ADMINISTRATIVE
HISTORIES
NPS administrative histories look at the history of
federal parks and the National Park Service as public programs and
as a public trust. They analyze individual parks and their
establishment and administration, as well as NPS programs and
policies.
The history of the NPS is rich in possibilities
for anyone interested in environmental history, natural resource
conservation, federal programs for historic preservation and
archeology, public attitudes toward historical memory and
commemoration, debates about the uses of public land, and the
nature of federal agencies and programs over the past century.
From wilderness designations to the setting aside of historic
sites, the NPS is shaped by and, in turn, helps to shape ideas
about this country's natural and cultural heritage.
As a government agency, the NPS has reflected
and participated in national discussions about the environment and
its relationship to society. Parks provide specific evidence about
the history of conservation and management of natural resources
and about the economic, ecological, and aesthetic dimensions of
the public lands. Parks illuminate changes in the very concept of
nature and wilderness, the economic interests involved in the
setting aside and development of public lands, and ways Americans
experience nature and wilderness in shifting patterns of tourism
and recreation.
The NPS also reflects changes in the kinds of
historical and cultural memory we as a nation have felt worthy of
preservation. NPS historic sites illuminate a variety of cultural
symbols and processes of historical and cultural change. They show
how we have sought to commemorate the past and establish or
reaffirm aspects of a national identity. They also provide direct,
tangible evidence about the past that can challenge visitors and
scholars to seek new ways of understanding human activities and
interests, prehistoric and historic.
Park managers bear significant responsibilities
for decisions about park resources that affect how future
generations will see this multifaceted natural and cultural
heritage. Administrative histories inform them about the
decision-making of their predecessors in the NPS, and about how
NPS decisions have reflected and reflect broader social, economic,
cultural, and political trends and interests.
Research possibilities abound in park-related
aspects of the history of ideas about nature and culture, and the
sometimes-contending interests of people who have influenced and
implemented federal programs for the National Park System. We are
seeking partnerships, advice, and assistance from park-goers,
scholars, and others with interests in parks, conservation and
preservation. As of June 2001, only about 60 of the 388 parks
administered by the NPS had current administrative histories. NPS
national programs for archeology, concessions, land acquisition,
and recreation also present research opportunities.
To learn more about NPS administrative
histories, contact the NPS Bureau Historian, at the National Park
Service, National Register, History, and Education, 1201 Eye
Street, N.W, Washington, DC, 20005, (202)354-2259. For additional
infomation concerning the location of National Park Service
Archives and Records please visit the following web sites.
The following is a list of reports, articles,
and books constituting or including administrative histories,
partial administrative histories, or significant administrative
history data for particular parks. Most of those without publication
data are National Park Service studies reproduced in limited
quantity for internal distribution.
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Abraham
Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site
Peterson, Gloria.
An Administrative History of Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic
Site. 107 p., 1969.
Chronological treatment
to final chapter, "The Birthplace Cabin Question," which criticizes the
Service's lack of candor in interpreting the cabin. Appendixes transcribe
park legislation.
Acadia
National Park
Dorr, George B. Acadia
National Park: Its Origin and Background. Bangor: Burr Printing Co.,
1942. 76 p.
Dorr, George B. Acadia
National Park: Its Growth and Development. Bangor: Burr Printing Co.,
1948. 46 p.
The park's
leading patron and first superintendent recounts his intimate
involvement in private land acquisition and donation, the initial
national monument proclamation, and later park legislation.
Fascinating account of personal influence by and interaction among
the social elite to create and promote a national park. Little on
administration beyond establishment and enlargement.
Ernst, Joseph
W., ed. Worthwhile Places: Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller,
Jr., and Horace M. Albright. New York: Rockefeller Archive Center,
1991. 354 p.
Includes many
letters regarding Rockefeller's road-building and other activities
at Acadia.
Adams
National Historic Site
Freiberg, Malcolm.
From Family to Nation: The Old House Becomes the Adams National
Historic Site. 34 p., 1986.
Paper presented
by emeritus editor of publications, Massachusetts Historical Society,
at Adams lecture series. Excellent short account of the Adams Memorial
Society's management of the property, its decision to donate it
to the United States, and early NPS custody.
Agate
Fossil Beds National Monument
Cockrell, Ron.
Bones of Agate: An Administrative History of Agate Fossil Beds
National Monument, Nebraska. 311 p., 1986.
Clear and candid
presentation of fossil discoveries and excavations, the role of
the Cooks, and problems with monument establishment, land acquisition,
development, and collections. Appendix includes photos, maps, legislation,
personnel, visitation statistics.
Alaska Region
Norris, Frank Alaska Subsistance: A National Park Service
Management History.306 p., 2002
Andrew
Johnson National Historic Site
Lawing, Hugh.
Administrative History: Andrew Johnson National Historic Site.
108 p., 1971.
First third
adapted from uncritical biographies of Johnson. The years 1942-1954
are covered by unsynthesized random excerpts from superintendents'
monthly reports. Appendix contains visitation statistics, personnel
roster, recollections of Johnson's great-granddaughter.
Aniakchak
National Monument and National Preserve
See Kamai
National Park and National Preserve
Antietam
National Battlefield
Snell, Charles
W., and Sharon A. Brown. Antietam National Battlefield and National
Cemetery, Sharpsburg, Maryland: An Administrative History. 571
p., 1986.
Highly detailed
account of establishment and administration, covering planning,
research, development, interpretation, key personnel, maintenance,
expenditures, and virtually all other aspects of park management.
Topically organized within chronological periods.
Apostle
Islands National Lakeshoree
Jordahl, Harold
C., Jr. A Unique Collection of Islands: The Influence of History,
Politics, Policy and Planning on the Establishment of the Apostle
Islands National Lakeshore. (pdf) 863 p., 1994.
An extensive
account of the establishment and enlargement of the lakeshore by
a Wisconsin conservationist actively involved with the events described.
Activities at the state level receive substantial coverage. Laws
and other documents are appended. Indexed.
Appalachian
National Scenic Trail
Foster, Charles
H. W. The Appalachian National Scenic Trail: A Time to Be Bold.
Harpers Ferry, WV: Appalachian Trail Conference, 1987. 232 p.
Traces the
history of the trail from its conception by Benton MacKaye through
its "volunteer" status to the era of governmental involvement. Much
attention to cooperative federal-state-private sector relationships
in trail routing, land protection, administration. Thoroughly researched,
skillfully written, attractively packaged-an exemplary administrative
history.
Arkansas
Post National Memorial
Carrara, Gregorio
S.A. Arkansas Post National Memorial Administrative History.
37 p., 1988.
First 19 pages
written 1975; the final chapter covering events through 1987 was
added without revising the original portion. Chapters are chronological
with little topical organization. Physical development and personnel
receive greatest emphasis. Undocumented.
Assateague
Island National Seashore
Mackintosh,
Barry.Assateague Island National Seashore: An Administrative
History. 210 p. plus illustrations, 1982.
Initial chapter
traces events leading to seashore establishment; subsequent topical
chapters address land acquisition, planning, relations with other
agencies, physical development, resources management, and public
use. Appendix includes legislation, personnel roster, visitation
statistics.
Aztec
Ruins National Monument
Lister, Robert
H., and Florence C. Lister. Aztec
Ruins National Monument: Administrative History of an Archeological
Preserve. Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional
Papers no. 24. 313 p., 1990.
Extensive coverage
of excavation, reconstruction, stabilization, and development at
the site both before and after NPS involvement, emphasizing the
roles of Earl Morris and other personalities. Excellent analysis
of problems posed by archeological excavation and display of remains.
Appendixes reproduce proclamations, legislation, and other important
documents; list superintendents and visitation statistics; and record
stabilization work in detail. An outstanding contract history by
a former NPS archeologist.
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Badlands
National Park
Mattison, Ray
H., and Robert A. Grom. History of Badlands National Monument
and The White River (Big) Badlands of South Dakota. Ed. by Joanne
W. Stockert. Interior, SD: Badlands Natural History Assn., 1968.
78 p.
Mostly chronological
account of early exploration and settlement of area, park movement,
and highlights of park development and administration. List of superintendents
and visitation figures in appendix. Well documented, attractively
presented with illustrations.
Shuler, Jay.
A Revelation Called The Badlands: Building a National Park, 1909-1939.
Interior, SD: Badlands Natural History Assn., 1989.
An undocumented
but well written and illustrated account by the chief park naturalist
of the establishment of Badlands National Monument, emphasizing
the roles of Sen. Peter Norbeck and Ben Millard.
Bandelier
National Monument
Rothman, Hal.
Bandelier National Monument: An Administrative
History. Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional
Papers no. 14. 167 p., 1988.
Includes coverage
of original Forest Service administration of the monument, efforts
then and following its transfer to the NPS to establish a national
park encompassing it, its development by the CCC, wartime and later
threats to its integrity, and natural and cultural resources management
issues. Appendixes for visitation, superintendents, key events,
legislation. A solid contract history.
Bent's
Old Fort National Historic Site
Mattes, Merrill
J. "From Ruin to Reconstruction, 1920-1976." The Colorado
Magazine 54, no. 4 (1977): 57-101.
History of
Bent's Old Fort from DAR acquisition in 1920 to its reconstruction
for the Bicentenial. Traces period of state ownership, transfer
to NPS, debate over reconstruction, political involvement in funding
reconstruction. Little on site administration beyond the fort itself.
Big
Bend National Park
Jameson, John
R. Big Bend on the Rio Grande: Biography of a National Park.
New York: Peter Lang, 1987. 171 p.
Scholarly study
emphasizing establishment, land acquisition, community relations,
and the proposal for an international park. Little on internal administrative
concerns. Appendix includes chronology, legislation, visitation
statistics. Revised and updated from a 1973 Ph.D. dissertation.
Jameson, John
R. "From Dude Ranches to Haciendas: Master Planning at Big Bend
National Park, Texas." Forest & Conservation History
38, no. 3 (July 1994): 108-17.
Traces the
diverse array of proposals for development and non-development,
the 1972-78 controversy over wilderness designation, and plans
for the adjoining Big Bend Ranch, acquired as a Texas state park
in 1988.
Welsh, Michael
Landscape of Ghosts, River of Dreams: A History of Big Ben National Park Washington, DC, National Park
Service, 437 p. 2002
Big
Hole National Battlefield
Catton, Theodore.
Commemoration
and Preservation: An Administrative History of Big Hole National
Battlefield. 187 p. plus appendices. 1999.
Big
Thicket National Preserve
Cazine, James
J., Jr. Assault on a Wilderness: The Big Thicket of East Texas.
334 p. Ph.D. dissertation, 1976.
First half
deals with botany, Indian habitation, exploration and settlement,
lumbering and oil drilling in area; second half is detailed treatment
of preservation movement and legislative history. Some discussion
of preserve management problems following establishment in 1974.
Black
Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument
Beidleman,
Richard G. Administrative History of the Black Canyon of the
Gunnison National Monument (pdf). 234 p., 1965.
Good description
of events leading to monument proclamation; topical coverage of
major developments and activities thereafter.
Blue
Ridge Parkway
Jolley, Harley
E. The Blue Ridge Parkway: Origins and Early Development.
305 p. Ph.D. dissertation, 1964.
Deals with
the planning and construction of the parkway up to its placement
under the NPS in 1936.
Jolley, Harley
E. The Blue Ridge Parkway. Knoxville: University of Tennessee
Press, 1969. 172 p.
Explores origin
of Blue Ridge Parkway idea; relates competition between North Carolina
and Tennessee for route; discusses land acquisition, construction,
relations with mountain people. Based on author's dissertation,
with some expansion to cover parkway interpretive and recreational
development since road completion. Little else on administration.
Booker
T. Washington National Monument
Mackintosh,
Barry. Booker T. Washington National Monument: An Administrative
History. 160 p. plus illustrations, 1969.
First half
is devoted to the site and its private promoters before monument
establishment; second half covers NPS administration. Both private
and public administration undergo critical evaluation. Appendix
includes examination of the birth cabin controversy.
Bryce
Canyon National Park
Scrattish,
Nicholas. Historic Resource Study: Bryce Canyon National Park.
289 p., 1980.
An administrative
history as much as a historic resource study, the report discusses
pre-park tourism, railroad involvement in the park movement, access
road building, park establishment, development for administration
and public accommodation, CCC activity, and park boundary changes.
Buffalo
National River
Compton, Neil.
The Battle for the Buffalo River. Fayetteville: University
of Arkansas Press, 1992. 481 p.
