to be called forward.
Cooperating
Sponsor (CS): Any foreign government, U.S. registered voluntary
agency, or intergovernmental organization, which enters into an
agreement with
the U.S. Government for the use of P.L. 480 Title II, agricultural
commodities and/or funds, including local currencies.
Cost
and Freight (C&F): A pricing term indicating that the cost
of the goods and freight charges is included in the quoted price. The
supplier must
pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named
destination, but the risk of loss or damage to the goods, as well as of
any cost
increases, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods
pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. The buyer must purchase
shipping insurance against the risk of loss and damage.
Cost,
Insurance and freight (CIF): The value of procuring, loading,
shipping and covering risk on commodities to a foreign destination. The
seller is obligated to cover the cost of the goods, the freight charges
to the named port, the freight charges to the overseas destination, and
the cost of insurance against loss.
Counterpart:
An entity, indigenous to the country in which a Title II program is
conducted, which is associated with and is sometimes sponsored by the
cooperating sponsor in the implementation of an approved Title II
program.
Demurrage:
Excess time for loading or unloading a vessel, railroad car, truck,
etc. beyond the time agreed upon, and the penalties and liabilities
related by contract to such detention.
Development
Activity Proposal (DAP): The document prepared by a CS and
submitted to FFP requesting funding for the implementation of a Title
II program in
a particular country or region. A DAP may seek approval to implement
the
proposed program for up to five years.
Discharge
Survey: A report prepared by an independent commercial firm
based on a thorough examination of the cargo when it is discharged from
the vessel at the
destination port. Contains an accounting of the quantity discharged in
sound and in
damaged condition with details relating to the nature and extent of the
damage, as well as the probable cause of damage.
Docket:
The quarterly list of commodities available to cooperating sponsors
from which to design, program and call forward categories of food. Also
includes procurement prices per MT, indicating the relative efficiency
of using any commodity and suggestive of the amount of the commodity
that may be approved.
Dunnage:
Materials placed adjacent to or beneath stacked goods to secure them in
place or to allow for ventilation during transport or storage.
Duty
Free: Exempt from all customs, excise, and other duties, tolls,
taxes, or government impositions levied on the act of importation or
the commodities imported.
Emergency:
An urgent situation in which a population is in imminent danger of
increased malnutrition and mortality as a result of food shortages. It
is usually caused by an event that results in human suffering and
dislocation in
the life of a community on an exceptional scale, and one, which the
community or other authorities are unable to remedy without substantial
external
assistance.
Emergency
Operations Program (EMOP) - World Food Programme (WFP): The
mechanism whereby WFP provides emergency food for the victims of sudden
disasters or abnormal droughts, and initial assistance to refugees and
displaced persons.
Endowments:
Financial mechanisms through which sales proceeds are deposited into an
interest-bearing account with only the interest earned used to finance
project activities.
Entitlement:
An individual's endowment or initial resource bundle, which is
transformed via production and trade into food or commodities which can
be exchanged for food. (Sen 1981)
Evaluation:
A relatively structured analytical effort undertaken selectively to
answer specific management questions regarding USAID-funded assistance
programs or activities. Evaluation focuses on why results are or are
not being
achieved, on unintended consequences, or on issues of interpretation,
relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, or sustainability. It
addresses the validity of the causal hypothesis underlying strategic
objectives and embedded in
results frameworks. Evaluative activities may use different
methodologies or
take many different forms, e.g. ranging from highly participatory
review
workshops to highly focused assessments relying on technical experts.
Exchange
Rate: Also "rate of exchange"; the price at which one currency
can be bought with another currency or commodity such as gold. Ideally,
the rate is
determined by supply and demand in the foreign exchange market, but is
frequently fixed by government.
Excise
Tax: A form of sales tax on certain commodities.
Export
Enhancement Program: Export subsidies for US farmer to export
grains and oilseeds authorized by the 1985 Farm Bill. Designed to
compete with the export subsidy programs of the EC, the EEP lowered
previously high domestic US support prices and used on-hand surplus of
agricultural inventories to
subsidize
exports.
