Cosmic Rays
The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe.
Philip W. Anderson Cosmic Rays in the News Cosmic Ray Activities
Particles that bombard the Earth from anywhere beyond its atmosphere are known as cosmic rays. Cosmic rays don't take pretty pictures, but studying the quantity and type of these particles helps us to understand the acceleration processes involved and to measure the composition of the Sun, as well as sources at the far distant reaches of the galaxy.
Cosmic rays include:
This stellar evolution image is courtesy of Drs. R. Mewaldt, E. Stone, and M. Wiedenbeck of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In a part of the galaxy where the composition of the interstellar gas is much like that of our own solar system (a), a cloud of gas collapses under the influence of its own gravity, and creates a new star (b). Inside the star (c), fusion converts some of the original hydrogen and helium into particles like carbon-12 and oxygen-16. At the same time, the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nuclei that were originally present in the star's fuel are converted into heavier, neutron-rich nuclei, like neon-22 and magnesium-25. When this burning has exhausted all of the nuclear fuel in the core of the star, the star explodes as a supernova (d). The shock wave generated by the explosion produces additional heavy nuclei and ejects most of these products of nucleosynthesis back into the interstellar gas. Repetition of these events in each generation of stars steadily enriches the interstellar gas in carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and in heavy nuclei with an excess of neutrons.
Some of the nuclei in the gas are accelerated to cosmic ray speeds, possibly by the shock waves from supernovae (e). Cosmic ray acceleration could also occur directly as the supernova is ejecting matter into interstellar space, as in (d). Even more about cosmic rays:
What are cosmic rays? -- NASA GSFC "Imagine the Universe!" Cosmic Rays -- Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere Cosmic Rays -- R.A. Mewaldt, Caltech More about the interstellar medium:
From the ACE mission -- University of New Hampshire
Cosmic Rays in the News:
July 8, 2009: Thunderclouds
accelerate cosmic electrons -- Physics World
June 1, 2009: How do thunderstorms create lightning? High-energy particles from space used to probe thunderstorms -- Science Daily May 29, 2009: Theorists reveal path to true muonium -- SLAC May 14, 2009: How to catch a black hole before it eats the world -- New Scientist May 11, 2009: More 'Star Trek' than 'Snuggie': Student design to protect lunar outpost from dangerous radiation -- Eurekalert May 11, 2009: Resolving the ridge -- HEAPOW January 26, 2009: CREAM over ice -- HEAPOW December 19, 2008: Modeling radiation exposure for pilots, crew and passengers on commercial flights -- NASA October 1, 2008: The first rocket launch from Cape Canaveral -- APOD August 25, 2008: Double first for Large Hadron Collider -- Nature July 11, 2008: Japanese particle-physics leader dies -- Physics World June 5, 2008: Communications glitch delays Mars lander digging -- Physorg May 20, 2008: LHCb measures its first cosmic ray muons -- CERN May 8, 2008: Joint ESA/NASA team wins international award -- ESA April 3, 2008: 'No sun link' to climate change -- BBC News February 13, 2007: Predicting the radiation risk to ESA's astronauts -- ESA March 21, 2007: Making cosmic gamma rays -- Astronomy.com January 19, 2007: A new year for BaBar and PEP-II -- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Cosmic Ray Activities:
Grades 7 - 12: In Search of Cosmic Rays: Investigations into the Origin of Cosmic Rays - 5 activities -- University of Utah ASPIRE Project
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July 15, 2009
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