A partisan
account of the grass-roots campaign to save the Buffalo from damming
and make it a national river, by the president of the Ozark Society,
the group most closely involved. Ends with enactment of the national
river legislation. Letters and other documents are extensively quoted.
More a memoir than a history.
Pitcaithley,
Dwight T. Let the River Be: A History of the Ozark's Buffalo
River. 133 p., 1987.
Final chapter
contains a short account of initial land acquisition and staffing.
Good reference for a future administrative history.
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Cabrillo
National Monument
Lehmann, Susan
C. An Embarrassment of Riches: The Administrative History of
Cabrillo National Monument. San Diego: Cabrillo Historical Assn.,
1987. 157 p.
Thorough, well
documented history covering the changing administration, use, and
image of the monument from its inception to the mid-1980s. Relationships
with other agencies and the local community receive particular attention.
Canyon
de Chelly National Monument
Brugge, David
M., and Raymond Wilson. Administrative History: Canyon de Chelly
National Monument. 264 p. plus appendix, 1976.
Thorough examination
of the monument's evolution, with extensive attention to Navajo
relations. Appendix has sections on superintendents, visitation,
construction contracts, ethnographic field work, general chronology,
legislation.
Canyonlands
National Park
Richardson,
Elmo R. "Federal Park Policy in Utah: The Escalante National Monument
Controversy of 1935-1940." Utah Historical Quarterly
33 (Spring 1965): 109-33.
Account of
a proposed national monument in the area later occupied by Canyonlands,
explaining its defeat by Utah interests concerned about Interior-NPS
territorial ambitions and restrictive land use policies.
Cape
Cod National Seashore
Burling, Francis
P. The Birth of the Cape Cod National Seashore. Plymouth,
MA: Leyden Press, 1978. 67 p.
A solid legislative
history, based on congressional documents and extensive interviews
with seashore proponents and opponents, by an Orleans newspaper
editor. Introduction by Elliot Richardson.
Capitol
Reef National Park
Frye, Bradford. Barrier to Crossroads:
An Administrative History of Capitol Reef National Park.
Southwest Cultural Resources Report No. 12, 1998.
Thow, Jonathan
S. Capitol Reef: The Forgotten National Park. 170 p. M.S.
thesis, 1986.
Discusses establishment
of Capitol Reef National Monument in 1937, its controversial enlargement
by Lyndon Johnson in 1969, and its conversion to a national park
in 1971. Focuses on the park's stormy relationships with local people
and tourism, mining, and grazing interests. Written largely from
their perspective, it scores the frequent insensitivity of the NPS
in public relations; yet it is well balanced. Less an administrative
history than a study of the park's effect on the region.
Carlsbad
Caverns National Park
Gale, Bennett
T. Historical Sketch, Carlsbad Caverns National Park. 50
p., 1952.
Chronologically
arranged with few headings to facilitate information retrieval.
No footnotes or bibliography. Well written and useful nonetheless.
Casa
Grande Ruins National Monument
Clemensen,
A. Berle. Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Arizona: A Centennial
History of the First Prehistoric Reserve, 1892-1992. Denver:
National Park Service, 1992. 237 p.
A thorough
history of the monument's origins and development, with particular
attention to such topics as the CCC, Mission 66, ruins preservation
efforts, and NPS buildings. Well illustrated with photographs and
maps. Appendix lists all employees, reproduces key documents, and
provides historical data on buildings.
Van Valkenburgh,
Sallie. The History of Casa Grande Ruins National Monument.
Southwestern Monuments Association, 1965. 31 p. (Reprinted from
The Kiva 27, no. 3 [February 1962].)
After background
on prehistory and Euro-American contacts, the author discusses the
reservation of Casa Grande and its administration under Frank Pinkley.
Little coverage of events after Pinkley's death in 1940.
Castillo
de San Marcos National Monument
Krakow, Jere
L. Administrative History of Castillo de San Marcos National
Monument and Fort Matanzas National Monument. 132 p. plus illustrations,
1985.
Traces early
preservation and tourism accommodation under War Department, operation
by Saint Augustine Historical Society, NPS takeover and administration
(by superintendents' tenures). Topical sections on interpretation,
special events, visitors, research, race relations. Appendixes for
key documents, personnel, statistics.
Catoctin
Mountain Park
Kirkconnell,
Barbara M. Catoctin Mountain Park: An Administrative History.
273 p., 1988.
Chapters cover
land acquisition, physical development of Catoctin Recreation Demonstration
Area, CCC activity, Shangri-La/Camp David, Mission 66, Job Corps
and YCC activity, interpretation and use, natural resource management,
protection. Legislation, roster of principal staff, and illustrations
are appended.
Cedar
Breaks National Monument
Rothman, Hal.
"Shaping the Nature of a Controversy: The Park Service, the Forest
Service, and the Cedar Breaks Proposal." Utah Historical Quarterly,
Summer 1987, pp. 213-35.
Uses establishment
of Cedar Breaks National Monument to illustrate the differing philosophies
of the Park Service and Forest Service and the conflicts between
the bureaus.
Chaco
Culture National Historical Park
Pierson, Lloyd
M. A History of Chaco Canyon National Monument. 120 p. plus
appendix, 1956.
Topically organized,
with emphasis on history of research at Chaco. Appendix contains
monument proclamation, visitation statistics, key personnel roster.
Many typographical errors mar the good writing.
Channel
Islands National Park
Roberts, Lois
J. San Miguel Island: Santa Barbara's Fourth Island West.
Carmel, CA: Cal Rim Books, 1991. 214 p.
Based on the
author's 1979 historic resource study of Channel Islands National
Monument and San Miguel Island, both of which were incorporated
in the national park in 1980. Chapter 9, "National Park Management,"
briefly covers the establishment and administration of the national
monument and traces the administration of San Miguel Island by the
Lighthouse Bureau and the Navy.
Chesapeake
and Ohio Canal National Historical Park
Mackintosh,
Barry. C & O Canal: The Making of a Park. 208 p., 1991.
Chapters trace
federal acquisition of canal, the parkway proposal, the national
historical park campaign, land acquisition, planning, management
arrangements, development, public use. Appendix includes legislation,
administrative chronology, roster of key officials. Illustrated
and indexed.
Young, April
L. Saving the C and O Canal: Citizen Participation in Historic
Preservation. 104 p. M.A. thesis, 1973.
Discusses parkway
proposal, Douglas canal hike, national monument proclamation, dam
proposals; concludes with national historical park authorization.
Good analysis of the role of conservation groups overcoming bureaucratic
forces to influence public policy.
Chickamauga
and Chattanooga National Military Park
Paige, John
C., and Jerome A. Greene. Administrative History of Chickamauga
and Chattanooga National Military Park. 221 p. plus appendix
and illustrations, 1983.
Chapters address
park establishment, War Department and NPS administration, the monuments,
military use, special events, increasing recreational use. Appendix
includes list of key officials, legislation, legal description of
park.
Chickasaw
National Recreation Area
Boeger, Palmer
H. Oklahoma Oasis: From Platt National Park to Chickasaw National
Recreation Area. Muskogee, OK: Western Heritage Books, 1987.
215 p.
General, popular
park history, anecdotal in nature, emphasizing visitor use. Covers
CCC involvement in some detail. Includes comments by others on Platt's
national park qualifications but eschews evaluation.
Colonial
National Historical Park
Hatch, Charles
E., Jr. The Evolution of the Concept of Colonial National Historical
Park: A Chapter in the Story of Historical Conservation. 39
p., 1964.
Discusses early
commemoration of Jamestown and Yorktown, various unsuccessful plans
for direct federal involvement, final successful park movement in
collaboration with John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Concludes with enactment
of 1930 national monument legislation.
Colorado
National Monument
Look, Al. John
Otto and the Colorado National Monument. Grand Junction, CO:
Sandstone Publishing Co., 1962. 80 p.
Colorful, impressionistic
account of the monument's highly individualistic if not crazy first
custodian by one who knew him. Much on Otto's eccentric correspondence
with Washington headquarters. Entertaining but undocumented and
unreliable.
Cowpens
National Battlefield
Binkley, Cameron and Steve, A. Davis.
Cowpens NB: An
Administrative History, Cultural Resources Stewardship, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, Atlanta, George,
2002.. 105 p., 2002.
Crater
Lake National Park
Unrau, Harlan
D. Administrative
History, Crater Lake National Park. 702 p. (in two volumes),
1988.
A thorough,
comprehensive study of the park's origins, establishment, and administration.
Ranger activities, resource management, development, maintenance,
visitation and concessions, and interpretation receive special attention.
Extensive appendixes following each chapter add to the history's
reference value. Additional chapter on planning and development at Rim
Village written by Steven Mark, park historian, in a third volume.
Craters
of the Moon National Monument
Louter, David.
Craters of the Moon
National Monument: An Administrative History. 389 p., 1992.
A comprehensive
and candid history of the monument, with chapters on land issues
and legislation, administration, resource management, recreation,
interpretation, development, and concessions. The text is supplemented
by maps and photographs, a chronology of key events, copies of proclamations
and legislation, a list of key personnel, visitation statistics,
and an index.
Cumberland
Gap National Historical Park
Tinney, Edward
E. History of Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. 75
p. plus illustrations and bibliography, 1965.
More than one-third
devoted to pre-park events. Weak on legislative history; more on
land acquisition and development. Personnel and visitation statistics
listed in appendix.
Cuyahoga
Valley National Recreation Area
Cockrell, Ron.
Compendium of the Oral History Project for the Cuyahoga Valley
Administrative History. 780 p., 1991.
Contains transcriptions
of 37 interviews (including a few written responses to questionnaires)
conducted for Cockrell's administrative history. Cockrell's probing
questions elicited candid and insightful comments on controversial
matters from key players, including Russell Dickenson, Nathaniel
Reed, and John Seiberling.
Cockrell, Ron. A
Green Shrouded Miracle: The Administrative History of Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, 542 p., 1992.
A thorough
history of the conception, establishment, and administration of
a controversial park, remarkable for its comprehensiveness and candid
treatment of controversial issues. Land acquisition and community
relations receive particular attention. Numerous maps and photographs,
extensive appended material on legislation, employees, visitation,
and budgets, and an index enhance its reference value.
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Delaware
Water Gap National Recreation Area
Albert, Richard
C. Damming the Delaware: The Rise and Fall of Tocks Island Dam.
University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1987.
202 p.
Focuses on
the plans for and controversy surrounding the dam, but also contains
significant information on the establishment and role of the national
recreation area. Essential to an understanding of the recreation
area's evolution.
Denali
National Park and Preserve
Brown, William
E. A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, Alaska.
274 p., 1991.
A historic
resource study, but devotes much attention to the park movement
and key issues in the park's planning, development, use, and enlargement.
Exceptionally well written and illustrated; indexed.
Pearson, Grant
H. A History of Mount McKinley National Park. 59 p. plus
appendix, 1953.
Topical organization,
variously strong and weak depending on subject. The chapter on park
establishment is from another account and is not internally documented.
Special attention to climbing expeditions. Appendix includes friends
of park, related legislation, publications.
Devils
Tower National Monument
Daugherty,
D. John. Devils Tower National Monument. 69 p., 1984.
A chronological
treatment of establishment and administration, the latter primarily
from superintendents' monthly reports. The last 15 pages contain
a historic structures inventory with recommendations for National
Register nomination.
Dinosaur
National Monument
Beidleman,
Richard G. Administrative History: Dinosaur National Monument.
Variously paginated, n.d.
Topically organized
with emphasis on early excavations by Earl Douglass, abortive efforts
to establish an onsite museum in the 1930s, and other interpretive
activities. Concludes with reclamation activities in the area and
the beginning of the Echo Park Dam controversy in 1950. Chapters
are well documented and written but are often disjointed and repetitive.
Harvey, Mark
W. T. A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation
Movement. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
368 p.
Bureau of Reclamation
plans for a major dam in Dinosaur National Monument galvanized conservationists
and precipitated the greatest conservation battle of the mid-20th
century. As Harvey explains, the controversy and its outcome marked
a significant shift in the public perception of parks from playgrounds
to preserves. A remarkably fair and balanced account, sympathetically
portraying those who worked with and supported the dam planners
as well as those who opposed them.
Neel, Susan
R. "Newton Drury and the Echo Park Dam Controversy." Forest &
Conservation History 38, no. 2 (April 1994): 56-66.
Traces Drury's
changing positions on dams in Dinosaur National Monument and related
positions on the NPS and national recreation areas, his inconsistent
dealings with superiors, subordinates, and the Bureau of Reclamation,
and the events leading to his resignation. A hard but fair appraisal.