Fair
Market Price: Also "competitive market price"; in monetization,
a sales price that reflects the value of a similar commodity in the
same market and, as such, does not place local producers or traders at
a marketing disadvantage.
Famine
Early Warning System (FEWS): A generic term that includes
methods of
advance forecasting of food insecurity and famine using satellite
imagery and
ground-level crop, demographic and market observations. FEWS is also a
USAID Africa
Bureau-funded project that aggregates remotely sensed and in country
collected data, which is then analyzed. The resulting information is
given to decision-makers to assist them in choosing timely emergency
interventions in African
countries. More detailed information on FEWS may be found online at http://www.fews.org/
Field
Operations Guide for Disaster Assessment and Response (FOG):
The FOG was development by USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Response
(OFDA) as a reference tool for individuals sent to disaster sites to
perform initial assessments or to participate as members of an OFDA
Disaster Assistance Response Team
(DART). The FOG contains information on general responsibilities for
disaster responders, formats and reference material for assessing and
reporting on populations at risk, DART position descriptions and duty
checklists, sample tracking and accounting forms, descriptions of OFDA
stockpile commodities,
general information related to disaster activities, information on
working with
the military in the field and a glossary of acronyms and terms used by
OFDA
and other disaster response and humanitarian relief organizations.
Food
Aid: Edible commodities donated to needy populations. U.S.
government food aid is authorized under the agricultural appropriations
bill, not
foreign operations.
Food
Aid Consultative Group: Established by Section 205 of the 1990
Farm Bill, this group is to meet regularly and make recommendations
regarding Title II regulations, guidance and procedures. Included in
the group are the AID Administrator, the USDA Under Secretary for
International Affairs and representatives of each PVO participating in
the Title II program or receiving planning assistance funds, plus
representatives from indigenous PVOs in recipient countries.
Food,
Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act (Farm Bill, FACT Act):
Public Law 101-624 passed by Congress in 1990 that extends USG loans
and grants of commodities to developing countries for five years
(1991-1996). Food resources are
directed to five purposes:
- to
combat world hunger and malnutrition and their causes;
- to
promote broad based, equitable and sustainable development;
- to
expand international trade;
- to
develop and expand export markets for US commodities;
- to
foster the development of private enterprise and democratic
participation in developing countries.
Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): UN
agency responsible for promoting agricultural development,
dissemination of advanced
agricultural techniques, combating plant/livestock diseases, promoting
soil conservation, tracking global trends in food production and
consumption, monitoring food deficit problems, and to promote sharing
of knowledge in food processing, and food safety. The Global
Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) of FAO estimates food
production and food needs in famine-prone countries.
Food
Deficit Countries: Countries where food supplies are not
sufficient to
meet the population's demands. Neither do they produce enough nor do
they
have sufficient foreign exchange to pay for imports needed to meet the
country's food demand.
Food
for Peace: The general term applied to the food-donation
program authorized by the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance
Act of 1954 (P.L. 480),
as amended.
Food
for Peace Officer (FFPO): USAID representative who advises and
assists the mission, PVO, and counterpart personnel on P.L. 480 matters
and who oversees, monitors, and manages Title II projects and
activities.
Food
for Progress Act: Section 1110 of the Food Security Act of
1985, as amended, authorizing use of Title I and Section 416 resources
to assist emerging
democracies and developing countries which are committed to expanding
free
enterprise by liberalizing commodity pricing, marketing, input
availability,
distribution, and private sector involvement. USDA is responsible for
this program.
Food
Security: The 1990 Farm Bill first identified the concept of
food security as an objective of U.S. food assistance programs. In the
Bill, food security
was defined simply as "access by all people at all times to sufficient
food to meet their dietary needs for productive and healthy life." The
USAID
Food Aid and Food Security Policy Paper (1995) and the U.S. Position
Paper for the World Food Summit in Rome, Italy (November, 1995) further
expanded and refined the definition to encompass the three dimensions
of access,
(individuals and households have the resources to acquire appropriate
foods for nutritious diet), availability (sufficient quality of
appropriate
quality food supplied via domestic production or imports) and
utilization
(adequate food diet available with water, sanitation and health care).
