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FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts

[Main Tabs]     [Table of Contents - 6500]     [Index]     [Previous Page]     [Next Page]     [Search] 6500 - Consumer Protection {{ 4-28-00 p.7421}} COMPETITIVE EQUALITY BANKING ACT OF 1987 AN ACT To regulate nonbank banks, impose a moratorium on certain securities and insurance activities by banks, recapitalize the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, allow emergency interstate bank acquisitions, streamline credit union operations, regulate consumer checkholds, and for other purposes.   Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, * * * * * TITLE I—FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS COMPETITIVE EQUALITY * * * * * Sec. 101. AMENDMENTS TO THE BANK HOLDING COMPANY ACT OF 1956. * * * * *   (h)  1987 AMENDMENT TRANSITION RULE.—     (1)  Delay in application of amendment to certain institutions.--If--       (A)  on March 5, 1987, an institution was not a bank (as defined in section 2(c) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956), as in effect on such date; and       (B)  any person which had a controlling interest in such institution on March 5, 1987, made a public announcement before such date that the transfer or other disposition of such person's controlling interest in such institution was being considered, the institution shall not become a bank (for purposes of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956) due to the amendment made to such section 2(c) by this section before the date on which such institution fails to meet any requirement of paragraph (2).     (2)   REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION OF SUBSECTION.--This subsection shall not apply with respect to any institution described in paragraph (1) unless--       (A)  the transfer or other disposition of the controlling interest referred to in such paragraph is completed, or an agreement to make such transfer or other disposition is in effect (or is subject only to final approval by the appropriate Federal and State regulatory agencies), before the end of the 180-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this title;       (B)  a written notice by the person acquiring a controlling interest in such institution (pursuant to the transfer or other disposition described in subparagraph (A)) of such person's intention to operate such institution as an institution described in section 2(c)(2)(F) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as in effect after the enactment of this title is filed with the Board before the end of the 7-day period beginning on the later of the date of such transfer (or other disposition) or the date of the enactment of this title; and       (C)  the operation of such institution as an institution described in such section 2(c)(2)(F) begins before the end of the 180-day period beginning on the date the transfer (or other disposition) described in subparagraph (A) is completed.     (3)   CONTROLLING INTEREST.--For purposes of this subsection, a person has a controlling interest in any institution if such person controls--       (A)  such institution; or       (B)  any company which controls such institution, as determined in accordance with the provisions of subsections (b) and (g) of section 2 of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 1841 note] [Source:  Section 101(h) of title I of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 563), effective August 10, 1987] {{4-28-00 p.7422}} * * * * * TITLE II—MORATORIUM ON CERTAIN NONBANKING ACTIVITIES SEC. 201. MORATORIUM ON CERTAIN NONBANKING ACTIVITIES.   (a)  APPLICABILITY.--The provisions of this section shall apply during the period beginning on March 6, 1987, and ending on March 1, 1988.   (b)  MORATORIUM.—     (1)  A foreign bank or other company covered by subsection (c) of section 8 of the International Banking Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 3106(c)) shall not, under any provision of law which is not applicable to domestic bank holding companies, expand any activity in which it is engaged pursuant to that subsection by acquiring an interest in, or the assets of, a going concern. This paragraph shall not apply to any "domestically-controlled affiliate covered in 1978" as defined in that subsection.     (2)  A Federal banking agency may not authorize or allow by action, inaction, or otherwise any bank holding company or subsidiary or affiliate thereof, any foreign bank or other company subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1841 et seq.) under section 8(a) of the International Banking Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 3106(a)), or any insured bank or subsidiary or affiliate thereof to engage in the United States to any extent whatever--       (A)  in the flotation, underwriting, public sale, dealing in, or distribution of securities if that approval would require the agency to determine that the entity which would conduct such activities would not be engaged principally in such activities,       (B)  in any securities activity not legally authorized in writing prior to March 5, 1987, or       (C)  in the operation of a nondealer marketplace in options. Subparagraph (B) shall not affect (i) activities in which any bank holding company or subsidiary or affiliate thereof, any foreign bank or other company subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 under section 8(a) of the International Banking Act of 1978, or any insured bank or subsidiary or affiliate thereof acts only as an agent; (ii) activities which had been lawfully engaged in prior to March 5, 1987; or (iii) sales or transactions closed on or before June 30, 1987.     (3)  A Federal banking agency may not issue any rule, regulation, or order that would have the effect of increasing the insurance powers of banks, bank holding companies, foreign banks or other companies subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 under section 8(a) of the International Banking Act of 1978, or banking or nonbanking subsidiaries thereof with respect to any activities in the United States, either with respect to specific banks or bank holding companies or subsidiaries thereof or generally beyond those expressly authorized for bank holding companies under subparagraphs (A) through (G) of section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1843(c)(8)(A) through (G)).     (4)  Except as provided in section 3(f) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1842(f)), as added by section 101(d) of this Act, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may not approve the acquisition by a bank holding company or by a foreign bank or other company subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 under section 8(a) of the International Banking Act of 1978, of any company, including a State-chartered bank, unless the bank holding company, foreign bank, or other company has agreed to limit the insurance activities in the United States of the company to be acquired to those permissible under section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. This paragraph shall not apply to the acquisition of a State-chartered bank that upon acquisition would be subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, pursuant to a reorganization plan under which the stockholders of the bank exchange their shares for shares in a newly created bank holding company which is not a subsidiary of any other company or to the acquisition of a State-chartered bank by a bank holding company that on March 6, 1987, controlled one or more State-chartered banks that have engaged in insurance activities {{4-28-00 p.7423}}identical to those of the newly acquired institution so long as the bank holding company agrees that it will--       (A)  within 2 years of the consummation of its acquisition of the State-chartered bank, divest or terminate that bank's impermissible insurance activities, and       (B)  limit the bank's insurance activities during that 2-year period to the renewal of existing policies.     (5)  A national bank or a Federal branch or agency of a foreign bank may not expand its insurance agency activities pursuant to the Act of September 7, 1916 (12 U.S.C. 92), into places where it was not conducting such activities as of March 5, 1987.     (6)  A Federal banking agency may not issue any rule, regulation, or order that would have the effect of increasing real estate powers in the United States of banks, bank holding companies, foreign banks or other companies subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 under section 8(a) of the International Banking Act of 1978, or of any banking or nonbanking subsidiaries of any such banks or companies.   (c)  DEFINITIONS--As used in this section and section 202--     (1)  the term "affiliate" has the same meaning as in section 2(j)(2) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1841(j)(2)), as added by section 101(a) of this Act;     (2)  the term "bank holding company" has the same meaning as in section 2(a) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1841(a));     (3)  the term "Federal banking agency" has the same meaning as the term "appropriate Federal banking agency" has in section 3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(q)); and     (4)  the term "insured bank" has the same meaning as in section 3(h) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(h)).   (d)  INSURANCE AUTHORITY OF BANKING ORGANIZATIONS.--Nothing in this section may be construed to increase or reduce the insurance authority of bank holding companies or banking or nonbanking subsidiaries thereof or of national banks under current law.   (e)  Insurance Authority of Certain State-Chartered Banks.--     (1)  FREESTANDING STATE-CHARTERED BANKS.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to deny any State the authority to permit its State-chartered banks that are not controlled by bank holding companies from engaging in any insurance activity.     (2)  State-chartered subsidiaries of bank holding companies.--In addition, neither the existence of the moratorium nor its expiration shall be construed to increase, decrease, or affect in any way the authority of State-chartered bank subsidiaries of bank holding companies with respect to insurance activities. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 1841 note] [Source:  Section 201 of title II of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 581 to 583), effective August 10, 1987] SEC. 202. AUTHORITY OF FEDERAL BANKING AGENCIES.   Nothing in section 201 may be construed to prevent a Federal banking agency from issuing any rule, regulation, or order pursuant to its legal authority in existence on the day preceding the date of enactment of this Act to expand the securities, insurance, or real estate powers of banks or bank holding companies that are subject to the moratorium established under section 201 if the effective date of such rule, regulation, or order is delayed until the expiration of such moratorium. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 1841 note] [Source:  Section 202 of title II of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 584), effective August 10, 1987] {{4-28-00 p.7424}} * * * * * TITLE VI—EXPEDITED FUNDS AVAILABILITY SEC. 601. SHORT TITLE.   This title may be cited as the "Expedited Funds Availability Act". [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4001 note] [Source:  Section 601 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 635), effective August 10, 1987] SEC. 602. DEFINITIONS.   For purposes of this title--     (1)   ACCOUNT.--The term "account" means a demand deposit account or other similar transaction account at a depository institution.     (2)   BOARD.--The term "Board" means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.     (3)   BUSINESS DAY.--The term "business day" means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.     (4)   CASH.--The term "cash" means United States coins and currency, including Federal Reserve notes.     (5)   CASHIER'S CHECK.--The term "cashier's check" means any check which--       (A)  is drawn on a depository institution;       (B)  is signed by an officer or employee of such depository institution; and       (C)  is a direct obligation of such depository institution.     (6)   CERTIFIED CHECK.--The term "certified check" means any check with respect to which a depository institution certifies that--       (A)  the signature on the check is genuine; and       (B)  such depository institution has set aside funds which--         (i)  are equal to the amount of the check; and         (ii)  will be used only to pay such check.     (7)  CHECK.--The term "check" means any negotiable demand draft drawn on or payable through an office of a depository institution located in the United States. Such term does not include noncash items.     (8)  CHECK CLEARINGHOUSE ASSOCIATION.--The term "check clearinghouse association" means any arrangement by which participant depository institutions exchange deposited checks on a local basis, including an entire metropolitan area, without using the check processing facilities of the Federal Reserve System.     (9)  CHECK PROCESSING REGION.--The term "check processing region" means the geographical area served by a Federal Reserve bank check processing center or such larger area as the Board may prescribe by regulations.     (10)  CONSUMER ACCOUNT.--The term "consumer account" means any account used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.     (11)  DEPOSITORY CHECK.--The term "depository check" means any cashier's check, certified check, teller's check, and any other functionally equivalent instrument as determined by the Board.     (12)  DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION.--The term "depository institution" has the meaning given such term in clauses (i) through (vi) of section 19(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Reserve Act. Such term also includes an office, branch, or agency of a foreign bank located in the United States.     (13)  LOCAL ORIGINATING DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION.--The term "local originating depository institution" means any originating depository institution which is located in the same check processing region as the receiving depository institution.     (14)  NONCASH ITEM.--The term "noncash item" means--       (A)  a check or other demand item to which a passbook, certificate, or other document is attached; {{4-28-00 p.7425}}       (B)  a check or other demand item which is accompanied by special instructions, such as a request for special advise of payment or dishonor; or       (C)  any similar item which is otherwise classified as a noncash item in regulations of the Board.     (15)  NONLOCAL ORIGINATING DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION.--The term "nonlocal originating depository institution" means any originating depository institution which is not a local depository institution.     (16)  PROPRIETARY ATM.--The term "proprietary ATM" means an automated teller machine which is--       (A)  located--         (i)  at or adjacent to a branch of the receiving depository institution; or         (ii)  in close proximity, as defined by the Board, to a branch of the receiving depository institution; or       (B)  owned by, operated exclusively for, or operated by the receiving depository institution.     (17)  ORIGINATING DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION.--The term "originating depository institution" means the branch of a depository institution on which a check is drawn.     (18)  NONPROPRIETARY ATM.--The term "nonproprietary ATM" means an automated teller machine which is not a proprietary ATM.     (19)  PARTICIPANT.--The term "participant" means a depository institution which--       (A)  is located in the same geographic area as that served by a check clearinghouse association; and       (B)  exchanges checks through the check clearinghouse association, either directly or through an intermediary.     (20)  RECEIVING DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION.--The term "receiving depository institution" means the branch of a depository institution or the proprietary ATM in which a check is first deposited.     (21)  STATE.--The term "State" means any State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands.     (22)  TELLER'S CHECK.--The term "teller's check" means any check issued by a depository institution and drawn on another depository institution.     (23)  UNITED STATES.--The term "United States" means the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.     (24)  UNIT OF GENERAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT.--The term "unit of general local government" means any city, county, town, township, parish, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State.     (25)  WIRE TRANSFER.--The term "wire transfer" has such meaning as the Board shall prescribe by regulations. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4001] [Source:  Section 602 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 635 to 637), effective August 10, 1987] SEC. 603. EXPEDITED FUNDS AVAILABILITY SCHEDULES.   (a)  NEXT BUSINESS DAY AVAILABILITY FOR CERTAIN DEPOSITS.--     (1)  CASH DEPOSITS; WIRE TRANSFERS.--Except as provided in subsection (e) and in section 604, in any case in which--       (A)  any cash is deposited in an account at a receiving depository institution staffed by individuals employed by such institution, or       (B)  funds are received by a depository institution by wire transfer for deposit in an account at such institution, such cash or funds shall be available for withdrawal not later than the business day after the business day on which such cash is deposited or such funds are received for deposit. {{4-28-00 p.7426}}     (2)  GOVERNMENT CHECKS; CERTAIN OTHER CHECKS.--Funds deposited in an account at a depository institution by check shall be available for withdrawal not later than the business day after the business day on which such funds are deposited in the case of--       (A)  a check which--         (i)  is drawn on the Treasury of the United States; and         (ii)  is endorsed only by the person to whom it was issued;       (B)  a check which--         (i)  is drawn by a State;         (ii)  is deposited in a receiving depository institution which is located in such State and is staffed by individuals employed by such institution;         (iii)  is deposited with a special deposit slip which indicates it is a check drawn by a State; and         (iv)  is endorsed only by the person to whom it was issued;       (C)  a check which--         (i)  is drawn by a unit of general local government;         (ii)  is deposited in a receiving depository institution which is located in the same State as such unit of general local government and is staffed by individuals employed by such institution;         (iii)  is deposited with a special deposit slip which indicates it is a check drawn by a unit of general local government; and         (iv)  is endorsed only by the person to whom it was issued;       (D)  the first $100 deposited by check or checks on any one business day;       (E)  a check deposited in a branch of a depository institution and drawn on the same or another branch of the same depository institution if both such branches are located in the same State or the same check processing region;       (F)  a cashier's check, certified check, teller's check, or depository check which--         (i)  is deposited in a receiving depository institution which is staffed by individuals employed by such institution;         (ii)  is deposited with a special deposit slip which indicates it is a cashier's check, certified check, teller's check, or depository check, as the case may be; and         (iii)  is endorsed only by the person to whom it was issued.   (b)  PERMANENT SCHEDULE.—     (1)  Availability of funds deposited by local checks.--Subject to paragraph (3) of this subsection, subsections (a)(2), (d), and (e) of this section, and section 604, not more than 1 business day shall intervene between the business day on which funds are deposited in an account at a depository institution by a check drawn on a local originating depository institution and the business day on which the funds involved are available for withdrawal.     (2)  Availability of funds deposited by nonlocal checks.--Subject to paragraph (3) of this subsection, subsections (a)(2),(d), and (e) of this section, and section 604, not more than 4 business days shall intervene between the business day on which funds are deposited in an account at a depository institution by a check drawn on a nonlocal originating depository institution and the business day on which such funds are available for withdrawal.     (3)  Time period adjustments for cash withdrawal of certain checks.—       (A)  IN GENERAL.--Except as provided in subparagraph (B), funds deposited in an account in a depository institution by check (other than a check described in subsection (a)(2)) shall be available for cash withdrawal not later than the business day after the business day on which such funds otherwise are available under paragraph (1) or (2).       (B)  5 p.m. CASH AVAILABILITY.--Not more than $400 (or the maximum amount allowable in the case of a withdrawal from an automated teller machine but not more than $400) of funds deposited by one or more checks to which this paragraph applies shall be available for cash withdrawal not later than 5 o'clock post meridian of the business day on which such funds are available under paragraph (1) or (2). If funds deposited by checks described in both paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) become available for cash withdrawal {{4-28-00 p.7427}}under this paragraph on the same business day, the limitation contained in this subparagraph shall apply to the aggregate amount of such funds.       (C)  $100 AVAILABILITY.--Any amount available for withdrawal under this paragraph shall be in addition to the amount available under subsection (a)(2)(D).     (4)  APPLICABILITY.--This subsection shall apply with respect to funds deposited by check in an account at a depository institution on or after September 1, 1990, except that the Board may, by regulation, make this subsection or any part of this subsection applicable earlier than September 1, 1990.   (c)  TEMPORARY SCHEDULE.--     (1)  AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL CHECKS.--       (A)  IN GENERAL.--Subject to subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, subsections (a)(2), (d), and (e) of this section, and section 604, not more than 2 business days shall intervene between the business day on which funds are deposited in an account at a depository institution by a check drawn on a local originating depository institution and the business day on which such funds are available for withdrawal.       (B)  Time period adjustment for cash withdrawal of certain checks.--         (i)  IN GENERAL.--Except as provided in clause (ii), funds deposited in an account in a depository institution by check drawn on a local depository institution that is not a participant in the same check clearinghouse association as the receiving depository institution (other than a check described in subsection (a)(2)) shall be available for cash withdrawal not later than the business day after the business day on which such funds otherwise are available under subparagraph (A).         (ii)  5 p.m. CASH AVAILABILITY.--Not more than $400 (or the maximum amount allowable in the case of a withdrawal from an automated teller machine but not more than $400) of funds deposited by one or more checks to which this subparagraph applies shall be available for cash withdrawal not later than 5 o'clock post meridian of the business day on which such funds are available under subparagraph (A).         (iii)  $100 AVAILABILITY.--Any amount available for withdrawal under this subparagraph shall be in addition to the amount available under subsection (a)(2)(D).     (2)  AVAILABILITY OF NONLOCAL CHECKS.--Subject to subsections (a)(2), (d), and (e) of this section and section 604, not more than 6 business days shall intervene between the business day on which funds are deposited in an account at a depository institution by a check drawn on a nonlocal originating depository institution and the business day on which such funds are available for withdrawal.     (3)  APPLICABILITY.--This subsection shall apply with respect to funds deposited by check in an account at a depository institution after August 31, 1988, and before September 1, 1990, except as may be otherwise provided under subsection (b)(4).   (d)  TIME PERIOD ADJUSTMENTS.—     (1)  REDUCTION GENERALLY.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Board shall, by regulation, reduce the time periods established under subsections (b), (c), and (e) to as short a time as possible and equal to the period of time achievable under the improved check clearing system for a receiving depository institution to reasonably expect to learn of the nonpayment of most items for each category of checks.     (2)  Extension for certain deposits in noncontiguous states or territories.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any time period established under subsection (b), (c), or (e) shall be extended by 1 business day in the case of any deposit which is both--       (A)  deposited in an account at a depository institution which is located in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands; and       (B)  deposited by a check drawn on an originating depository institution which is not located in the same State, commonwealth, or territory as the receiving depository institution.   (e)  DEPOSITS AT AN ATM.—     (1)  Nonproprietary atm.—;       (A)  IN GENERAL.--Not more than 4 business days shall intervene between the business day a deposit described in subparagraph (B) is made at a nonproprietary {{4-28-00 p.7428}}automated teller machine (for deposit in an account at a depository institution) and the business day on which funds from such deposit are available for withdrawal.       (B)  DEPOSITS DESCRIBED IN THIS PARAGRAPH.--A deposit is described in this subparagraph if it is--         (i)  a cash deposit;         (ii)  a deposit made by a check described in subsection (a)(2);         (iii)  a deposit made by a check drawn on a local originating depository institution (other than a check described in subsection (a)(2)); or         (iv)  a deposit made by a check drawn on a nonlocal originating depository institution (other than a check described in subsection (a)(2)).     (2)  Proprietary atm.—temporary and permanent schedules.--The provisions of subsections (a), (b), and (c) shall apply with respect to any funds deposited at a proprietary automated teller machine for deposit in an account at a depository institution.     (3)  STUDY AND REPORT ON ATM'S.--The Board shall, either directly or through the Consumer Advisory Council, establish and maintain a dialogue with depository institutions and their suppliers on the computer software and hardware available for use by automated teller machines, and shall, not later than September 1 of each of the first 3 calendar years beginning after the date of the enactment of this title, report to the Congress regarding such software and hardware and regarding the potential for improving the processing of automated teller machine deposits.   (f)  CHECK RETURN; NOTICE OF NONPAYMENT.--No provision of this section shall be construed as requiring that, with respect to all checks deposited in a receiving depository institution--     (1)  such checks be physically returned to such depository institution; or     (2)  any notice of nonpayment of any such check be given to such depository institution within the times set forth in subsection (a), (b), (c), or (e) or in the regulations issued under any such subsection. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4002] [Source:  Section 603 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 637 to 642), effective September 1, 1988; as amended by section 1001 of title X of the Act of November 28, 1990 (Pub. L. No. 101--625; 104 Stat. 4424), effective November 28, 1990; sections 227(a) and (b)(1) of title II of the Act of December 19, 1991 (Pub. L. No. 102--242; 105 Stat. 2307 and 2308, respectively), effective December 19, 1991] SEC. 604. SAFEGUARD EXCEPTIONS.   (a)  NEW ACCOUNTS.--Notwithstanding section 603, in the case of any account established at a depository institution by a new depositor, the following provisions shall apply with respect to any deposit in such account during the 30-day period (or such shorter period as the Board may establish) beginning on the date such account is established--     (1)  Next business day availability of cash and certain items.--Except as provided in paragraph (3), in the case of--       (A)  any cash deposited in such account;       (B)  any funds received by such depository institution by wire transfer for deposit in such account;       (C)  any funds deposited in such account by cashier's check, certified check, teller's check, depository check, or traveler's check; and       (D)  any funds deposited by a government check which is described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of section 603(a)(2), such cash or funds shall be available for withdrawal on the business day after the business day on which such cash or funds are deposited or, in the case of a wire transfer, on the business day after the business day on which such funds are received for deposit.     (2)  AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ITEMS.--In the case of any funds deposited in such account by a check (other than a check described in subparagraph (C) or (D) of paragraph {{4-28-00 p.7428.01}}(1)), the availability for withdrawal of such funds shall not be subject to the provisions of section 603(b), 603(c), or paragraphs (1) of section 603(e).     (3)  Limitation relating to certain checks in excess of $5,000.--In the case of funds deposited in such account during such period by checks described in subparagraph (C) or (D) of paragraph (1) the aggregate amount of which exceeds $5,000--       (A)  paragraph (1) shall apply only with respect to the first $5,000 of such aggregate amount; and       (B)  not more than 8 business days shall intervene between the business day on which any such funds are deposited and the business day on which such excess amount shall be available for withdrawal.   (b)  LARGE OR REDEPOSITED CHECKS; REPEATED OVERDRAFTS.--The Board may, by regulation, establish reasonable exceptions to any time limitation established under subsection (a)(2), (b), (c), or (e) of section 603 for--     (1)  the amount of deposits by one or more checks that exceeds the amount of $5,000 in any one day;     (2)  checks that have been returned unpaid and redeposited; and     (3)  deposit accounts which have been overdrawn repeatedly.   (c)  REASONABLE CAUSE EXCEPTION.--     (1)  IN GENERAL.