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Ebey's Landing
National Historical Reserve
McKinley, Laura. An Unbroken Historical Record: Ebey's Landing
National Historical Reserve Administrative History. 199 p.,
1993.
A comprehensive history of this park,
previously classed as an affiliated area for its trust board
management. Chapters address the preservation movement, planning,
land acquisition and protection, general administration,
interpretation, and resource management. Illustrated and
indexed.
Effigy Mounds
National Monument
O'Bright, Jill York. The Perpetual March: An Administrative History
of Effigy Mounds National Monument. 279 p., 1989.
Following initial background, chapters
address the national park movement, authorization of the monument,
land acquisition, staffing, development, resource management and
research, and interpretation. Appendixes contain a chronology of
events, legislation, land acquisition summaries, a roster of
employees, and a list of studies. Indexed. An exemplary history.
El Malpais
National Monument
Mangum, Neil C. In the Land of Frozen Fires: A History of
Occupation in El Maplais Country. 101 p., 1990.
El Morro
National Monument
Sievers, Douglas W. El Morro: A Unit History. 20 p.,
1970.
Short, entertaining account by a
seasonal ranger. Little on monument establishment and enlargement,
but good summary of efforts to preserve the inscriptions.
Everglades
National Park
Vance, Linda D. "May Mann Jennings and
Royal Palm State Park." Florida Historical
Quarterly 55, no. 1 (July 1976): 1-17.
Traces the efforts of Jennings and
other Florida conservationists to establish a state park and donate
it for the establishment of Everglades National Park. Not a critical
history.
Fort Bowie
National Historic Site
Gomez, Phillip J. "Fort Bowie National
Historic Site: The Evolution of a Unique Western Park." The Journal of Arizona History 25, no. 2
(Summer 1984): 171-90.
Excellent account of the establishment
and non-development of the ruined post as a national historic site.
Covers debate over the site's treatment and final triumph of the
primitive concept, initially by default but ultimately by
design.
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Fort Clatsop
National Memorial (aka Lewis and Clark NHP)
Cannon, Kelly. Administrative History: Fort Clatsop National
Memorial. 210 p., 1995.
A comprehensive history of the site of
the memorial, including its prior development and administration by
the Oregon Historical Society. Although the author states that she
has avoided "making judgments about past or present management
practices," she presents sufficient information to allow readers to
form their own opinions on such controversial matters as the fort
reconstruction and the site's inclusion in the national park system.
The history is well illustrated, and copies of key legislation,
visitation statistics, and a list of permanent park personel are
appended.
Fort Davis
National Historic Site
Welsh, Michael. A Special Place, A Sacred Trust: Preserving the
Fort Davis Story. Intermountain Cultural Resource Center
Professional Paper no. 58. 292 p., 1996.
Successfully integrates all facets of
park establishment and operations in chronological chapters.
Particular attention is given historic building treatment decisions,
interpretive emphases, staffing, and community relations.
Throughout, the park story is told in the context of broader
political and social events and trends. Well written, illustrated,
indexed.
Fort Donelson
National Battlefield
Peterson, Gloria. Administrative History, Fort Donelson National
Military Park. 116 p. plus illustrations, 1968.
Well organized park history, with brief
coverage of national cemetery. Appendixes transcribe park
legislation and list lands acquired.
Fort Laramie
National Historic Site
Mattes, Merrill J. Fort Laramie Park History, 1834-1977. 382 p.
plus illustrations, 1980.
Chronologically organized, with NPS
period divided into superintendents' tenures. Much attention to
planning, restoration, development proposals and philosophies.
Marked by sometimes caustic personal observations based on the
author's long association with the park. Entertaining
reading.
Fort
Matanzas National Monument
See Castillo de San Marcos
National Monument
Fort McHenry
National Monument and Historic Shrine
Lessem, Harold I., and David A. Kimball.
History of Fort McHenry as a National
Monument and Historic Shrine. 60 p., c. 1955.
A concise account of the fort's
administration by the Army to 1933 and thereafter by the NPS.
Problems with maintenance, interpretation, and donated furnishings
are noted. Appendixes list donors, superintendents, attendance
figures.
Fort Pulaski
National Monument
Fort Pulaski NM Administrative History (pdf)
2003. p., 136
Fort Raleigh
National Historic Site
Binkley, Cameron and Davis, Steven Fort Raleigh NHS Administrative History
(pdf)154 p., 2003.
Fort Sumter
National Monument
Comstock, Rock L., Jr. Short History, Fort Sumter. 50 p. plus
appendixes, 1956.
Colorfully written, well documented
account emphasizing fort's role as tourist attraction beginning
after the Civil War. Little on War Department administration.
Appendixes contain legislation, key correspondence, travel
statistics.
Fort Union
National Monument
Croy, Douglas. Fort Union National Monument, New Mexico: The
First Twenty-Five Years. 113 p. M.A. thesis, 1984.
Topical chapters address personnel,
planning, support facilities, resource protection, interpretation
and visitation, cooperative relationships from 1956-1980. Appendix
lists all monument personnel. Well researched and
written.
Liping Zhu. Fort Union National Monument: An Administrative
History. Southwest Cultural Resource Center Professional
Papers no. 42. 124 p., 1992.
After a chapter summarizing the history
of the frontier post, chapters treat the period between abandonment
and national monument establishment, efforts to preserve the ruins,
interpretation and visitation, natural resource management, and
human threats to the park. Appendixes reproduce legislation,
personnel rosters, visitation statistics. Well illustrated,
indexed.
West, B. June. James West Arrott, The Moving Spirit of Fort
Union, Incorporated: Another Chapter in the History of Fort Union,
New Mexico. 43 p. plus appendixes, c. 1966.
Focuses on movement to authorize the
monument and purchase the property led by Fort Union, Inc., in which
Arrott was a central figure. Appendixes include correspondence,
financial records, dedication program. Constant intrusion of source
documents in the text and shifting between past and present tenses
make reading burdensome.
Fort Vancouver
National Historic Site
Merritt, Jane T. The Administrative History of Fort Vancouver
National Historic Site. 262 p., 1993.
Chapters address the creation of the
national monument and its redesignation as a national historic site,
planning and development, public relations, cultural resource
management, and general administration. The role of Rep. Julia
Butler Hansen and the reconstruction and Pearson Airpark issues
receive particular attention. Well illustrated.
Frederick
Douglass National Historic Site
Harley, Sharon. A
Study of the Preservation and Administration of `Cedar Hill,' The
Home of Frederick Douglass. 84 p., 1989.
Focuses on efforts of Helen Pitts
Douglass, the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical
Association, and the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs
to preserve the property. Covers conflicts between the
organizations, maintenance of the property, ultimate decision to
seek federal ownership. Little coverage after transfer to
NPS.
Fredericksburg
and Spotsylvania County Battlefields National Military Park
Happel, Ralph. A
History of the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields
Memorial National Military Park. 79 p. plus appendixes and
illustrations, 1955.
First 22 pages cover antebellum and
Civil War history; remainder of history addresses national cemetery
establishment, the park movement, and park establishment and
administration. Entertainingly written.
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Gateway National
Recreation Area
Kelleher, Michael. The Changing Standard of National Significance:
How the New Environmentalism of the 1960s Redefined National
Significance and Led to the Creation of Gateway National Recreation
Area, the First Urban National Park. 77 p, 1995.
Describes events leading to federal
involvement in urban recreation in New York City, a controversial
and precedent-setting departure for the NPS.
General Grant
National Memorial
Pitkin, Thomas M. General Grant National Memorial: Its History and
Possible Development. 86 p. plus illustrations, 1959.
History of the memorial's construction
and administration by the Grant Memorial Association to 1959, when
acquired by NPS.
George Rogers
Clark National Historical Park
Rothman, Hal K. Maintaining a Legacy: An Administrative History
of George Rogers Clark National Historical Park. 356 p.,
1994.
A comprehensive contract history with
excellent coverage of the Clark Memorial, the controversial visitor
center, maintenance, interpretation, and community relations.
Illustrations, a chronology, legislation, staff rosters, and
visitation statistics are appended. Indexed.
George
Washington Carver National Monument
Toogood, Anna Coxe. Historic Resource Study and Administrative
History, George Washington Carver National Monument. 81 p. plus
appendixes and illustrations, 1973.
Administrative history portion brief but
well organized and written. Appendixes cover staff, legislation,
visitation, other data.
George
Washington Memorial Parkway
Krakow, Jere L. Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek and Potomac
Parkway, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Suitland Parkway,
Baltimore-Washington Parkway. 149 p., 1990.
Section on George Washington Memorial
Parkway describes its planning and construction. General background
on parkway history and design is provided.
Gettysburg
National Military Park
Unrau, Harlan D. Administrative History: Gettysburg National
Military Park and Gettysburg National Cemetery, Pennsylvania.
444 p., 1991.
Extremely detailed, thorough coverage of
cemetery and park from their origins to 1985. Extensive quotation
from and appendage of relevant documents. Useful focus on such
issues as the Gettysburg tower.
Gila Cliff
Dwellings National Monument
Russell, Peter. Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument: An
Administrative History. Southwest Cultural Resources Center
Professional Papers no. 48. 176 p., 1992.
A thorough contract history of the
area's management by the Forest Service, the Park Service, and again
by the Forest Service under a unique 1975 cooperative agreement.
Three chapters cover the history of archeology and stabilization
work. Key executive and administrative documents are appended. Well
written, illustrated, and indexed.
Glacier Bay
National Park and Preserve
Black, Bruce W. A
History of Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska. 134 p.,
1957.
Topical organization addresses 1936
mining authorization, 1939 boundary extension, 1955 land deletion,
long-delayed local administration and staffing, Indian relations,
mountain climbs. First quarter devoted to description and
pre-monument history. Appendix lists superintendents and reproduces
proclamations of 1925, 1939, and 1955. Well written by park
naturalist.
Catton, Theodore. Land Reborn: A History of Administration and
Visitor Use in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. 398
p., 1995.
An exceptionally comprehensive,
critical, and well-written administrative history, with special
focus on native relations, fishing and other consumptive uses,
cruise ship visitation, and other major management concerns.
Appendixes for legislation, area managers, visitation statistics,
management plans, key research studies, and policy documents. Well
illustrated and indexed.
Glacier National
Park
Diettert, Gerald A. Grinnell's Glacier: George Bird Grinnell and
Glacier National Park. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing
Co., 1992. 128 p.
Largely devoted to Grinnell's
explorations, the book covers his and his Boone and Crockett Club's
roles in the park's establishment while minimizing the role of the
Great Northern Railroad. A well written and illustrated account
based on a master's thesis.
Kauffmann, John M. Glacier National Park, Montana: A History of Its
Establishment and Revision of Its Boundaries. 24 p. plus map,
1954.
Quotes extensively from correspondence
on its subject. More detail on establishment and boundaries than in
Robinson-Bowers.
Robinson, Donald H., and Maynard O.
Bowers. Through the Years in Glacier National Park: An
Administrative History. West Glacier, MT: Glacier Natural
History Assn., 1960. 127 p.
First 50 pages cover history predating
or unrelated to park movement. Appendixes for superintendents and
interpretive personnel, visitation statistics. Anecdotal,
uncritical, sparsely documented, but readable.
Glen Canyon
National Recreation Area
Martin, Russell. A Story That Stands Like a Dam: Glen Canyon and
the Struggle for the Soul of the West. New York: Henry Holt,
1989. 354 p.
Although giving some attention to the
development of the national recreation area, Martin focuses on the
building of Glen Canyon Dam and the competing forces pro and con. A
remarkably fair and balanced account sympathetically treating both
sides of the issue, and a work of exceptional literary
quality.
Grand Canyon
National Park
Anderson, Michael F. Polishing the Jewel: An Aministrative History of
Grand Canyon National Park. Grand Canyon, AZ: Grand Canyon
Assn., 2000. 116 p.
This is a well written, documented and
illustrated history of Grand Canyon National Park intended for a
target audience of park employees and others interested in the
history of this park.
Hughes, J. Donald. In the House of Stone and Light: A Human History
of the Grand Canyon. Grand Canyon, AZ: Grand Canyon Natural
History Assn., 1978. 137 p.
Revised and updated version of Hughes'
previous work. More richly illustrated but lacks topical headings
within chapters. Includes 1975 park enlargement.
Hughes, J. Donald. The Story of Man at Grand Canyon. Grand
Canyon, AZ: Grand Canyon Natural History Assn., 1967. 195
p.