Through
the World Food Summit, this definition has been accepted by most
nations.
The USAID Food Aid and Food Security Policy Paper may be found online
at:
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/fspolicy.htm
Free
Alongside Ship (FAS): Transport term whereby seller is
obligated to procure and deliver goods alongside the vessel, and clear
them for export.
Free
on Board (FOB): Export price including loading and port
charges. The seller is obligated to place the goods aboard a named
carrier at a specified port, obtain a clean bill of lading attesting to
this performance, and pay the freight charges of inland carriers.
Global
Programs or Activities: Global programs or activities refer to
USAID programs or activities which take place across various regions,
(i.e. they are trans-regional in nature). These types of programs are
most often managed by central operating bureaus such as DCHA or the
Global Bureau.
Guaranteed
Export Credit (GSM 102/3): USG program whereby the USDA (CCC)
guarantees commercial loans for foreign purchases of US commodities.
Humanitarian
Assistance: Is a broad term that includes all types of external
aid to respond to as well as prevent, mitigate, and prepare for,
humanitarian
emergencies.
Indigenous
Coping Strategies: Activities and behavior patterns adopted by
households under the stress of food insecurity, including reducing food
consumption, engaging in wider-ranging migration in search of wage
labor possibilities and food assistance, dry season farming, sending
children off to stay with distant relatives, reducing recreational
activity, and selling assets including tools, land, and homes.
Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE): When an AID funded activity
has the potential to affect the environment, documentation is required
in the form of an IEE to determine whether or not the activity will
have significant adverse environmental impact. The IEE must be
submitted with a DAP or TAP, and is updated annually through an
Environmental Status Report (ESR) submitted with the PAA.
Inland
Transport: The activity or cost of moving food from ocean port
to the first point of delivery in the country within which distribution
or sale will
occur.
Intermediate
Result: An important result that is seen as an essential step
to achieving a Strategic Objective. Intermediate Results (IRs) are
measurable results that may capture a number of discrete and more
specific
results. IRs may also help to achieve other Intermediate Results.
Internal
Transport, Storage and Handling (ITSH): The major complementary
expenses of moving food within a recipient country from port to final
distribution, as paid for out of the PL 480 account ITSH funds are
awarded by FFP to
support the costs of internal transport, storage, and handling incurred
in Title II programs.
Kansas
City Commodity Office (KCCO): The United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) office is responsible for the acquisition, handling,
transportation, and disposition of Title II commodities, including
fiscal and claims
responsibilities prior to export. More detailed information regarding
KCCO may be found
online at: http://www.fsa.usda.gov/dam/kcmo/overview.htm
Leading
Indicators: Measurements used when changes exist in conditions
prior to the onset of decreased food access. Such indicators include,
crop failures (i.e., poor access to seed and other inputs due to
inadequate rainfall), sudden deterioration of range land conditions or
condition of livestock (i.e., unusual migration movements, unusual
number of animal deaths, or large number of young females being offered
for sale), significant deterioration in local economic conditions
(i.e., increase in price of food grain and increases in unemployment),
significant accumulation of livestock by some households (due to
depressed prices caused by oversupply).
Local
Capacity Building: The process of one organization passing on a
skills and knowledge base to another organization. Very often this
involves a mutual exchange or sharing of skills and knowledge, or a
process of working in partnership to achieve a set of objectives.
Building local capacity can
take place between two or more organizations, or it can be accomplished
among different levels of the same organization.
Low-Income
Countries: Officially those countries with per capita income
below the level used by the World Bank to determine eligibility for
grants under the
International Development Assistance fund.
Low
Income, Food Deficit Country (LIFDC): For purposes of Title II
programming, LIFDCs are those food-deficit (i.e., net importing basic
foodstuffs)
countries with per capita GNP not exceeding the level used by the World
Bank to
determine eligibility for International Development Association (IDA)
(soft loan) assistance. FFP references the list published by the Food
and
Agriculture Organization to determine a country's status as an LIFDC.
Meals
Ready to Eat (MRE): Standard USG issued, preprocessed enclosed
meal, including a balanced mix of foods, for consumption during wartime
by US troops, and distributed on occasion as foreign aid.