--In accordance with regulations which the Board shall prescribe, subsections (a)(2), (b), (c), and (e) of section 603 shall not apply with respect to any check deposited in an account at a depository institution if the receiving depository institution has reasonable cause to believe that the check is uncollectible from the originating depository institution. For purposes of the preceding sentence, reasonable cause to believe requires the existence of facts which would cause a well-grounded belief in the mind of a reasonable person. Such reasons shall be included in the notice required under subsection (f).     (2)  BASIS FOR DETERMINATION.--No determination under this subsection may be based on any class of checks or persons.     (3)  OVERDRAFT FEES.--If the receiving depository institution determines that a check deposited in an account is a check described in paragraph (1), the receiving depository institution shall not assess any fee for any subsequent overdraft with respect to such account, if--       (A)  the depositor was not provided with the written notice required under subsection (f) (with respect to such determination) at the time the deposit was made;       (B)  the overdraft would not have occurred but for the fact that the funds so deposited are not available; and       (C)  the amount of the check is collected from the originating depository institution.     (4)  COMPLIANCE.--Each agency referred to in section 610(a) shall monitor compliance with the requirements of this subsection in each regular examination of a depository institution and shall describe in each report to the Congress the extent to which this subsection is being complied with. For the purpose of this paragraph, each depository institution shall retain a record of each notice provided under subsection (f) as a result of the application of this subsection.   (d)  EMERGENCY CONDITIONS.--Subject to such regulations as the Board may prescribe, subsections (a)(2), (b), (c), and (e) of section 603 shall not apply to funds deposited by check in any receiving depository institution in the case of--     (1)  any interruption of communication facilities;     (2)  suspension of payments by another depository institution;     (3)  any war; or     (4)  any emergency condition beyond the control of the receiving depository institution, if the receiving depository institution exercises such diligence as the circumstances require.   (e)  PREVENTION OF FRAUD LOSSES.-- {{4-28-00 p.7428.02}}     (1)  IN GENERAL.--The Board may, by regulation or order, suspend the applicability of this title, or any portion thereof, to any classification of checks if the Board determines that--       (A)  depository institutions are experiencing an unacceptable level of losses due to check-related fraud, and       (B)  suspension of this title, or such portion of this title, with regard to the classification of checks involved in such fraud is necessary to diminish the volume of such fraud.     (2)  SUNSET PROVISION.--No regulation prescribed or order issued under paragraph (1) shall remain in effect for more than 45 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, legal holidays, or any day either House of Congress is not in session).     (3)  REPORT TO CONGRESS.--       (A)  NOTICE OF EACH SUSPENSION.--Within 10 days of prescribing any regulation or issuing any order under paragraph (1), the Board shall transmit a report of such action to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate.       (B)  CONTENTS OF REPORT.--Each report under subparagraph (A) shall contain--         (i)  the specific reason for prescribing the regulation or issuing the order;         (ii)  evidence considered by the Board in making the determination under paragraph (1) with respect to such regulation or order; and         (iii)  specific examples of the check-related fraud giving rise to such regulation or order.   (f)  Notice of Exception; Availability Within Reasonable Time.--     (1)  IN GENERAL.--If any exception contained in this section (other than subsection (a)) applies with respect to funds deposited in an account at a depository institution--       (A)  the depository institution shall provide notice in the manner provided in paragraph (2) of--         (i)  the time period within which the funds shall be made available for withdrawal; and         (ii)  the reason the exception was invoked; and       (B)  except where other time periods are specifically provided in this title, the availability of the funds deposited shall be governed by the policy of the receiving depository institution, but shall not exceed a reasonable period of time as determined by the Board.     (2)  TIME FOR NOTICE.--The notice required under paragraph (1)(A) with respect to a deposit to which an exception contained in this section applies shall be made by the time provided in the following subparagraphs:       (A)  In the case of a deposit made in person by the depositor at the receiving depository institution, the depository institution shall immediately provide such notice in writing to the depositor.       (B)  In the case of any other deposit (other than a deposit described in subparagraph (C)), the receiving depository institution shall mail the notice to the depositor not later than the close of the next business day following the business day on which the deposit is received.       (C)  In the case of a deposit to which subsection (d) or (e) applies, notice shall be provided by the depository institution in accordance with regulations of the Board.     (3)  SUBSEQUENT DETERMINATIONS.--If the facts upon which the determination of the applicability of an exception contained in subsection (b) or (c) to any deposit only become known to the receiving depository institution after the time notice is required under paragraph (2) with respect to such deposit, the depository institution shall mail such notice to the depositor as soon as practicable, but not later than the first business day following the day such facts become known to the depository institution.       (D)  In the case of a deposit to which subsection (b)(1) or (b)(2) applies, the depository institution may, for nonconsumer accounts and other classes of accounts, as {{4-28-00 p.7428.03}}defined by the Board, that generally have a large number of such deposits, provide notice at or before the time it first determines that the subsection applies.       (E)  In the case of a deposit to which subsection (b)(3) applies, the depository institution may, subject to regulations of the Board, provide notice at the beginning of each time period it determines that the subsection applies. In addition to the requirements contained in paragraph (1)(A), the notice shall specify the time period for which the exception will apply. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4003] [Source:  Section 604 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 642 to 644), effective September 1, 1988; amended by sections 225 and 227(b)(1) of title II of the Act of December 19, 1991 (Pub. L. No. 102--242; 105 Stat. 2307 and 2308, respectively), effective December 19, 1991] SEC. 605. DISCLOSURE OF FUNDS AVAILABILITY POLICIES.   (a)  NOTICE FOR NEW ACCOUNTS.--Before an account is opened at a depository institution, the depository institution shall provide written notice to the potential customer of the specific policy of such depository institution with respect to when a customer may withdraw funds deposited into the customer's account.   (b)  PREPRINTED DEPOSIT SLIPS.--All preprinted deposit slips that a depository institution furnishes to its customers shall contain a summary notice, as prescribed by the Board in regulations, that deposited items may not be available for immediate withdrawal.   (c)  MAILING OF NOTICE.--     (1)  FIRST MAILING AFTER ENACTMENT.