Well-balanced history of area, with
attention to early exploration, tourism, development. Topically
organized within broad chronological chapters, the last three of
which deal with monument and park administration. Largely
descriptive rather than analytical.
Grand Portage
National Monument
Cockrell, Ron. Grand Portage National Monument, Minnesota: An
Administrative History. 146 p., 1983.
Good coverage of relations with state
and Indians before and during NPS administration. Reconstructions at
the site are discussed and defended.
Grand Teton
National Park
Jepson, Carl E. A
Brief History of Grand Teton National Park. 54 p. plus appendix,
1952.
Legislative history quoted from
Diederich compendium on Jackson Hole National Monument. Appendix
lists personnel, friends of park. Prepared by park naturalist
following prescribed "brief history" format.
Righter, Robert W. Crucible for Conservation: The Story of Grand
Teton National Park. Boulder: Colorado Associated University
Press, 1982. 192 p.
Details original park movement, Jackson
Hole acquisition and controversial establishment as a national
monument, ultimate park expansion. Very brief coverage of subsequent
park administrative concerns. A model study of a park's
creation.
Grant-Kohrs
Ranch National Historic Site
McChristian, Douglas C. Ranchers to Rangers: An Administrative History
of Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site.
1977.
Great Basin
National Park
Lambert, Darwin. Great Basin Drama. Niwot, CO: Roberts
Rinehart Publishers, 1991. 255 p.
Covers early exploration and settlement,
establishment of Lehman Caves National Monument, and long campaign
to establish the national park. Much attention to roles of local
residents and pro- and anti-park forces. Appendixes reproduce park
legislation and identify key players. A very well written and
illustrated book funded by the park cooperating
association.
Trexler, Keith A. Lehman Caves: Its Human Story From the Beginning
Through 1965. 66 p. plus appendixes, 1966.
Account of discovery, exploration, early
promotion, national monument proclamation and takeover by NPS,
subsequent administration, interpretation, Mission 66 development.
Appendixes include visitation statistics, personnel rosters,
chronologies. Well written by chief naturalist of former Lehman
Caves National Monument.
Great Smoky
Mountains National Park
Campbell, Carlos C. Birth of a National Park in the Great Smoky
Mountains. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1960; rev.
1969, 1978. 154 p.
Describes efforts of North Carolinians
and Tennesseeans to have the park authorized and acquire land with
donated funds. Undocumented, uncritical.
Lix, Henry W. Short History of the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park. 126 p. plus appendixes, 1958.
Occasionally impressionistic rather than
research-based, especially on early park movement. Writing sometimes
erratic, with unorthodox footnoting. Appendixes include key names in
park history and summaries of federal and state
legislation.
Pierce, Daniel S. The Great Smokies:
From Natural Habitat to Natural Park. 2000.
Guadalupe
Mountains National Park
Fabry, Judith K. Guadalupe Mountains National Park: An
Administrative History. Southwest Cultural Resources Center
Professional Papers no. 19. 277 p., 1988.
Chapters address pre-park activities,
legislative history, land acquisition, planning, development,
natural and cultural resource issues, and special events. Appendixes
include legislation, superintendents' biographies, and cooperative
agreements. A thoroughly researched, effectively organized, and well
written history.
Guilford
Courthouse National Military Park
Baker, Thomas E. Redeemed from Oblivion: An Administrative
History of Guilford Courthouse National Military Park. 121 p.,
1995.
Land acquisition, development, and
community relations are emphasized in this compact, well written
history, which is especially commendable for its candid treatment of
park management shortcomings.
Ingram, Oliver B., Jr. The Preservation of Guilford Battleground.
119 p. M.A. thesis plus appendixes, 1972.
Draws distinction between
memorialization approach of Guilford Battle Ground Company and
preservation/restoration by NPS. Appendixes include legislation,
biographical sketches of Battle Ground Company leaders, listing of
monuments. Redundant writing style.
Gulf Island
National Seashore
Bowden, Jesse Earl. Gulf Islands: The
Sands of All Time - Preserving America's Largest National Seashore.
Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 143 pp.,
1994.
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Haleakala
National Park
Jackson, Frances. An Administrative History of Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park and Haleakala National Park. 272 p. (HAVO) plus 82
p. (HALE), 1972.
Separate park histories jointly bound.
Topically organized and well written, but research limited to park
files.
Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park
Castro, Nash. The
Land of Pele: A Historical Sketch of Hawaii National Park. Hilo:
Hawaii Natural History Assn., 1953. 76 p.
Anecdotal, undocumented. Less useful for
administrative history than Jackson, which see under
Haleakala.
Homestead
National Monument of America
Mattison, Ray H. Homestead National Monument: Its Establishment
and Administration. 35 p., 1961.
Article prepared for Nebraska History includes discussion of
Daniel Freeman's "first homestead" claim. Limited history of
monument following establishment.
Tecklenberg, Robert. Homestead National Monument of America: An
Administrative History, 1962-1981. 17 p. plus appendixes and
illustrations, 1982.
Updates Mattison history, but continues
weak on park administration. Uncritical of park development and
programs. Appendixes for superintendents, visitation, historiography
of Homestead Act.
Hopewell Culture National Historical
Park
Cockrell, Ron. Amidst Ancient Monuments: The Administrative
History of Mound City Group National Monument / Hopewell Culture
National Historical Park, Ohio 378 p. 1999.
Hot Springs
National Park
Benson, Forrest M., and Donald S.
Libbey. History of Hot Springs National
Park. 43 p., 1955.
Topically organized coverage of hotels
and bathhouses, transportation facilities, federal registration of
physicians, legislation, superintendents. A compilation of data
rather than a narrative.
Scully, Francis J. Hot Springs, Arkansas, and Hot Springs National
Park. Little Rock: privately published, 1966. 446 p.
Highly uncritical, promotional
compilation of unsynthesized data. Numerous historical errors. May
be used with caution as reference.
Hubbell Trading
Post National Historic Site
Manchester, Albert, and Ann Manchester.
Hubbell Trading Post
National Historic Site: An Administrative History. Southwest
Cultural Resources Center Professional Papers no. 46. 229 p.,
1993.
A comprehensive contract history, with
particular attention to the special issues posed by this unique
"living history" site, including relations with the Navajos, the
ongoing trading, and the museum collection. Well illustrated.
Legislation, memorandums of agreement, budgets, visitation
statistics appended. Indexed.
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Independence
National Historical Park
Greiff, Constance M. Independence: The Creation of a National
Park. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987. 281
p.
Excellent account of the establishment,
development, and interpretation of Independence, with due attention
to key personalities, preservation policies and practices, politics,
and the Bicentennial. Epilogue places Independence in broader
context of national preservation movement. Foreword by Charles B.
Hosmer, Jr.
Indiana Dunes
National Lakeshore
Cockrell, Ron. A Signature of Time and Eternity': The
Administrative History of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
Indiana. 480 p., 1988.
Thorough account beginning with Stephen
T. Mather's 1916 effort to add Indiana Dunes to the national park
system and focusing on the later challenges of establishing,
developing, and protecting the national seashore. Solid coverage of
a complex, controversial area drawn from documentary and oral
sources. Indexed.
Engel, J. Ronald. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the
Indiana Dunes. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1983.
352 p.
Contends that the dunes preservation
campaign "emerged as part of an insurgent movement in the Midwest to
reform the democratic faith of the nation" by replacing competitive
individualism with a "cooperative commonwealth." Emphasizes artistic
and intellectual backgrounds and philosophies of dunes
preservationists. Last chapter focuses on the politics of achieving
the state park and national lakeshore.
Franklin, Kay, and Norma Schaeffer. Duel for the Dunes: Land Use Conflict on the
Shores of Lake Michigan. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
1983. 278 p.
Part I covers efforts of early
conservationists, including Stephen Mather, to establish a national
park; Richard Lieber's achievement of a state park (1923); lakeshore
industrialization; battle between park and port proponents leading
to 1966 lakeshore legislation. Part II focuses on events under NPS
administration; portrays NPS as politicized, reactive to local
political interests. Save the Dunes Council seen as leading force
for conservation. Marred by misunderstanding of federal government
branch relationships, erroneous charges against Watt administration,
incorrect citations; but a valuable account from a non-NPS
viewpoint.
Isle Royale
National Park
Little, John J. Island Wilderness: A History of Isle Royale
National Park. 243 p. Ph.D. dissertation, 1978.
Excellent topical coverage of park
movement, establishment, role of CCC, forest fires, land
acquisition, transportation, concessions, administrative problems,
role of wilderness versus development. Model specimen of "outside"
park administrative history.
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Jean Lafitte
National Historical Park and Preserve
Bres, Edward S. Notes on the Establishment and Development of
Chalmette Historical Park. 24 p. plus appendixes,
1964.
Chronological annotated outline of
events from the Battle of New Orleans to 1964 by the chairman of the
Battle of New Orleans Sesquicentennial Celebration Commission.
Lengthy appendixes include much related correspondence. Valuable
administrative history reference for Chalmette unit.
Jefferson
National Expansion Memorial
Brown, Sharon A. Administrative History, Jefferson National
Expansion Memorial National Historic Site. 187 p. plus
appendixes, 1984.
Chronological chapters with topical
subheadings narrate from the inception of the memorial idea in 1933
to 1980. Appendixes include legislative and executive documents,
illustrations, and a chronology.
Moore, Bob. Urban Innovation and Practical Partnerships: An
Administrative History of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial,
1980-1991. 462 p., 1994.
Updates the Brown history with emphasis
on park operations and public-private partnerships. Chapters discuss
the parking garage, the 70mm theater, the Veiled Prophet Fair,
maintenance, Old Courthouse rehabilitation, accessibility, entrance
fees, the Jefferson National Expansion Historical Association,
interpretation, law enforcement, creation of the Ulysses S. Grant
and Harry S Truman national historic sites, expansion to East Saint
Louis, and special events. Well illustrated; much appended data. A
lively account of a busy urban park.
John Day Fossil
Beds National Monument
Mark, Stephen R. Floating in the Stream of Time: An
Administrative History of John Day Fossil Beds National
Monument. 302 p. 1996.
John F. Kennedy
Center for the Performing Arts
Becker, Ralph E. Miracle on the Potomac: The Kennedy Center from
the Beginning. Silver Spring, MD: Bartleby Press, 1990. 217
p.
A founding trustee and general counsel
of the Kennedy Center traces the original conception, planning,
siting, design, construction, and opening of the facility that was
to cost taxpayers nothing but ultimately cost them millions. As a
proponent, the author gives short shrift to critics' arguments
against the site, design, and costs, but no attempt is made to
minimize the challenges and controversies involved. A well written
and illustrated personal account.
Joshua Tree
National Park
King, Samuel. A
History of Joshua Tree National Monument. 40 p. plus appendixes,
1954.
More than half transcribed from the park
handbook and a mineral report, the remainder undocumented and weak.
Appendixes list personnel and friends of the park.
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Katmai National
Park and Preserve
Hussey, John A. Embattled Katmai: A History of Katmai National
Monument. 457 p. plus illustrations, 1971.
Essentially a historic resource study,
but with data on the monument's proclamation and to a lesser extent
on its subsequent administration. Summarizes archeological research
in the area. Horace Albright's account of events leading to the 1918
proclamation, promoted by the National Geographic Society, is
appended.
Norris, Frank B. Isolated Paradise: An Administrative History of
the Katmai and Aniakchak National Park Units, Alaska. 539
p., 1996.
Traces separately the establishment and
administration of both Katmai National Park and National Preserve
and the smaller and more recent Aniakckak National Monument and
National Preserve. Resource management and interpretation receive
particular attention; the author treats concessions activity at
Katmai in a separate study (below). Appendixes cover boundary
changes, staff, budgets, visitation. A comprehensive and
well-written history, with excellent illustrations, maps, and
index.
Norris, Frank B. Tourism in Katmai Country: A History of
Concessions Activity in Katmai National Park and Preserve. 200
p., 1992.
After an introduction outlining Katmai's
early history, chapters discuss the several fishing camp concessions
and the concessioners' variable relations with the NPS. Appendixes
list concessioners, concession camp structures, NPS officials,
visitor use statistics. Well researched, written, and illustrated;
indexed.
Kennesaw
Mountain National Battlefield Park
Capps, Michael A. Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park: An
Administrative History. 92 p., 1994.
A concise account with chapters
addressing establishment, development, interpretation, law
enforcement, planning, and management issues. A chronology, a list
of superintendents, visitation statistics, copies of legislation,
and photographs are appended. Indexed.