Minimums
and Sub-Minimums: As provided in the 2002 Title II Development
Program Policies, US
legislative annual targets for commodity tonnage by type: (a) at least
75% of Title II for development programs should be in the form of
processed or fortified products or bagged commodities; (b) a
sub-minimum of 1.875 million metric tons for non-emergency programs
operated by the PVOs, the World Food Program and the cooperatives; and
(c) at least 75% of all food aid shipped must be on a US flag carrier.
Monetization:
The selling of agricultural commodities to obtain foreign currency for
use in U.S. assistance programs. PVOs monetize USG donated commodities
through PL480 Title II and USDA programs. Monetization can be conducted
by direct negotiation with government parastatals or through sealed-bid
auctions to wholesalers and mid-level merchants.
Monetization
Field Manual (MFM): Published by USAID in 1998, this manual
defines and describes the requirements of both partial and 100%
monetization
programs. It provides guidelines on how to develop a monetization
program. The manual may be found online at http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/monetiz.htm.
Office
of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA): The office within the
Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance administers international disaster
relief, management and preparedness program and aids victims of natural
disasters throughout the world.
Output:
The product of a specific action, e.g., number of people trained, MT of
food delivered. A tangible, immediate, and intended product or
consequence of an activity within an organization's control or
manageable interest.
Parastatal:
A business owned and controlled by a government.
Participation:
The active engagement of partners and customers in sharing ideas,
committing time and resources, making decisions, and taking action to
bring about a desired development objective.
Performance
Baseline: The value of a performance indicator at the beginning
of a planning and/or performance period. A performance baseline is the
point used for comparison when measuring progress toward a specific
result or objective. Ideally, a performance baseline will be the value
of a performance indicator
just prior to the implementation of the activity or activities
identified as
supporting the objective that the indicator is meant to measure.
Performance
Indicator: A particular characteristic or dimension used to
measure intended changes defined by an organizational unit's results
framework. Performance indicators are used to observe progress and to
measure actual results compared to expected results. Performance
indicators serve to answer "whether" a unit is progressing towards its
objective, rather than why/why not such progress is being made.
Performance indicators are usually expressed in quantifiable terms, and
should be objective and measurable (numeric values, percentages, scores
and indices). Quantitative indicators are preferred in most cases,
although
in certain circumstances qualitative indicators are appropriate.
Performance
Monitoring: A process of collecting and analyzing data to
measure the performance of a program, process, or activity against
expected results. A defined set
of indicators is constructed to regularly track the key aspects of
performance. Performance reflects effectiveness in converting inputs to
outputs, outcomes and impacts (i.e., results).
Performance
Monitoring Plan: A detailed plan for managing the collection of
data in order to monitor performance. It identifies the indicators to
be tracked; specifies the source, method of collection, and schedule of
collection for each piece of datum required; and assigns responsibility
for collection to a specific office, team, or individual. At the Agency
level, it is the plan for gathering data on Agency goals and
objectives. At the Operating Unit level, the performance monitoring
plan contains information for gathering data on the strategic
objectives, intermediate results and critical assumptions included in
an operating unit's results frameworks.
Performance
Monitoring System: An organized approach or process for
systematically monitoring the performance of a program, process or
activity towards its objectives over time. Performance monitoring
systems at USAID consist of, inter
alia: performance indicators, performance baselines and performance
targets
for all strategic objectives, strategic support objectives, special
objectives and intermediate results presented in a results framework;
means for
tracking critical assumptions; performance monitoring plans to assist
in
managing the data collection process, and; the regular collection of
actual
results data.
Performance
Target: The specific and intended result to be achieved within
an explicit time frame and against which actual results are compared
and assessed. A
performance target is to be defined for each performance indicator. In
addition to final targets, interim targets also may be defined.
Public
Law (PL) 480, Titles I, II and III:
- Title
I: Concessional loans to developing countries to purchase food or
agricultural commodities determined to be surplus to the domestic and
commercial export requirements of the United States by the Secretary of
Agriculture. The USDA administers program.