--In the first regularly scheduled mailing to customers occurring after the effective date of this section, but not more than 60 days after such effective date, each depository institution shall send a written notice containing the specific policy of such depository institution with respect to when a customer may withdraw funds deposited into such customer's account, unless the depository institution has provided a disclosure which meets the requirements of this section before such effective date.     (2)  SUBSEQUENT CHANGES.--A depository institution shall send a written notice to customers at least 30 days before implementing any change to the depository institution's policy with respect to when customers may withdraw funds deposited into consumer accounts, except that any change which expedites the availability of such funds shall be disclosed not later than 30 days after implementation.     (3)  UPON REQUEST.--Upon the request of any person, a depository institution shall provide or send such person a written notice containing the specific policy of such depository institution with respect to when a customer may withdraw funds deposited into a customer's account.   (d)  POSTING OF NOTICE.--     (1)  SPECIFIC NOTICE AT MANNED TELLER STATIONS.--Each depository institution shall post, in a conspicuous place in each location where deposits are accepted by individuals employed by such depository institution, a specific notice which describes the time periods applicable to the availability of funds deposited in a consumer account.     (2)  GENERAL NOTICE AT AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINES.--In the case of any automated teller machine at which any funds are received for deposit in an account at any depository institution, the Board shall prescribe, by regulations, that the owner or operator of such automated teller machine shall post or provide a general notice that funds deposited in such machine may not be immediately available for withdrawal.   (e)  NOTICE OF INTEREST PAYMENT POLICY.--If a depository institution described in section 606(b) begins the accrual of interest or dividends at a later date than the date described in section 606(a) with respect to all funds, including cash, deposited in an interest-bearing account at such depository institution, any notice required to be provided under subsections (a) and (c) shall contain a written description of the time at which such depository institution begins to accrue interest or dividends on such funds. {{4-28-00 p.7428.04}}   (f)  MODEL DISCLOSURE FORMS.--     (1)  PREPARED BY BOARD.--The Board shall publish model disclosure forms and clauses for common transactions to facilitate compliance with the disclosure requirements of this section and to aid customers by utilizing readily understandable language.     (2)  USE OF FORMS TO ACHIEVE COMPLIANCE.--A depository institution shall be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section if such institution--       (A)  uses any appropriate model form or clause as published by the Board, or       (B)  uses any such model form or clause and changes such form or clause by--         (i)  deleting any information which is not required by this title; or         (ii)  rearranging the format.     (3)  VOLUNTARY USE.--Nothing in this title requires the use of any such model form or clause prescribed by the Board under this subsection.     (4)  NOTICE AND COMMENT.--Model disclosure forms and clauses shall be adopted by the Board only after notice duly given in the Federal Register and an opportunity for public comment in accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4004] [Source:  Section 605 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 644 to 646), effective September 1, 1988] SEC. 606. PAYMENT OF INTEREST.   (a)  IN GENERAL.--Except as provided in subsection (b) or (c) and notwithstanding any other provision of law, interest shall accrue on funds deposited in an interest-bearing account at a depository institution beginning not later than the business day on which the depository institution receives provisional credit for such funds.   (b)  SPECIAL RULE FOR CREDIT UNIONS.--Subsection (a) shall not apply to an account at a depository institution described in section 19(b)(1)(A)(iv) of the Federal Reserve Act if the depository institution--     (1)  begins the accrual of interest or dividends at a later date than the date described in subsection (a) with respect to all funds, including cash, deposited in such account; and     (2)  provides notice of the interest payment policy in the manner required under section 605(e).   (c)  EXCEPTION FOR CHECKS RETURNED UNPAID.--No provision of this title shall be construed as requiring the payment of interest or dividends on funds deposited by a check which is returned unpaid. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4005] [Source:  Section 606 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 646), effective September 1, 1988] SEC. 607. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.   (a)  AFTER-HOURS DEPOSITS.--For purposes of this title, any deposit which is made on a Saturday, Sunday, legal holiday, or after the close of business on any business day shall be deemed to have been made on the next business day.   (b)  AVAILABILITY AT START OF BUSINESS DAY.--Except as provided in subsections (b)(3) and (c)(1)(B) of section 603, if any provision of this title requires that funds be available for withdrawal on any business day, such funds shall be available for withdrawal at the start of such business day.   (c)  EFFECT ON POLICIES OF DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS.--No provision of this title shall be construed as--     (1)  prohibiting a depository institution from making funds available for withdrawal in a shorter period of time than the period of time required by this title; or     (2)  affecting a depository institution's right--       (A)  to accept or reject a check for deposit; {{4-28-00 p.7428.05}}       (B)  to revoke any provisional settlement made by the depository institution with respect to a check accepted by such institution for deposit;       (C)  to charge back the depositor's account for the amount of such check; or       (D)  to claim a refund of such provisional credit.   (d)  Prohibition on Freezing Certain Funds in an Account.--In any case in which a check is deposited in an account at a depository institution and the funds represented by such check are not yet available for withdrawal pursuant to this title, the depository institution may not freeze any other funds in such account (which are otherwise available for withdrawal pursuant to this title) solely because the funds so deposited are not yet available for withdrawal.   (e)  Employee Training on and Compliance With the Requirements of This Title.--Each depository institution shall--     (1)  take such actions as may be necessary fully to inform each employee (who performs duties subject to the requirements of this title) of the requirements of this title; and     (2)  establish and maintain procedures reasonably designed to assure and monitor employee compliance with such requirements. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4006] [Source:  Section 607 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 646), effective August 10, 1987] SEC. 608. EFFECT ON STATE LAW.   (a)  IN GENERAL.--Any law or regulation of any State in effect on September 1, 1989, which requires that funds deposited or received for deposit in an account at a depository institution chartered by such State be made available for withdrawal in a shorter period of time than the period of time provided in this title or in regulations prescribed by the Board under this title (as in effect on September 1, 1989) shall--     (1)  supersede the provisions of this title and any regulations by the Board to the extent such provisions relate to the time by which funds deposited or received for deposit in an account shall be available for withdrawal; and     (2)  apply to all federally insured depository institutions located within such State.   (b)  OVERRIDE OF CERTAIN STATE LAWS.--Except as provided in subsection (a), this title and regulations prescribed under this title shall supersede any provision of the law of any State, including the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect in such State, which is inconsistent with this title or such regulations. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4007] [Source:  Section 608 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 647), effective August 10, 1987] SEC. 609. REGULATIONS AND REPORTS BY BOARD.   (a)  IN GENERAL.--After notice and opportunity to submit comment in accordance with section 553(c) of title 5, United States Code, the Board shall prescribe regulations--     (1)  to carry out the provisions of this title;     (2)  to prevent the circumvention or evasion of such provisions; and     (3)  to facilitate compliance with such provisions.   (b)  Regulations Relating to Improvement of Check Processing System.--In order to improve the check processing system, the Board shall consider (among other proposals) requiring, by regulation, that--     (1)  depository institutions be charged based upon notification that a check or similar instrument will be presented for payment;     (2)  the Federal Reserve banks and depository institutions provide for check truncation;     (3)  depository institutions be provided incentives to return items promptly to the depository institution of first deposit; {{4-28-00 p.7428.06}}     (4)  the Federal Reserve banks and depository institutions take such actions as are necessary to automate the process of returning unpaid checks;     (5)  each depository institution and Federal Reserve bank--       (A)  place its endorsement, and other notations specified in regulations of the Board, on checks in the positions specified in such regulations; and       (B)  take such actions as are necessary to--         (i)  automate the process of reading endorsements; and         (ii)  eliminate unnecessary endorsements;     (6)  within one business day after an originating depository institution is presented a check (for more than such minimum amount as the Board may prescribe)--       (A)  such originating depository institution determines whether it will pay such check; and       (B)  if such originating depository institution determines that it will not pay such check, such originating depository institution directly notify the receiving depository institution of such determination;     (7)  regardless of where a check is cleared initially, all returned checks be eligible to be returned through the Federal Reserve System;     (8)  Federal Reserve banks and depository institutions participate in the development and implementation of an electronic clearinghouse process to the extent the Board determines, pursuant to the study under subsection (f), that such a process is feasible; and     (9)  originating depository institutions be permitted to return unpaid checks directly to, and obtain reimbursement for such checks directly from, the receiving depository institution.   (c)  Regulatory Responsibility of Board for Payment System.—     (1)  RESPONSIBILITY FOR PAYMENT SYSTEM.--In order to carry out the provisions of this title, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall have the responsibility to regulate--       (A)  any aspect of the payment system, including the receipt, payment, collection, or clearing of checks; and       (B)  any related function of the payment system with respect to checks.     (2)  REGULATIONS.--The Board shall prescribe such regulations as it may determine to be appropriate to carry out its responsibility under paragraph (1).   (d)  Reports.--     (1)  IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS REPORTS.—       (A)  REQUIRED REPORTS.--The Board shall transmit a report to both Houses of the Congress not later than 18, 30, and 48 months after the date of the enactment of this title.       (B)  CONTENTS OF REPORT.--Each such report shall describe--         (i)  the actions taken and progress made by the Board to implement the schedules established in section 603, and         (ii)  the impact of this title on consumers and depository institutions.     (2)  EVALUATION OF TEMPORARY SCHEDULE REPORT.—       (A)  REPORT REQUIRED.--The Board shall transmit a report to both Houses of the Congress not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this title regarding the effects the temporary schedule established under section 603(c) have had on depository institutions and the public.       (B)  CONTENTS OF REPORT.--Such report shall also assess the potential impact the implementation of the schedule established in section 603(b) will have on depository institutions and the public, including an estimate of the risks to and losses of depository institutions and the benefits to consumers. Such report shall also contain such recommendations for legislative or administrative action as the Board may determine to be necessary.     (3)  COMPTROLLER GENERAL EVALUATION REPORT.--Not later than 6 months after section 603(b) takes effect, the Comptroller General of the United States shall transmit a report to the Congress evaluating the implementation and administration of this title.   (e)  CONSULTATION.--In prescribing regulations under subsections (a) and (b), the Board shall consult with the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Directors of the {{4-28-00 p.7428.07}}Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, and the National Credit Union Administration Board.   (f)  ELECTRONIC CLEARINGHOUSE STUDY.—     (1)  STUDY REQUIRED.--The Board shall study the feasibility of modernizing and accelerating the check payment system through the development of an electronic clearinghouse process utilizing existing telecommunications technology to avoid the necessity of actual presentment of the paper instrument to a payor institution before such institution is charged for the item.     (2)  CONSULTATION; FACTORS TO BE STUDIED.--In connection with the study required under paragraph (1), the Board shall--       (A)  consult with appropriate experts in telecommunications technology; and       (B)  consider all practical and legal impediments to the development of an electronic clearinghouse process.     (3)  REPORT REQUIRED.--The Board shall report its conclusions to the Congress within 9 months of the date of the enactment of this title. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4008] [Source:  Section 609 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 647 to 649), effective August 10, 1987] SEC. 610. ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT.   (a)  ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT.--Compliance with the requirements imposed under this title, including regulations prescribed by and orders issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System under this title, shall be enforced under--     (1)  section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, in the case of--       (A)  national banks, and Federal branches and Federal agencies of foreign banks, by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency;       (B)  member banks of the Federal Reserve System (other than national banks), and offices, branches, and agencies of foreign banks located in the United States (other than Federal branches, Federal agencies, and insured State branches of foreign banks), by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; and       (C)  banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (other than members of the Federal Reserve System) and insured State branches of foreign banks, by the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;     (2)  section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, by the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision in the case of savings associations the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; and     (3)  the Federal Credit Union Act, by the National Credit Union Administration Board with respect to any Federal credit union or insured credit union.   