Kings
Canyon National Park
See Sequoia National Park
Kings Mountain
National Military Park
Massey, Gregory D. Van. An Administrative History of Kings Mountain
National Military Park. 168 p. plus bibliography and
illustrations, 1986.
Good coverage of early legislative
proposals (opposed by War Department), park establishment and land
acquisition, development through new visitor center (1976), park
administration of Cowpens, the Howser House problem, and other
management issues. Legislation, superintendents' roster, visitation
statistics, maps appended.
Klondike Gold
Rush National Historical Park (Skagway Unit)
Klondike Gold
Rush National Historical Park (Seattle Unit)
Johnson, Julie A History of the White Pass Unit of the Klondike Gold Rush NHP (pdf) 180 p. 2003.
Norris, Frank B.
Legacy of the Gold Rush: An Administrative
History of Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park. 509
p., 1996.
Chronological treatment through 1976
park authorization, followed by topical chapters on general park
administration, building rehabilitation, community relations, Dyea
area administration, Chilkoot Trail management, the White Pass Trail
unit, and the Seattle unit. The coverage of community relations is
especially praiseworthy for its candor. Budget and visitor figures
and staff rosters are appended. A thoroughly researched, very well
written history, with good maps and illustrations;
indexed.
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Lake Chelan
National Recreation Area
See North Cascades National
Park
Lake Roosevelt
National Recreation Area
McKay, Kathryn L. and Rend, Nancy F. Currents and Undercurrents: An Administrative
History of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area .
2002.
Lincoln Boyhood
National Memorial
O'Bright, Jill York. `There I Grew Up . . .': A History of the
Administration of Abraham Lincoln's Boyhood Home. 266 p.,
1987.
Thorough, well documented coverage of
early memorialization efforts, state administration, and
establishment, development, and interpretation of the national
memorial. Appendixes include legislation, land acquisition data,
employee rosters. Well illustrated, indexed.
Lincoln Home
National Historic Site
Townsend, Timothy P. "The Site Adrift in the City": The Evolution of
the Lincoln Home Neighborhood. 100 p. M.A. thesis,
1995.
Traces the changing status of and
proposals for the neighborhood surrounding Lincoln's house from the
time of Lincoln's death through the state's ownership of the house
to the authorization of the national historic site in 1971. Good
illustrations and maps.
Little Bighorn
Battlefield National Monument
Rickey, Don, Jr. History of Custer Battlefield. Crow Agency,
MT: Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Assn., 1967. 151
p.
Well organized, written, and
illustrated. Appendixes list personnel and friends of the
monument.
Longfellow
National Historic Site
Pitcaithley, Dwight T. Longfellow National Historic Site: A
Preservation History. 7 p., 1986.
A paper delivered to the Organization
of American Historians covering the family ownership and trusteeship
of the property from Longfellow's death in 1882 until its
acquisition by the National Park Service in 1974.
Lowell National
Historical Park
Ryan, Loretta. Lowell in Transition: The Uses of History in
Urban Change. 449 p. Ph.D. dissertation, 1987.
Focuses on local initiatives leading to
park establishment, led by Patrick Mogan, with particular attention
to changing attitudes toward Lowell's past.
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Manassas
National Battlefield Park
Zenzen, Joan M. Battling for Manassas: The Fifty-Year
Preservation Struggle at Manassas National Battlefield Park.
363 p., 1995.
A comprehensive contract history,
emphasizing proposed and actual development in and around the park
and the role of NPS officials in encouraging or opposing it.
Projects addressed include Interstate 66, the national cemetery, the
Marriott theme park, William Center, and Disney's America.
Controversial park uses, from the reenactment of First Manassas to
active recreational activities including horseback riding, also
receive special attention. Well balanced and well written.
Appendixes include legislation, maps, and a list of superintendents.
Indexed.
Mesa Verde
National Park
Smith, Duane A. Mesa Verde National Park: Shadows of the
Centuries. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988. 254
p.
Good treatment of establishment
emphasizing women's roles, followed by discussion of development,
road construction, concessions, community relations, and general
administration. Appendixes for superintendents and visitation. Well
written, profusely illustrated.
Torres-Reyes, Ricardo. Mesa Verde National Park: An Administrative
History, 1906-1970. 396 p. plus appendixes and illustrations,
1970.
Little discussion of original park
legislation, but good coverage of park administration with topical
organization. Appendixes for legislation, early museum collections,
superintendents, visitation
Mojave
National Preserve
Nystrom, Eric Charles. From Neglected Space
To Protected Place: An Administrative History of Mojave National
Preserve. Great Basin CESU, 2003.
Montezuma
Castle National Monument
Eason, Nicholas J. History of Montezuma Castle National
Monument. 113 p., 1965.
General coverage of establishment,
development, and interpretation by a park ranger. Visitation
statistics and lists of monument personnel and friends of the park
are appended.
Protas, Josh A Past Preserved in
Stone: A History of Montezuma Castle National Monument.
Tucson, AZ: Western National Parks Association, 256 p.,
2002.
Moores Creek
National Battlefield
Gibbs, Russell A. A History of Moores Creek National Military
Park. 37 p. plus appendixes and illustrations, 1965.
Limited coverage of park
administration. Makes reference to proposed transfer of park to the
state. Appendixes for park officials and legislation.
Capps, Michael A. and Steven A. Davis.
Moores Creek National Battlefield: An
Administrative History. 1999.
Mound City
Group National Monument
(See Hopewell Culture National
Historical Park)
Mount Rainier
National Park
McIntyre, Robert N. Short History of Mount Rainier National
Park. 361 p., 1952.
First 70 pages treat history before the
park or park movement. More chronicle than synthesis, with much
reliance on lengthy quotations and excerpts from superintendents'
annual reports. Topical breakdowns on transportation,
interpretation, concessions, wildlife management. Appendixes for
legislation, regulations, travel statistics.
Martinson, Arthur D. Mountain in the Sky: A History of Mount Rainier
National Park. 174 p. Ph.D. dissertation, 1966.
Covers early exploration, climbing
activity, tourism promotion, park movement, park development with
emphasis on CCC and Mission 66. Emphasis on concessioner role and
facilities. Good attention to controversies regarding park name and
development.
Martinson, Arthur D. Wilderness Above the Sound: The Story of Mount
Rainer National Park. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press, 1986. 72
p.
A popular condensation of the author's
dissertation, updated to cover the renovation of Paridise Inn and
current threats to park resources. Well illustrated.
Catton, Theodore Wonderland: An Administrative History of Mount
Rainier National Park. 1996.
Mount Rushmore
National Memorial
Fite, Gilbert C. Mount Rushmore. Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1952. 272 p.
Focuses on conception and creation of
sculpture. Thorough, competent treatment of difficulties with Gutzon
Borglum and finances, controversies involving NPS, Congress, local
politicians, and citizens.
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Natchez Trace
Parkway
Phelps, Dawson A. Administrative History of the Natchez Trace
Parkway. Paginated by chapter, 1965, annual updating to
1982.
Interesting discussion of general
parkway concept. Research limited to local sources, and separate
updating of each chapter harms overall unity. Appendixes for all
personnel, chronological process of land acquisition and
construction, visitation.
National
Capital Parks- Central
Dowd, Mary-Jane M., comp. Records of the Office of Public Buildings and
Public Parks of the National Capital. Record Group 42, Inventory
No. 16. Washington: National Archives and Records Administration,
1992. 158 p.
Not a history, but a comprehensive and
valuable guide to the records of the Park Service's predecessors
administering the National Capital Parks. The record group includes
the records of the various statue and memorial commissions and the
Washington National Monument Society.
Heine, Cornelius W. A History of National Capital Parks.
161 p., 1953.
Traces evolution of NCP broadly from
origins in 1790-91. Undocumented but well written and
illustrated.
National
Capital Parks-Baltimore-Washington and Suitland
Parkways
Krakow, Jere L. Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek and Potomac
Parkway, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Suitland Parkway,
Baltimore-Washington Parkway. 149 p., 1990.
Describes the planning and construction
of the parkways, with general background on parkway history and
design.
National
Capital Parks-Dupont Circle
Olszewski, George J. Dupont Circle. 70 p. plus illustrations,
1967.
Covers early landscaping, original
Dupont portrait statue and its fountain replacement, problems with
adverse public use of area. Landscape plans appended.
National
Capital Parks-Farragut Square
Olszewski, George J. Farragut Square. 40 p. plus illustrations,
1968.
Includes details of landscaping
changes, discussion of Farragut statue, underground parking garage
proposal and its rejection (1961). Illustrations include plans of
square.
National
Capital Parks-Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
Mackintosh, Barry. The Making of a Monument: The Franklin Delano
Roosevelt Memorial, 1955-1972. 48 p. plus illustrations and
appendixes, 1972.
Discusses establishment of FDR Memorial
Commission, design competition, failure of memorial efforts to 1972,
FDR stone by National Archives. Legislation appended.
National
Capital Parks-Franklin Park
Olszewski, George J. Franklin Park. 50 p. plus illustrations,
1970.
Discussion of landscaping and other
development, parking garage proposal of early 1950s, problems with
adverse public use and recent low character of neighborhood.
Landscape plans appended.
National
Capital Parks-Judiciary Square
Stanley, Joan H. Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C.: A Park
History. 108 p. plus illustrations, 1968.
History of the square since its
delineation in the L'Enfant Plan. Describes former and existing
buildings, park development in 1870s, public use, decline of
parklike nature in 20th century.
National
Capital Parks-Lafayette Park
Olszewski, George J. Lafayette Park. 65 p., 1964.
Covers park administration,
landscaping, statuary, public use. Numerous illustrations include
landscape plans.
National
Capital Parks-Lincoln Park
Olszewski, George J. Lincoln Park. 55 p. plus illustrations,
1968.
Discussion of landscaping, Lincoln
Emancipation Group statue, planning for Mary McLeod Bethune
memorial, public use. Landscape plans included.
National
Capital Parks-Mt. Vernon Square
Olszewski, George J. Mt. Vernon Square. 41 p. plus
illustrations, 1970.
Covers administration and development
of square, construction of library, changing character of area,
proposed transfer to D.C. Government.
National
Capital Parks-President's Park South
Olszewski, George J. The President's Park South. 69 p. plus
illustrations, 1970.
Discusses administration and
development of Ellipse area, including landscaping, memorials,
wartime construction and use, use for recreation and
demonstrations.
National
Mall
Olszewski, George J. History of the Mall. 111 p. plus
appendixes, 1970.
Covers original and later planning and
development of the Mall from L'Enfant through Downing and McMillan
to Owings. Plans and photos appended.
Navajo National
Monument
Rothman, Hal K. Navajo National Monument: A Place and Its
People. Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional
Papers no. 40. 173 p., 1991.
Emphasizes establishment,
administration amid challenges of access, Navajo relationships,
archeological activities, threats to the park. Appendixes include
superintendents, legislation, visitation, maps. Well illustrated,
indexed.
New Jersey
Pinelands National Reserve
Collins, Beryl R., and Emily W. B.
Russell, eds. Protecting the New Jersey
Pinelands: A New Direction in Land Use Management. New
Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988. 344 p.
A thorough account of the first federal
attempt to protect a sizable area outside the national park system
through the greenline park concept. Covers the legislative history,
the Pinelands Commission, and the Pinelands Comprehensive Management
Plan; analyzes the workings and effectiveness of the protective
program.
Nez Perce
National Historical Park
Catton, Ted. Nez Perce National Historical Park
Administrative History. 176 p. 1996.
Ninety Six
National Historic Site
Rehm, Karen G. The Administrative History of Ninety Six
National Historic Site. 35 p. plus appendixes, 1987.
Traces development of the site by the
Star Fort Historical Commission, efforts to add it to the national
park system, and NPS development and interpretation.
North Cascades
National Park
Sommarstrom, Allen R. Wild Land Preservation Crisis: The North
Cascades Controversy. 169 p. Ph.D. dissertation, 1970.
Louter, David Contested Terrain: An Administrative History of
the North Cascades National Park Service Complex,
Washington. 338 p. plus appendices and index.
1998.
"This study explores the resources of
the area and their administration, examines the development of the
conflict [between NPS and USFS and local and national interests],
reviews . . . three diverse proposals for the management of the
area, traces the path of legislation and changes made as it moved
through Congress, and concludes with an examination of the outcome
of the controversy and its implications for this and other
environmental disputes facing the Nation."
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Ocmulgee
National Monument
Marsh, Alan. Ocmulgee National Monument: An Administrative
History. 72 p. M.A. thesis, 1986.