- Title
II: A program to provide agricultural commodities to foreign
countries on behalf of the people of the United States to address
famine or other urgent or extraordinary relief requirements; combat
malnutrition, especially in children and mothers; carry out activities
that attempt to alleviate the causes of hunger, mortality or morbidity;
promote economic and community development; promote sound environmental
practices; and carry out feeding programs. Agricultural commodities may
be provided to meet emergency food needs through foreign governments
and private or public organizations, including intergovernmental
organizations. The program is administered by USAID.
- Title
III: A government to government grants program, entitled Food for
Development that is implemented by USAID in food-deficient countries.
Local currency is generated by the sale of the commodities which is
then utilized for economic development and policy reform activities.
Point
of Entry: The first customs point, or any other designated
point in a recipient country where imported commodities enter via an
ocean port not located in the recipient country.
Pre-Qualification:A
process whereby eligibility to bid is determined by a formal process;
it might impose standards on bidders, or require a show of good faith,
or might simply require registration prior to bidding.
Previously
Approved Activity (PAA): The report submitted annually by a CS
requesting a fiscal year allocation of commodities and dollars for a
multi-year Title II activity. The term "PAA" is one of two new
designations for "Operational Plan" as defined in Regulation 11.
Private
Voluntary Organization (PVO): A U.S. non-profit organization
registered with USAID, which traditionally deals with international
programs and is funded by private grants and contributions. In other
countries the term used is non-governmental organization or NGO.
Program:
Generally defined as the overall efforts of an agency in a region or
country. An approved plan for utilizing available Title II commodities
in authorized types of development or emergency projects by a CS.
Project:
A cluster of one or more activities with a single, clear purpose,
usually a finite time-span for implementation, and a single project
management. One level of aggregation below the program level in a
country program. For food aid, a portion of a cooperating sponsor's
approved Title II program.
Recipient
Agency Agreements: A written agreement between the cooperating
sponsor and the recipient agency prior to the transfer to a recipient
agency of commodities, monetized proceeds, or other program income for
distribution or implementation of an approved program.
Regulation
11: The primary USAID regulation containing detailed and
specific terms and conditions governing the transfer and use of P.L.
480 Title II commodities in emergency relief and non-emergency
programs.
Result:
A change in the condition of a customer or a change in the host country
condition that has a relationship to the customer. A result is brought
about by the intervention of USAID in concert with its development
partners. Results are linked by causal relationships, i.e., a result is
achieved because related and/or interdependent outcomes were achieved.
Strategic objectives are the highest level result for which an
operating unit is held accountable; intermediate results are those
results that contribute to the achievement of a strategic objective.
Results
Framework: The results framework represents the development
hypothesis including those results necessary to achieve a strategic
objective and their causal relationships and underlying assumptions.
The framework also establishes an organizing basis for measuring,
analyzing, and reporting results of the operating unit. It typically is
presented both in narrative form and as a graphical representation.
Results
Package: A results package (RP) consists of people, funding,
authorities, activities and associated documentation required to
achieve a specified result(s) within an established time frame. An RP
is managed by a strategic objective team (or a results package team if
established) which coordinates the development, negotiation,
management, monitoring and evaluation of activities designed consistent
with: (1) the principles for developing and managing activities; and
(2) achievement of one or more results identified in the approved
results framework. The purpose of a results package is to deliver a
given result or set of results contributing to the achievement of the
strategic objective.
Section
416(b) of the Agricultural Act: Legislation of 1949, which
allows for surplus commodities to be donated for overseas aid, for
instance as
grants to PVOs and to governments. Funds appropriated are not charged
to the
150-budget account but are treated as domestic programs because
commodities generally are taken from the US agricultural price support
program. Effective December 1991, USDA took sole statutory
responsibility for these donations, previously shared with AID under a
memorandum of understanding. Legislated targets: Allocate a minimum of
500,000 MT of grains and oilseeds annually, 150,000 MT of dairy
products annually, 5% of the value of Section 416 to monetizations by
PVOs and cooperatives and allocate a minimum of 75,000 to Food for
Progress. The interest arising from the principal sum only.