The terms used in paragraph (1) that are not defined in this title or otherwise defined in section 3(s) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(s)) shall have the meaning given to them in section 1(b) of the International Banking Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 3101).   (b)  ADDITIONAL POWERS.—     (1)  Violation of this title treated as violation of other acts.--For purposes of the exercise by any agency referred to in subsection (a) of this section of its powers under any Act referred to in that subsection, a violation of any requirement imposed under this title shall be deemed to be a violation of a requirement imposed under that Act.     (2)  ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY UNDER OTHER ACTS.--In addition to its powers under any provision of law specifically referred to in subsection (a) of this section, each of the agencies referred to in such subsection may exercise, for purposes of enforcing compliance with any requirement imposed under this title, any other authority conferred on it by law.   (c)  ENFORCEMENT BY THE BOARD.—     (1)  IN GENERAL.--Except to the extent that enforcement of the requirements imposed under this title is specifically committed to some other Government agency under {{4-28-00 p.7428.08}}subsection (a) of this section, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall enforce such requirements.     (2)  ADDITIONAL REMEDY.--If the Board determines that--       (A)  any depository institution which is not a depository institution described in subsection (a), or       (B)  any other person subject to the authority of the Board under this title, including any person subject to the authority of the Board under section 605(d)(2) or 609(c), has failed to comply with any requirement imposed by this title or by the Board under this title, the Board may issue an order prohibiting any depository institution, any Federal Reserve bank, or any other person subject to the authority of the Board from engaging in any activity or transaction which directly or indirectly involves such noncomplying depository institution or person (including any activity or transaction involving the receipt, payment, collection, and clearing of checks and any related function of the payment system with respect to checks).   (d)  PROCEDURAL RULES.--The authority of the Board to prescribe regulations under this title does not impair the authority of any other agency designated in this section to make rules regarding its own procedures in enforcing compliance with requirements imposed under this title. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4009] [Source:  Section 610 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 649 to 650), effective September 1, 1988; as amended by section 744(d) of title VII of the Act of August 9, 1989 (Pub. L. No. 101--73; 103 Stat. 438), effective August 9, 1989; section 212(h) of title II of the Act of December 19, 1991 (Pub. L. No. 102--242; 105 Stat. 2303), effective December 19, 1991] SEC. 611. CIVIL LIABILITY.   (a)  CIVIL LIABILITY.--Except as otherwise provided in this section, any depository institution which fails to comply with any requirement imposed under this title or any regulation prescribed under this title with respect to any person other than another depository institution is liable to such person in an amount equal to the sum of--     (1)  any actual damage sustained by such person as a result of the failure;     (2)(A)  in the case of an individual action, such additional amount as the court may allow, except that the liability under this subparagraph shall not be less than $100 nor greater than $1,000; or       (B)  in the case of a class action, such amount as the court may allow, except that--         (i)  as to each member of the class, no minimum recovery shall be applicable; and         (ii)  the total recovery under this subparagraph in any class action or series of class actions arising out of the same failure to comply by the same depository institution shall not be more than the lesser of $500,000 or 1 percent of the net worth of the depository institution involved; and     (3)  in the case of any successful action to enforce the foregoing liability, the costs of the action, together with a reasonable attorney's fee as determined by the court.   (b)  CLASS ACTION AWARDS.--In determining the amount of any award in any class action, the court shall consider, among other relevant factors--     (1)  the amount of any actual damages awarded;     (2)  the frequency and persistence of failures of compliance;     (3)  the resources of the depository institution;     (4)  the number of persons adversely affected; and     (5)  the extent to which the failure of compliance was intentional.   (c)  BONA FIDE ERRORS.--     (1)  GENERAL RULE.--A depository institution may not be held liable in any action brought under this section for a violation of this title if the depository institution {{12-31-07 p.7428.09}}demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error, notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.     (2)  EXAMPLES.--Examples of a bona fide error include clerical, calculation, computer malfunction and programming, and printing errors, except that an error of legal judgment with respect to a depository institution's obligation under this title is not a bona fide error.   (d)  JURISDICTION.--Any action under this section may be brought in any United States district court, or in any other court of competent jurisdiction, within one year after the date of the occurrence of the violation involved.   (e)  RELIANCE ON BOARD RULINGS.--No provision of this section imposing any liability shall apply to any act done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any rule, regulation, or interpretation thereof by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, notwithstanding the fact that after such act or omission has occurred, such rule, regulation, or interpretation is amended, rescinded, or determined by judicial or other authority to be invalid for any reason.   (f)  Authority To Establish Rules Regarding Losses and Liability Among Depository Institutions.--The Board is authorized to impose on or allocate among depository institutions the risks of loss and liability in connection with any aspect of the payment system, including the receipt, payment, collection, or clearing of checks, and any related function of the payment system with respect to checks. Liability under this subsection shall not exceed the amount of the check giving rise to the loss or liability, and, where there is bad faith, other damages, if any, suffered as a proximate consequence of any act or omission giving rise to the loss or liability. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4010] [Source:  Section 611 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 650 to 652), effective September 1, 1988] * * * * * SEC. 613. EFFECTIVE DATES.   (a)  DATE OF ENACTMENT.--Except as provided in subsection (b), this title shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this title.   (b)  1 YEAR AFTER DATE OF ENACTMENT.--Sections 603, 604, 605, 606, 610, and 611 shall take effect on September 1, 1988. [Codified to 12 U.S.C. 4001 note] [Source:  Section 613 of title VI of the Act of August 10, 1987 (Pub. L. No. 100--86; 101 Stat. 652), effective August 10, 1987] [The page following this is 7429.] [Main Tabs]     [Table of Contents - 6500]     [Index]     [Previous Page]     [Next Page]     [Search]

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