Consise history addresses principal
park issues, including development, interpretation, archeological
research, and adjacent highway construction.
Olympic
National Park
Fringer, Guy. Olympic National Park: An Administrative
History. 254 p., 1990.
Covers creation of the Olympic Forest
Reserve, Mount Olympus National Monument, wilderness philosophy and
the national park, resource management, concessions, interpretation,
external relationships. Key personnel rosters, visitation
statistics, and legislation are appended.
Lien, Carsten. Olympic Battleground: The Power Politics of
Timber Preservation. 2nd Edition. Seattle: The Mountaineers
Books. 447 p.
A bitter attack on the NPS for weak
commitment to preservation and for colluding and compromising with
logging interests in managing Olympic National Park. NPS officials
are portrayed as eager to exclude commercially valuable trees from
the park and to log such trees within it.
McLeod, Rebecca L. M. An American Wilderness: Olympic National
Park. 158 p. M.A. thesis, 1984.
Focuses on events through 1915,
including establishment of the Olympic Forest Reserve and Olympic
National Monument under the Forest Service and related controversies
with hunting and timber interests. Places Olympic in context of the
conservation movement, discussed as an aspect of
Progressivism.
Richardson, Elmo R. "Olympic National
Park: Twenty Years of Controversy." Forest
History 12 (April 1968): 6-15.
Surveys the successful efforts of
Harold Ickes, the NPS, and conservationists to establish the park
and prevent lumbering incursions.
Schene, Michael G. "Only the Squeal Is
Left: Conflict Over Establishing Olympic National Park." The Pacific Historian 27 (Fall 1983):
53-61.
Brief illustrated account of
establishment of Olympic Forest Reserve (1897), Mount Olympus
National Monument (1909), and Olympic National Park (1938),
emphasizing controversies among political, commercial, and
conservation interests.
Organ Pipe
Cactus National Monument
Hoy, Wilton. Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument
Administrative Historical Research. 138+ p., 1970.
Informally written, candid, unedited,
entertaining account, interspersed with copies of letters and other
documents. Much on local communities and characters, cattle grazers,
prospectors. Typescript is in rough form, deserves editing for
reproduction.
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Pea Ridge
National Military Park
Parrish, Alaric. Pea Ridge National Military Park Administrative
History. 86 p., 1974.
Following discussion of park movement
(opposed by NPS), most attention is devoted to construction and
development projects. Much content lifted from park files with
little narrative flow or synthesis.
Petersburg
National Battlefield
Olsen, Herbert. Poplar Grove National Cemetery History. 67
p. plus appendixes and illustrations, 1954.
Discusses Civil War burial practices
and establishment of national cemeteries generally as well as Poplar
Grove. Little attention to Poplar Grove's uneventful administration
after establishment and development. Appendixes include discussion
of establishment date and Poplar Grove Church as well as cemetery
plans.
Wallace, Lee A., Jr., and Martin R.
Conway. A History of Petersburg National
Battlefield. 167 p. and 86 p. plus illustrations,
1983. (pdf)
Wallace gives a topical account of
early commemorative activities, land acquisition, interpretation,
and general park administration to 1956. The Conway supplement, less
solidly documented and more impressionistic, treats selected aspects
of the park history to 1982. Appendixes cover personnel, visitation
statistics, legislation.
Petrified
Forest National Park
Lubick, George M. Petrified Forest National Park: A Wilderness
Bound in Time. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996. 212
p.
Traces Petrified Forest's establishment
as a national monument and its "elevation" to national park status,
delayed because its values were more scientific than scenic.
Paleontological and archeological work and perennial efforts to
prevent the taking of specimens receive particular
emphasis.
Pictured Rocks
National Lakeshore
Karamanski, Theodore J. The Pictured Rocks: An Administrative History
of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. 161 p,
1995.
A comprehensive, well-written contract
history of the establishment and development of the first national
lakeshore. Good coverage of tensions between local economic
development expectations and park preservation objectives. Candid
assessment of superintendents' strengths and weaknesses.
Indexed.
Pinnacles
National Monument
Oberg, Reta R. An Administrative History of Pinnacles National
Monument. 314 p. plus appendixes, 1980.
Following extensive treatment of local
history unrelated to the pinnacles, good coverage of monument
development (buildings, utilities, roads, trails). Chapters on the
1960s and 1970s taken from administrative reports with little
synthesis. Little documentation other than general references to
sources in test. Appendixes include proclamations, superintendents,
current organization, fire history, visitation
statistics.
Pipestone
National Monument
Corbett, William P. A History of the Red Pipestone Quarry and
Pipestone National Monument. 98 p. M.A. thesis, 1976.
Covers early exploration, Indian-white
litigation for rights to quarry, movement for national park
establishment, national monument administration in brief, quarry
use.
Murray, Robert A. Administrative History of Pipestone National
Monument. 121 p., 1961.
Over half devoted to monument area
before park movement, only 17 pages to NPS administration. Useful
for background.
Rothman, Hal K., and Daniel J. Holder.
Managing the Sacred and the Secular: An
Administrative History of Pipestone National Monument. 243 p.
plus illustrations, 1992.
A comprehensive contract account of the
park's origins and development, with chapters on Indian involvement,
natural and cultural resources management, park neighbors, and
threats. A bibliographic essay, a chronology, and lists of
superintendents and visitation statistics are appended.
Point Reyes
National Seashore
Lage, Ann, and William Duddleson. Saving Point Reyes National Seashore: An Oral
History of Citizen Action in Conservation. Berkeley, CA:
Bancroft Library, 1993. 390 p.
Contains five interviews with
citizen-activists in the 1969-70 Save Our Seashore campaign, which
generated support for land acquisition within the park's authorized
boundaries, plus interviews with former congressman Paul N.
McCloskey and John Ehrlichman on the ultimate decision to fund the
seashore. Indexed.
Prince William
Forest Park
Strickland, Susan C. Prince William Forest Park: An Administrative
History. 115 p. plus appendixes, 1986.
Good coverage of land acquisition and
development as a recreation demonstration area; wartime and
peacetime relations with military, OSS, and community; racial
segregation in prewar planning, development, and use. Appendixes
include copies of land acquisition records and agreements with
military.
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Rainbow Bridge
National Monument
Sproul, David Kent. A Bridge Between Two Cultures: An
Administrative History of Rainbow Bridge National Monument.
Cultural Resources Selections No. 18, 2001. 231 p.
Redwood
National and State Parks
Schrepfer, Susan R. The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of
Environmental Reform, 1917-1978. Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1983. 338 p.
"An effort to describe the sixty-year
redwood preservation campaign in the context of scientific change
and American social reform-from the progressive years of the early
twentieth century to the militant protest movements of the past
quarter century." Recounts Save the Redwoods League opposition to a
redwoods national park in the 1930s (leaders John C. Merriam and
Newton Drury felt NPS too developmentoriented), 1960s conflict
between its moderate advocacy of a small national park and radical
stand of Sierra Club for a large one. More attention to these
groups-their sociology and philosophical underpinnings-than to NPS,
but adequate coverage of NPS role in 1968-1978
legislation.
Richmond
National Battlefield Park
Willett, John T. A History of Richmond National Battlefield
Park. 95 p. plus illustrations, c. 1965.
First third devoted to history before
preservation efforts. Little discussion of reasons behind transfer
of lands from Virginia to U.S. Much copied material, disjointed
organization.
Rock Creek
Park
Davis, Timothy. Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway: History and
Description. 159 p. plus 36 drawings, 1992.
An outstanding Historic American
Buildings Survey history of the design and development of Rock Creek
and Potomac Parkway (technically part of National Capital Parks
rather than Rock Creek Park but closely associated with the latter).
Excellent contextual coverage of the City Beautiful and parkway
movements and the landscape design profession. Later highway
proposals and related structures are also discussed.
Mackintosh, Barry. Rock Creek Park: An Administrative
History. 127 p., 1985.
Chapters address park origins, the
period of military rule, the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway and
other additions, and the park under NPS administration. Appendix
contains legislation, roster of key officials, map.
Rocky Mountain
National Park
Buchholtz, C. W. Rocky Mountain National Park: A History.
Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1983. 255
p.
Discusses early tourism to area, Enos
Mills' campaign for the park, development programs of Roger Toll and
Edmund Rogers, wilderness incursions like the Trail Ridge Road,
Colorado-Big Thompson diversion tunnel, and Hidden Valley Ski Area,
and modern public use pressures. Well balanced on
development-use-preservation controversies.
Fazio, Patricia M. Cragged Crusade: The Fight for Rocky Mountain
National Park, 1909-15. 195 p. M.S. thesis plus appendixes,
1982.
Examines roles of Enos Mills and others
leading to passage of park enabling act. Describes conflicts with
Forest Service, simultaneous movement for creation of NPS.
Appendixes include legislation and background material.
Hess, Karl, Jr. Rocky Times in Rocky Mountain National Park: An
Unnatural History. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado,
1993. 167 p.
Attributes loss of biological diversity
at Rocky Mountain to NPS "mismanagement and bureaucratic ineptitude"
demonstrated by "a laissez-faire approach to elk population control
and a long history of fire suppression."
Musselman, Lloyd K. Rocky Mountain National Park Administrative
History, 1915-1965. 251 p., 1971.
Topically organized to cover principal
park developments and issues. Excellent chapter on CCC activity.
Appendix lists superintendents to 1971.
Roosevelt
Campobello International Park
Poyas, Frank B. "Twenty-Fifth
Anniversary History of the Roosevelt Campobello International Park
and Commission." Roosevelt Campobello
International Park Commission Twenty-Fifth Anniversary,
1964-1989, Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission
1988 Annual Report, pp. 9-13.
A brief, promotional sketch of the
origins and evolution of the park and commission, identified as a
summary of the author's definitive park history.
Ross Lake
National Recreation Area
See North Cascades National
Park
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Saguaro
National Park
Clemensen, A. Berle. Cattle, Copper, and Cactus: The History of
Saguaro National Monument. 271 p., 1987.
Chapter 4 of this historic resource
study, "The Establishment of Saguaro National Monument and Its
Administration" (pp. 115-73), is a brief administrative history.
Coverage includes CCC activity, forest fire and grazing policy, dude
ranches.
Saint Croix
National Scenic River
Karamanski, Theodore J. Saving the Saint Croix: An Administrative
History of the Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway. 264 p.,
1993.
A contract history thoroughly covering
the establishment and expansion of this complex "partnership park,"
including what was designated the Lower Saint Croix National Scenic
Riverway from 1972 to 1993. A model history of a national
river-clear, candid, and lively.
Salem Maritime
National Historic Site
Chase-Harrell, Pauline, Carol Ely, and
Stanley Moss. Administrative History of the
Salem Maritime National Historic Site. 238 p., 1993.
A thorough, well-written, and admirably
critical contract history of this pioneering national historic site.
Full attention is paid to development, interpretation, and external
relations. Appended are a chronology, a roster of superintendents,
visitation statistics, and legislation. Well illustrated and
indexed.
San Juan Island
National Historical Park
Cannon, Kelly June. San Juan Island National Historical Park
Administrative History 167 p. 1997.
Scotts Bluff
National Monument
Cockrell, Ron. Scotts Bluff National Monument, Nebraska: An
Administrative History, 1960-1983. 196 p., 1983.
Summarizes and then updates an earlier
history. Sections on operations, Mission 66, special events, and
nearby NPS areas (Agate Fossil Beds, Chimney Rock, Fort Laramie).
Much detail on maintenance projects and other day-to-day operational
concerns.
Sequoia and
Kings Canyon National Parks
Dilsaver, Lary M., and Douglas H.
Strong. "Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks: One Hundred Years
of Preservation and Resource Management." California History 69, no. 2 (Summer 1990):
98-117.
An excellent distillation of Strong's
dissertation and Dilsaver's and Tweed's book. Well
illustrated.
Dilsaver, Lary M., and William C.
Tweed. Challenge of the Big Trees: A
Resource History of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.
Three Rivers, CA: Sequoia Natural History Assn., 1990. 379
p.
A comprehensive park history
emphasizing resource preservation and development issues.
Concessions development receives particular attention, and the NPS
is not spared criticism. Numerous maps and photographs; visitation
statistics, superintendents' roster in appendix. A fair and balanced
account reflecting thorough research, extremely well written and
attractively presented.
Strong, Douglas H. A History of Sequoia National Park. 336 p.
Ph.D. dissertation, 1964.