Section
202(e) of Farm Bill: PL 480 legislation which as of 1990
provides nearly $20 million per year to PVOs and WFP to cover
complementary cash costs of food programs in the field. 202(e) grants
fund only in-country expenses
toward improving the management and efficiency of Title II programs.
Tariff:
A tax levied by a national government on goods that are imported or,
less often, exported across its borders. The amount collected is called
the "duty" or "customs duty."
Third
Country Monetization: A monetization in which commodities are
sold in one country and the foreign currency generated is used to
support the implementation of a Title II program in that country and/or
another country in the same
region.
Transient
Food Insecurity: Seasonal or annual fluctuations in food
insecurity due to factors that may be expected to change from period to
period,
such as prices, weather or economic conditions. (See also Chronic
Food Insecurity)
Transparency:
Policy that mandates that all phases of the monetization process be
carried out openly with full public disclosure.
Triangular
Transactions: Monetization activities through which the funds
generated by sales in one country are used to purchase foods in surplus
in another country which are then transported to a third food-deficit
country or region.
Usual
Marketing Requirements (UMR): Analysis required under PL480 to
ensure that PL480 sales programs do not disrupt world commodity prices
or normal commercial trade patterns between the importing country and
other friendly countries. The UMR (calculated by USDA) is the minimum
quantity of a commodity that the importing country must purchase
commercially in a year to maintain the U.S. and friendly country
imports to that country. Usually, it is a five year average of the
importing country's commercial imports of a commodity. The importing
PVO needs to obtain certification from the USAID mission
that either no analysis is required because the volume to be imported
is so small or that an analysis is required. UMR analysis must be
included
in the monetization proposal as part of the Bellmon Analysis .
Vulnerable
Demographic Groups: Women, especially pregnant and lactating
women, and young children (below 5 years of age) and the elderly are
considered to be vulnerable because they are most likely to receive
less than adequate food within a household and because the consequences
of poor nutrition are most
severe in these groups as compared with others in a community. Also,
the
handicapped and persons afflicted with chronic disease, such as
HIV/AIDS, are
groups that are vulnerable to inadequate food security.
Vulnerable
People: There are three basic groups of people categorized by
the ability to take advantage of the development process: The
potentially productive and mostly subsistence, chronically
malnourished, landless, rural poor, urban under-employed, who typically
buy or barter more food than they produce and are continually food
insecure. The unemployed in rural but mostly in urban settings, who
fail to meet their energy needs and are susceptible to illnesses, which
place an additional burden on the potential for earning income. The
chronically ill and disadvantaged whose ability to work is severely
restricted.
Waybill
(WB): A document issued by a carrier that contains the same
information as a Bill of Lading (origin of goods, destination,
consignor, consignee,
description of shipment) but, unlike the latter, does not represent a
contract between the shipper and the carrier or a document of the title
to the goods. It is generally a document used for tracking items sent
for distribution,
or for transfer between warehouses.
World
Food Programme (WFP): A UN agency operating in 80 countries and
specializing in food assistance and logistics. WFP channels over $1
billion worth of
goods and services a year, representing approximately 1.4 million tons
a year for emergencies and refugee feeding. Detailed information
regarding WFP programs may be found online at http://www.wfp.org
B. SELECTED FOOD SECURITY RELATED DEFINITIONS
Activity:
The work, services, or training performed under a project, as distinct
from the mode of food distribution, the project's purposes, inputs or
outputs.
Amino
Acids: The building blocks of proteins, used throughout the
body. 12 are required in the diet (organic compounds possessing at
least one amino group and one acidic carboxyl group): isolucine,
leucine, lysine, histidine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine,
tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
Anemia:
A deficiency of oxygen-transport capacity of the blood that leads to
fatigue, impaired work capacity increased maternal mortality, increased
cardiac failure, and decreased cognitive function in humans. Results
from inadequate consumption, digestion or absorption of iron, vitamin
B12, vitamin B1, folic acid, or vitamin E. Outward signs include
listlessness, lack of red veins
evident in lining of the eyelids and whites of eyes, and pale
fingernails.
Anemia can also result from hemolytic (red blood cell destruction)
bacterial
infections, malaria, blood loss due to certain parasites or ulcers or
by genetic
disorders such as thalassemia or G-6-PD deficiency.
Anthropomorphic
Measurement: Includes measures of distance across shoulders
(biacromial), head circumference, pelvic width, arm length, skinfold
(fat) thickness, and many other indicators of human physical
development. Anthropometric
measures are used to indirectly assess the nutritional status of
individuals. Specifically, those measurements used commonly in the
growth monitoring of infants, children and school-aged children and to
monitor the health
and diets of entire populations.
Basal
Metabolic Rate (BMR): The portion of human energy, or
kilocalorie, use involved in homeostasis, or merely living and
breathing. Excludes work activities, walking, standing, thinking, and
digestion of foods. Typically measured
on a daily basis and estimated to represent between 60% and 70% of
total minimum energy requirements. BMR can be as low as 30% of total
requirements among the physically active. It is important to know, for
instance, for
calculating survival rations and food-for-work pay scales.
Bioavailability:
The relative ability of nutrients in foods to be properly digested, and
absorbed. For example, the iron in vegetable foods is less absorbable
than the iron in meat foods. The bioavailability of iron in vegetables
increases when vitamin C is also present, having been consumed during
the same
meal.
Body
Mass Index (BMI): Measure of an individual's attained growth,
measured as the body weight (kg) divided by the square of the height
(meters). BMI
is an indirect measure of lean body mass and body fat mass.
Complementary
Foods: These are required in appropriate quantities to
complement breast-feeding or the "basic" foods by providing additional
nutrients - especially vitamins and minerals.
Displaced
Population: (see Internally Displaced Persons)
Drought:
Prolonged and severe lack of water usually caused by a dearth of
rainfall. Drought can occur when rainfall occurs at the wrong point in
the harvest cycle. Drought also connotes the agricultural crisis and
economic challenges that follow water scarcity, including famine.
Famine:
Period of starvation for large portions of a population. Famine often
results from a sharp downturn in food supply, such as two consecutive
years of drought. Famine can also occur in situations where food is
plentiful but entitlements to food sharply decrease, for instance
through massive recession, unemployment, civil strife, and because of
low foreign exchange and income levels of the poor in conjunction with
weak infrastructure and low port offtake capacity. Famines effectively
redistribute income away from the poor. Mitigation
activities reduce the severity of impact. Short-cycle varieties of
local crops (e.g. groundnuts or millet) are helpful strategies during
crop
failures.
Food
Aid Management (FAM): An association of 17 US PVOs formed in
1989 to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of overseas food
assistance. It promotes sharing of technical and field information
among its members and the development
of shared PVO food security program guidelines and operating standards.
FAM's goals are to: a) facilitate and promote the development of food
aid
standards, b) promote the food aid and food security knowledge base of
PVOs,
USAID staff, and other collaborators through information exchange and
coordination,
and c) facilitate collaboration between PVOs, USAID, and appropriate
development and humanitarian professionals by organizing fora for
discussions.
Food
Basket: (see Food Ration)
General
Feeding Program: A program in which food is provided to enable
households to meet their basic nutritional needs. Such programs may
include all families within a specified population, or be "targeted" on
all members of selected sub-groups.
Hunger:
Hunger is the experience of having an empty stomach. Hunger should be
distinguished from undernutrition, which is the process whereby a
person
fails to consume adequate nutrients and/or the clinical state, which
follows
such a failure.
Intra-household
food Distribution: The distribution of food within the
household. >
Internally Displaced Persons (IDP):
Persons who have fled their homes and villages because of persecution,
civil strife, food insecurity or other emergency
but remain within their country of origin. This definition is used by
those
who distinguish between displaced and refugee categories as
non-overlapping.
i.e., once a dislocated person crosses an international border they are
no
longer "displaced" and then and only then become a "refugee" or asylum
seeker.
Iron
Deficiency Anemia (IDA): Widespread and debilitating
micronutrient deficiency that impairs mental development and labor
productivity. Iron deficiency
anemia is addressed by efforts to increase iron intake (e.g. through
food
fortification), iron absorption (e.g. making consumed iron more
bioavailable),
and to reduce iron losses due to blood loss from parasistes (e.g.
reducing
hookworm).