Covers early exploration, park
establishment, acquisition of private tracts. Much attention to park
enlargement efforts in the early 1920s and related conflicts with
the Forest Service and irrigation interests. Narrative concludes
with the expansion of 1926.
Shenandoah
National Park
Lambert, Darwin. Shenandoah National Park Administrative
History, 1924-1976. 464 p., 1979.
Prefaced by chronology of key events
with chapter citations and extensively annotated table of contents,
valuable in locating topics. Critical accounts of many park-related
controversies and challenges. Subjective interpretation of such
issues as Shenandoah's national park qualifications. Engagingly
written by one involved with the area since 1934.
Lambert, Darwin. The Undying Past of Shenandoah National
Park. Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart, Inc., 1989. 330 p.
Primarily devoted to pre-park history,
but last hundred pages deal with park movement, land acquisition,
population relocation, development, and park management to 1986. It
thus updates Lambert's administrative history in selected respects.
An outstanding popular history.
Simmons, Dennis E. The Creation of Shenandoah National Park and
the Skyline Drive, 1924-1936. 213 p. Ph.D. dissertation,
1978.
An account of the park movement,
including involvement of Presidents Hoover and Franklin D.
Roosevelt. Discusses land acquisition and controversial resettlement
of landowners, tenants, and squatters; controversies over
trans-mountain road closing and Skyline Drive fees; and persons most
responsible for the park.
Shiloh National
Military Park
Shedd, Charles E., Jr. A History of Shiloh National Military
Park. 65 p. plus appendixes and illustrations,
1954.
First 12 pages devoted to pre-park
background. Chapter on War Department administration includes some
events under NPS. Appendix contains a brief account of the national
cemetery, lists of key staff and friends of the park, and
authorizing legislation. (Distributed as model administrative
history by Region I in 1956.)
Sitka National
Historical Park
Antonson, Joan M., and William S.
Hanable. Sitka National Historical Park: An
Administrative History. 162 p. plus appendixes,
1987.
After resource description and
historical overview chapters, history is topically organized within
chapters covering early years, middle years, and the post-1966
period. Good attention to resource management concerns. Appendixes
contain copies of legislation and other significant documents,
visitation statistics, and maps.
Griffen, Kristen. Early Views:
Historical Vignettes of Sitka National Historical Park, 127 pp.,
2000.
Sleeping Bear
Dunes National Lakeshore
Karamanski, Theodore J. A Nationalized Lakeshore: The Creation and
Administration of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.
2000.
Statue of
Liberty National Monument
Blumberg, Barbara. Celebrating the
Immigrant: An Administrative History of the Statue of Liberty
National Monument, 1952-1982. 158 p. plus illustrations,
1985.
Covers Statue of Liberty, the American
Museum of Immigration, and Ellis Island with sharp focus on
significant events, issues, and controversies. (Done under contract
to NPS by Institute for Research in History, New York.)
Holland, F. Ross. Idealists, Scoundrels, and the Lady: An
Insider's View of the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Project.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993. 266 p.
A comprehensive account of the
contentious but successful public-private partnership that planned,
financed, and executed the restoration of the Statue of Liberty,
redevelopment of the rest of Liberty Island, restoration of Ellis
Island's main building, and new museums on both islands interpreting
the statue and American immigration during the 1980s. The author, a
former NPS historian and associate director, was director of
restoration and preservation for the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island
Foundation.
Hugins, Walter. Statue of Liberty National Monument: Its
Origin, Development, and Administration. 106 p.,
1958.
Chronological account, distributed as a
model administrative history by the Washington Office in 1959.
Appendixes list superintendents, principal interpretive personnel,
and visitation statistics.
Stones River
National Battlefield
Willett, Ann Wilson. A History of Stones River National Military
Park. 127 p. M.A. thesis plus appendixes, 1958.
First 49 pages devoted to geography,
prehistory, and history before national cemetery and park movement.
Appendixes cover legislation, land acquisition, friends of park.
Little critical analysis.
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Theodore
Roosevelt National Park
Harmon, David. At the Open Margin: The NPS's Administration of
Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Medora, ND: Theodore
Roosevelt Nature and History Assn., 1986. 277+ p.
Traces park from its recreational
demonstration area origins through its years as a historical
memorial park to its present status in a regional context of energy
exploration and extraction. Excellent volunteer contribution by a
graduate student.
Timpanogos Cave
National Monument
Iorio, Ralph. The History of Timpanogos Cave National
Monument. 39 p. plus appendixes, 1968.
Largely chronological account, thinly
documented but well written by a park ranger. Appendixes include
personal statements by cave discoverers, annual visitation figures,
and a personnel roster.
Tumacacori
National Historical Park
Ringenbach, Ray B. A Short History of Tumacacori National
Monument. 21 p. plus appendixes, 1955.
Scant coverage of the national monument
movement and early Forest Service administration. Undue coverage of
legends. Most useful for stabilization/restoration of mission
church. List of key personnel and monument proclamation
appended.
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Upper Delaware
Scenic and Recreational River
Curtis, Mary E. The Aginners and Others: A Case Study of
Citizen Protest on the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational
River. 186 p. M.A. thesis, 1988.
Focuses on public involvement in and
reaction to the planning and development of this controversial area.
The chapter titled "History of the Controversy" is a valuable
administrative history component.
USS Arizona
Memorial
Harpster, James D. Pearl Harbor Remembered: December 7,
1941-December 7, 1991. 99 p., 1993.
A well-written memoir by the retired
NPS public affairs officer who planned the 50th anniversary
observance.
Slackman, Michael. Remembering Pearl Harbor: The Story of the USS
Arizona Memorial. Honolulu: Arizona Memorial Museum Assn., 1986.
112 p.
Traces ultimately successful efforts to
memorialize Arizona, with emphasis on
relationships among private fundraisers, the Navy, and NPS. Good
discussion of the memorial's ambiguity of subject: What is being
commemorated? An excellent published history, richly
illustrated.
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Valley Forge
National Historical Park
Treese, Lorett. Valley Forge: Making and Remaking a National
Symbol. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press,
1995. 269 p.
A well-researched and -written study by
the Bryn Mawr College archivist of the changing efforts to
commemorate and exploit the Valley Forge story under state, federal,
and private auspices.
Unrau, Harlan D. Administrative History: Valley Forge National
Historical Park. 756 p., 1985.
Comprehensive, highly detailed account
covering pre-park history of the area, centennial and memorial
association activities, state park establishment and operation
(1893-1976), national historical park establishment and operation to
1982. Extensive appended material. Reflects thorough research in
state as well as federal repositories.
Vanderbilt
Mansion National Historic Site
Snell, Charles W. An Administrative History of Vanderbilt Mansion
National Historic Site, Hyde Park, New York, 1939-1955. 181 p.,
1956.
Amply documents the personal
involvement of FDR in the federal acquisition and early
administration of the property, including his selection of and
relationship with the first superintendent. Full treatment of NPS
projects affecting the mansion and grounds, including removal of
historic features. Good coverage of research, curation,
interpretation. Extensive quotation from relevant
documents.
Vicksburg
National Military Park
Meyers, Richard. The Vicksburg National Cemetery: An
Administrative History. 199 p. plus appendixes and
illustrations, 1968.
Topical organization within broad
chronological framework. Appendixes reproduce legislation, list
sources and numbers of reinterments.
Voyageurs
National Park
Witzig, Fred T. "The Crane Lake Issue
in the Establishment of Voyageurs National Park." Upper Midwest History 3 (1983):
41-53.
Discusses the movement to establish
Voyageurs with emphasis on the NPS-Forest Service conflict over
inclusion of Superior National Forest land. Places the conflict in
the larger context of traditional interbureau strife (intended to be
overcome by the January 28, 1963, "Treaty of the
Potomac").
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Washington
Monument
Olszewski, George J. A History of the Washington Monument,
1844-1968. 70 p. plus appendixes, 1971.
Largely devoted to construction of the
monument, but some information on later modifications, landscaping,
public use, and general administration. Appendixes include
illustrations, legislation, the dedication program, and a list of
memorial stones.
Torres, Louis. "To the Immortal Name and Memory of George
Washington": The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the
Construction of the Washington Monument. Washington: Corps of
Engineers, 1984. 145 p.
Traces monument's conception,
construction, and operational highlights to 1933, when control
passed to NPS. Well illustrated.
White Sands
National Monument
Schneider-Hector, Dietmar. White Sands: The History of a National
Monument. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993. 268
p.
Traces effort to establish area, a
component of Albert B. Fall's All-Year National Park proposal;
relations with the Army; public use; the wilderness proposal and its
negative outcome. An incomplete but useful history.
Welsh, Michael. Dunes and Dreams: A History of White Sands
National Monument. Intermountain Cultural Resource Center
Professional Paper no. 55. 213 p., 1995.
A compresensive administrative history,
well written and illustrated. Relations with the military and the
Trinity Site park proposal receive particular attention.
Whitman Mission
National Historic Site
Crabtree, Jennifer. Administrative History: Whitman Mission
National Historic Site. 375 p., 1988.
Extensive, detailed coverage of park's
establishment and development, organized by superintendents'
administrations and major topics. Good attention to archeology,
reconstruction proposals, museum development, community relations,
and other key issues.
William Howard
Taft National Historic Site
Lee, Antoinette J. The William Howard Taft: An Administrative
History. 129 p. plus appendixes, 1986.
Covers efforts to preserve the site
before NPS involvement, NPS planning and development efforts,
controversies over restoration treatment. Appendixes reproduce
legislation, principal staff roster, site plans,
illustrations.
Wind Cave
National Park
Bohi, John W. 75 Years at Wind Cave: A History of the
National Park. 118 p., 1962.
Covers years 1881-1956. First 50 pages
devoted to discovery, exploration, private land controversies, other
matters unrelated to park movement or administration. Much quoted
material, many narrative footnotes.
Wolf Trap Farm
Park for the Performing Arts
Mackintosh, Barry. Wolf Trap Farm Park: An Administrative
History. 139 p., 1983.
Chapters address the park's conception
and establishment, planning and development, and joint management by
NPS and the Wolf Trap Foundation. Copies of legislation, cooperative
agreements, and maps are appended.
Wrangell-St.
Elias National Park and Preserve
Lappen, Michael Anthony. Whose Promised Land? A History of Conservation and Development Management Plans for the Wrangell and Saint Elias
Mountains Region, Alaska, 1938-1980. 259 p. M.A. thesis,
1984.
Treats early human activity in
vicinity, early park and recreational studies, events to and
surrounding ANCSA, the d-2 process, and ANILCA and its effects.
Brief attention to problems with local residents following NPS
arrival. A solid administrative history of a new park.
Bleakley, Geoffrey T. Administrative History of Wrangell-St. Elias
National Park and Preserve 383 p., 2002 (pdf)
Wright Brothers
National Memorial
Amundson, Theodore A. Wright Brothers National Memorial: An
Administrative History, 1968-1987. 35 p. plus appendixes,
1987.
Updates the Hewes history with focus on
relations with outside parties, including the First Flight
Society.
Hewes, Andrew M. Wright Brothers National Memorial: An
Administrative History. 105 p. plus illustrations,
1967.
Good chronological account of
memorial's conception and development. (Not superseded by
Amundson.)
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A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Yellowstone
National Park
Bartlett, Richard A. Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged. Tucson:
University of Arizona Press, 1985. 437 p.
A selective park history, emphasizing
early tourism and concessioners. Last two chapters, addressing
post-1940 concerns, treat "The Continuing Concessionaire Problem"
and "Problems of the Present: Elk, Bears, Boats, and P.R."
Chase, Alston. Playing God in Yellowstone: The Destruction of
America's First National Park. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press,
1986. 446 p.
A highly critical interpretation of
natural resource management at Yellowstone, attacking NPS "natural
regulation" policy. Although polemical, it contains some useful
history.
Haines, Aubrey L. Yellowstone National Park: Its Exploration and
Establishment, 1968.
Haines, Aubrey L. The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First
National Park. Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone Library
and Museum Assn., 1977. 2 vols.
Extensive coverage of the park's
origins and early years; only one 20-page chapter on post-1940
events. Appendixes list personnel and statistics to 1972.
Jurale, James A. A History of Winter Use in Yellowstone National
Park. 210 p. M.A. thesis, 1986.
Traces winter use from the park's first
winter visitors through the Army presence and early NPS ranger
activity to the modern era of mechanized oversnow transportation.
Good attention to impacts, controversies.
Vick, Denise S. Yellowstone National Park and the Education of
Adults. 344 p. Ph.D. dissertation, 1986.
Traces the course of interpretive
development and programming at Yellowstone in the broader context of
the adult education movement. Numerous interpretive documents
appended.
Yosemite
National Park
Demars, Stanford E. The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985. Salt
Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991. 168 p.
Traces public perceptions of Yosemite
(and national parks generally) from the time when romantic
impressions of nature predominated to the recent "wilderness era"
when those favoring other than wilderness emphases have been
demeaned. Environmentalists will find it heretical, for it suggests
that the NPS has done "a decent, perhaps even admirable job" but may
be siding too closely with those who feel that "the `average'
tourist should play a diminishing role in the park." A well-written
and remarkably balanced book.
Runte, Alfred. Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990. 271 p.
Focuses on management of natural
resources by the state, the Army, and the NPS. As the author
persuasively argues, science and natural resource preservation have
been subordinated to public accommodation and entertainment, with
NPS management generally aligned with the concessioners' interest in
maximizing visitation. An outstanding, critical contribution to park
history.
Russell, Carl P. One Hundred Years in Yosemite: The Story of a
Great Park and Its Friends. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1947. 175 p.
Largely devoted to pre-park discovery,
pioneers, early tourism, hotels. The portion on park administration
focuses on interpretation, with lesser attention to superintendents.
An annual chronology is appended.
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Zion National
Park
Markoff, Dena S. An Administrative History: Decision-Making That
Shaped Zion National Park, 1909 to 1981. 280 p., 1982.
Little attention to factors motivating
national monument proclamation and later national park
establishment. Omits conflict with the state over fee for Zion-Mount
Carmel Road. Unusually candid about former superintendents' personal
problems. Suffers from inadquate organization and editing.
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General and Topical Histories
The following are selected works dealing broadly
with National Park Service history or with particular
programs, functions, and concerns of the bureau. They are
valuable references both for administrative historians and
for NPS managers and staff. (Most of those without
publication data are NPS studies reproduced in limited
quantity for internal distribution.)
Albright, Horace M. Origins of National Park Service Administration
of Historic Sites. Philadelphia: Eastern National Park &
Monument Assn., 1971. 24 p.
Albright, Horace M., and Robert Cahn.
The Birth of the National Park Service: The
Founding Years, 1913-33. Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1985.
340 p.
Albright, Horace M., and Marian
Albright Schenck. Creating the National Park Service: The Missing
Years. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. 350
p.
Appleman, Roy E. A History of the National Park Service Mission
66 Program. 98 p., 1958.
Blodgett, Peter J. "Striking a Balance:
Managing Concessions in the National Parks, 1916-33." Forest & Conservation History 34, no. 2
(April 1990): 60-68.
Brockman, C. Frank. "Park Naturalists
and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through
World War II." Journal of Forest History
22, no. 1 (January 1978): 24-43.
The Conservation Foundation. National Parks for a New Generation: Visions,
Realities, Prospects. Washington: The Conservation Foundation,
1985. 407 p.
Corkern, Wilton C., Jr. Architects, Preservationists, and the New Deal:
The Historic American Buildings Survey, 1933-1942. 198 p. Ph.D.
dissertation, 1984.
Danz, Harold P., et al. Historic Listing of National Park Service
Officials. 231 p., 1991.
Dilsaver, Lary M., ed. America's National Park System: The Critical
Documents. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
1994. 470 p.
Dunlap, Thomas R. "Wildlife, Science,
and the National Parks, 1920-1940." Pacific
Historical Review 59, no. 2 (May 1990): 187-202.
Ernst, Joseph W., ed. Worthwhile Places: Correspondence of John D.
Rockefeller, Jr., and Horace M. Albright. New York: Rockefeller
Archive Center, 1991. 354 p.
Everhart, William C. The National Park Service. Boulder, CO:
Westview Press, 1983. 197 p.
Foresta, Ronald A. America's National Parks and Their Keepers.
Washington: Resources for the Future, 1985. 382 p.
Garrison, Lemuel A. The Making of a Ranger: Forty Years with the
National Parks. Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1983. 310
p.
Glass, James A. The Beginnings of a New National Historic
Preservation Program, 1957 to 1969. Nashville: American
Association for State and Local History, 1990. 82 p.
Glass, James A. The National Historic Preservation Program,
1957-1969. 893 p. Ph.D. dissertation, 1987.
Hampton, H. Duane. How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National
Parks. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971. 246
p.
Hanable, William S. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the National
Park Service: A Report on the Initial Response. 132 p.,
1990.
Hartzog, George B., Jr. Battling for the National Parks. Mt. Kisco,
NY: Moyer Bell, 1988. 284 p.
Henneberger, John W. To Protect and Preserve: A History of the
National Park Ranger. 637 p., 1965.
Hogenauer, Alan K. Gone But Not Forgotten: America's Delisted
National Park Service Sites. 78 p., 1983.
Hosmer, Charles B., Jr. Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to
the National Trust, 1926-1949. 2 vols. Charlottesville:
University Press of Virginia, 1981. 1,291 p.
Hummel, Don. Stealing the National Parks: The Destruction of
Concessions and Public Access. Bellevue, WA: Free Enterprise
Press, 1987.
Ise, John. Our
National Park Policy: A Critical History. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins Press, 1961. 701 p.
Kaufman, Polly W. "Challenging
Tradition: Pioneer Women Naturalists in the National Park Service."
Forest & Conservation History 34,
no. 1 (January 1990): 4-16.
Kaufman, Polly W. National Parks and the Woman's Voice: A
History. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996. 305
p.
Lambe, James M. Legislative History of Historic Preservation
Act of 1966. 115 p., 1967.
Lee, Ronald F. The Antiquities Act of 1906. 120 p.,
1970.
Lee, Ronald F. The Origin and Evolution of the National
Military Park Idea. 62 p., 1973.
Lewis, Ralph H. Museum Curatorship in the National Park
Service, 1904-1982. 396 p., 1993.
Lotz, David T. An Analysis of Deletions of Areas Formerly
Administered by the National Park Service. 224 p. M.S. thesis,
1976.
Lowry, William R. The Capacity for Wonder: Preserving National
Parks. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1994. 280 p.
Lyon, Edwin A. A New Deal for Southeastern Archaeology.
Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996. 352 p.
Mackintosh, Barry. "Harold L. Ickes and
the National Park Service." Journal of
Forest History 29, no. 2 (April 1985): 78-84.
Mackintosh, Barry. The Historic Sites Survey and the National
Historic Landmarks Program: A History. 141 p., 1985.
Mackintosh, Barry. Interpretation in the National Park Service: A
Historical Perspective. 117 p., 1986.
Mackintosh, Barry. The National Historic Preservation Act and the
National Park Service: A History. 135 p., 1986.
Mackintosh, Barry. National Park Service Preservation Policy: An
Exposition and Analysis. 47 p., 1974.
Mackintosh, Barry. The National Parks: Shaping the System.
Washington: National Park Service, 1991. 127 p.
Mackintosh, Barry. The United States Park Police: A
History. 72 p., 1989.
Mackintosh, Barry. Visitor Fees in the National Park System: A
Legislative and Administrative History. 135 p.,
1983.
Mattes, Merrill J. Landmarks of Liberty: A Report on the American
Revolution Bicentennial Development Program of the National Park
Service. 141 p., 1989.
McClelland, Linda Flint. Presenting Nature: The
Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916 to
1942. 314 p., 1993.
McFadden, Ralph R. From Ground Wire to Microwave: A Chronicle of
Telephone and Radio System Development in Our National Park
System. 271 p., 1991.
Miles, John C. Guardians of the Parks: A History of the
National Parks and Conservation Association. Washington: Taylor
& Francis for NPCA, 1995. 363 p.
Nash, Roderick. "The American Invention
of National Parks." American Quarterly
22 (Fall 1970): 726-35.
Nash, Roderick. Wilderness and the American Mind. 3d ed.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. 425 p.
Olsen, Russell K. Administrative History: Organizational
Structures of the National Park Service, 1917-1985. 136 p.,
1985.
Olson, Gordon C. A History of Natural Resources Management
within the National Park Service. 300 p. M.A. thesis,
1986.
Paige, John C. The Civilian Conservation Corps and the
National Park Service, 1933-1942: An Administrative History.
239 p., 1985.
Polenburg, Richard. "The Great
Conservation Contest." Journal of Forest
History 10, no. 4 (January 1967): 13-23.
Rettie, Dwight F. Our National Park System: Caring for America's
Greatest Natural and Historic Treasures. Urbana: University of
Illinois Press, 1995. 293 p.
Richardson, Elmo R. Dams, Parks, and Politics: Resource Development
and Preservation in the Truman-Eisenhower Era. Lexington:
University Press of Kentucky, 1973.
Ridenour, James M. The National Parks Compromised: Pork Barrel
Politics and America's Treasures. Merrillville, IN: ICS Books,
1994. 254 p.
Righter, Robert W. "National Monuments
to National Parks." Western Historical
Quarterly 20, no. 3 (August 1989): 281-301.
Rogers, Edmund B., comp. History of Legislation Relating to the National
Park System through the 82d Congress. Photocopies bound in
multiple volumes, 1958.
Rothman, Hal K. "Forged by One Man's
Will: Frank Pinkley and the Administration of the Southwestern
National Monuments, 1923-1932." The Public
Historian 8, no. 2 (Spring 1986): 83-100.
Rothman, Hal K. Preserving Different Pasts: The American
National Monuments. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
255 p.
Rothman, Hal K. "`A Regular Ding-Dong
Fight': Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute,
1916-1937." Western Historical Quarterly
20, no. 2 ((May 1989): 141-61.
Rothman, Hal K. "Second-Class Sites:
National Monuments and the Growth of the National Park System." Environmental Review 10, no. 1 (Spring
1986): 44-56.
Runte, Alfred. "Joseph Grinnell and
Yosemite: Rediscovering the Legacy of a California Conservationist."
California History 69, no. 2 (Summer
1990): 170-81.
Runte, Alfred. National Parks: The American Experience. 2d
ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987. 335 p.
Runte, Alfred. Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the
National Parks. Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart, 1990. 86
p.
Sax, Joseph L. Mountains Without Handrails: Reflections on the
National Parks. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
1980.
Schene, Michael G., ed. The National Park Service and Historic
Preservation. Special issue of The
Public Historian, Spring 1987. 185 p.
Sellars, Richard W., et al. "The
National Parks: A Forum on the `Worthless Lands' Thesis." Journal of Forest History 27, no. 3 (July
1983): 130-45.
Sellars, Richard W., Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A
History, Yale University Press, 1997.
Shankland, Robert. Steve Mather of the National Parks. 3d ed.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976. 346 p.
Sontag, William H., ed. National Park Service: The First 75
Years. Philadelphia: Eastern National Park and Monument
Association, 1990. 64 p.
Sumner, Lowell. "Biological Research
and Management in the National Park Service: A History." The George Wright Forum 3 (August 1983):
3-27.
Swain, Donald C. "The National Park
Service and the New Deal, 1933-1940." Pacific Historical Review 41 (August 1972):
312-32.
Swain, Donald C. "The Passage of the
National Park Service Act of 1916." Wisconsin Magazine of History 50, no. 1
(Autumn 1966): 4-17.
Swain, Donald C. Wilderness Defender: Horace M. Albright and
Conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. 347
p.
Unrau, Harlan D., and G. Frank Williss.
Administrative History: Expansion of the
National Park Service in the 1930s. 321 p., 1983.
Utley, Robert M., and Barry Mackintosh.
The Department of
Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History. 57 p.,
1989.
Watkins, T. H. Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold
L. Ickes. New York: Henry Holt, 1990. 1,010 p.
Williss, G. Frank. Administrative History: The National Park
Service and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of
1980. 322 p., 1985.
Wirth, Conrad L. Parks, Politics, and the People. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1980. 397 p.
Workman, R. Bryce. National Park Service Uniforms: Badges and
Insignia, 1894-1991. 123 p., 1991.
Workman, R. Bryce. National Park Service Uniforms: In Search of an
Identity, 1872-1920. 90 p., 1994.
Workman, R. Bryce. National Park Service Uniforms: Ironing Out the
Wrinkles, 1920-1932. 97 p., 1995.
Workman, R. Bryce. National Park Service Uniforms: Breeches,
Blouses, and Skirts, 1918-1991. 108 p., 1998.
Workman, R. Bryce. National Park Service Uniforms: The Developing
Years, 1932-1970. 150 p., 1998.
Wright, R. Gerald. Wildlife Research and Management in the
National Parks. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 224
p
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