Malnutrition:
Impairment of physical and/or mental health resulting from a failure to
fulfill nutrient requirements. Malnutrition may result from consuming
too
little food, a shortage of key nutrients, or impaired absorption or
metabolism
due to disease.
Mid-Upper
Arm Circumference (MUAC): Common measure of child nutritional
status that is fast, does not hinge on the accuracy of age reporting,
and is quickly interpretable Used as a rapid screening tool for
identifying malnourishment in children under five in emergency
situations. Not suitable for monitoring the progress of individual
children. MUAC is measured in centimeters.
Nutrition
Security: Appropriate quantity and combination of food,
nutrition, health services, and care takers time needed to ensure
adequate nutrition status for an active and healthy life at all times
for all people.
On-site
or "wet" Feeding: When the food is cooked and distributed for
consumption at the distribution center. This type of feeding is
generally used in supplementary feeding for selected, highly vulnerable
groups.
Ration
Package: A combination of selected food commodities in fixed
amounts determined
for the purpose of meeting nutritional needs or providing an incentive.
Micronutrients:
Vitamins and minerals required for human health and survival. A lack of
micronutrients can contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality.
Micronutrients play and important part in short-term human health, risk
of death, and in long-term human function.
PVO
Monetization Manual: In FY98, the FAM Monetization Working
Group commissioned the publication of an updated monetization manual
for use by all CSs engaged in the monetization of Title II commodities.
The manual may be found online at http://www.foodaidmanagement.org/monetization3.htm
Refugee:
"Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 United Nations
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the
1969 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Conventions Governing Specific
Aspects of Refugee
Problems in Africa, persons recognized as refugees in accordance with
the
UNHCR Statute, persons granted humanitarian or comparable status and
those
granted temporary protection."
Starvation:
Starvation is life-threatening undernutrition, when a poor nutritional
state unilaterally raises vulnerability to mortality through any means
(De
Waal 1991). Physical and biological condition describing chronic lack
of
food, which leads to death.
Supplementary
Feeding: A program in which food is provided to selected
individuals to prevent or treat malnutrition. The beneficiaries are
selected, according to prescribed criteria, as being malnourished
and/or nutritionally at risk, and are discharged when it is determined
that they are no longer malnourished or at risk. The rations are
additional to what the beneficiaries would
normally receive as their share of the general household ration and
food
commodities selected reflect the unique physiological needs of this
group.
Take-home
or
"Dry" Distribution: Food distributed in bulk and without
cooking. Generally, several days or weeks' worth of supplies are
provided. The food
is expected to be shared by all family members.
Targeting:
Any method by which an intervention is designed or implemented so that
benefits accrue selectively to only a portion of the overall
population. Targeting can be by geographic concentration, eligibility
requirements
such as age, sex or health status, or by means tests that assess
household
income. The efficiency of targeting decreases as the proportion of the
population that is food insecure increases. Targeting generally becomes
inefficient when the targeted group comprises 50% or more of the
population.
Weight-for-Age
(underweight): Most common method of assessment is the
proportion of children below -2 standard deviations (S.D.)
weight-for-age or less than 80% of the standard reference weight for
age (measurement in kilograms compared with age in months in children
under five.)
Weight-for-Height
(WFH) (wasting): Ratio of weight in grams to height in
centimeters, WFH is the preferred measure for the nutritional status of
children under five, because it can be used for both nutritional
surveillance and for measuring individual progress. The raw WFH score
is compared with international norms and converted into either a
percentage of a reference median or a "Z" score. Children with a score
less than 80% WFH or -2 Z are considered "wasted." Children under 70%
WFH or -3 Z are considered severely malnourished.
Z
Scores are a statistical parameter that measures the position of an
observational value along a normal distribution (binomial, bell curve)
continuum. In field assessments it
is commonly used to evaluate individual and groups of infants and
children
according to their physical growth and nutritional status. A Z score of
-2.0 means that the individual falls two standard deviations below the
population
standard. A -2.0 anthropometric measure indicates that 98% of healthy
children
have higher growth. A Z score even lower, -2.5 to -3 is suggestive.
|