Residue Monitoring - 1995This is the ninth annual report summarizing the results of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) pesticide residue monitoring program. The 8 previous reports, which were published in the Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists/Journal of AOAC International, presented results from Fiscal Years (FY) 1987 through 1994. This current report includes findings obtained during FY95 (October 1, 1994 through September 30, 1995) under regulatory and incidence/level monitoring. Selected Total Diet Study findings for 1995 are also presented. Results in this and earlier reports continue to demonstrate that levels of pesticide residues in the U.S. food supply are well below established safety standards. |
Table of Contents |
Domestic and import food samples collected are classified as either "surveillance" or "compliance". Most samples collected by FDA are the surveillance type; that is, there is no prior knowledge or evidence that a specific food shipment contains illegal pesticide residues. Compliance samples are taken as follow-up to the finding of an illegal residue or when other evidence indicates that a pesticide residue problem may exist.
Factors considered by FDA in planning the types and numbers of samples to collect include review of recently generated state and FDA residue data, regional intelligence on pesticide use, dietary importance of the food, information on the amount of domestic food that enters interstate commerce and of imported food, chemical characteristics and toxicity of the pesticide, and production volume/pesticide usage patterns.
Single residue methods (SRMs) or selective MRMs are used to determine some pesticide residues in foods.(3) An SRM usually determines 1 pesticide; a selective MRM measures a relatively small number of chemically related pesticides. These types of methods are usually more resource-intensive per residue. Therefore, they are much less cost effective than MRMs.
The lower limit of residue measurement in FDA's determination of a specific pesticide is usually well below tolerance levels, which generally range from 0.1 to 50 parts per million (ppm). Residues present at 0.01 ppm and above are usually measurable; however, for individual pesticides, this limit may range from 0.005 to 1 ppm. In this report, the term "trace" is used to indicate residues detected, but at levels below the limit of quantitation (LQ).
FDA also acquires and uses state-generated pesticide residue data to complement its own and other federally sponsored residue programs. For many years, FDA has supported, through a contract with Mississippi State University (MSU), the "Foodcontam" database, which is a compilation of state-collected residue data.
CVM also reviews pesticide residue data supplied by various states under "Feedcon", a database operated by MSU under the auspices of the Association of American Feed Control Officials. These data are reviewed periodically by CVM so that potential problems arising from pesticide residues in foods of animal origin may be identified.
In addition to the foreign pesticide usage data obtained through the commercial contract, under provisions of the Pesticide Monitoring Improvements Act, FDA receives information from foreign governments on pesticides used on their food exports to the United States. FDA makes this information available to FDA Districts for use in their planning of monitoring of imported foods.
As part of the exchange of information on pesticides, FDA provides foreign countries with updates on U.S. pesticide usage. FDA also supplies foreign countries annually with reports on FDA's regulatory monitoring coverage and the findings in foods imported from their respective countries, as well as a personal computer database in which coverage and findings are summarized by country/commodity/pesticide combination.
Under the auspices of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States, Mexico, and Canada have established a NAFTA Technical Working Group on Pesticides (TWG). The NAFTA Pesticide TWG now serves as the focal point for all pesticide issues that arise among the 3 NAFTA countries. The TWG reports directly to the NAFTA Sanitary and Phytosanitary Committee.
One of the major goals of the TWG is to ensure that pesticide registrations and tolerances/maximum residue limits in the 3 countries are harmonized to the extent practical, while strengthening protection of public health and the environment. A number of projects have been undertaken by the TWG to identify differing residue limits in the NAFTA countries and to determine what steps might be taken to harmonize the limits. While this is a difficult process, the TWG envisions eventual movement toward a "North America" pesticide registration and tolerance system so that citizens of all 3 countries can be assured of the safety and legality of foods produced in any 1 of the NAFTA countries.
The NAFTA TWG is cochaired by EPA, Health Canada, and Mexico's Ministry of Health (representing the Comision Intersecretarial para el Control del Proceso y Uso de Plaguicidas, Fertilizantes y Sustancias Toxicas). FDA is an active participant on the TWG and is assisting by providing expertise on enforcement monitoring programs and residue data to support harmonization activities. FDA's activities on the TWG complement its ongoing bilateral cooperation with its counterparts in Mexico and Canada.
The latter focused on domestic and imported fresh apples and processed rice. This is the second FDA survey of this type; the first covered domestic and imported pears and tomatoes.(4) These statistically based surveys were initiated to determine whether FDA data acquired under regulatory monitoring are statistically representative of the overall residue situation for a particular pesticide, commodity, or place of origin. In FDA's surveillance sampling for pesticide residues, sampling bias may be incurred by weighting sampling toward such factors as commodity or place of origin with a past history of violations or large volume of import shipments. In addition, the total number of samples of a given commodity analyzed for a particular pesticide each year may not be sufficient to draw specific conclusions about the residue situation for the whole volume of that commodity in commerce. Therefore, the objective of these statistically based surveys is to determine whether violation rates, frequency of occurrence of residues, and residue levels obtained from such a sampling regimen differ from those obtained through FDA's traditional surveillance approach.
Apples and rice were chosen as the second set of test commodities because they are widely consumed year round and have significant domestic and import components. Fresh apples and all types of processed rice (white, brown, glutinous, fragrant, parboiled, converted, etc., but not wild or brewer's rice) were included in the study. The same general procedures were followed in the apples/rice study as in the pears/tomatoes study.(4) Samples were collected throughout the United States by FDA inspectors, except for domestic rice. These samples were collected by USDA Federal Grain Inspection Service personnel, who are routinely present at the mills that process domestic rice. Most of the mills are located in those few states in which rice growing is a major agricultural industry.
Analyses were performed by the Buffalo (apples) and Minneapolis (rice) District Laboratories. The goal was to collect and analyze about 800 domestic and 800 import apple samples and about 575 domestic and 800 import rice samples.
In conducting the Total Diet Study, FDA personnel purchase foods from supermarkets or grocery stores 4 times per year, once from each of 4 geographic regions of the country. The 261 foods that comprise each market basket represent over 3500 different foods reported in USDA food consumption surveys; for example, apple pie represents all fruit pies and fruit pastries. Each collection is a composite of like foods purchased in 3 cities in a given region. The foods are prepared table-ready and then analyzed for pesticide residues (as well as radionuclides, industrial chemicals, toxic elements, trace and macro elements, vitamin B6, and folic acid). The levels of pesticides found are used in conjunction with USDA food consumption data to estimate the dietary intakes of the pesticide residues.
Figure 1 shows the percentage of the 5101 domestic surveillance samples by commodity group with no residues found, nonviolative residues found, and violative residues found. (A violative residue is defined in this report as a residue which exceeds a tolerance or a residue at a level of regulatory significance for which no tolerance has been established in the sampled food.) As in earlier years, fruits and vegetables accounted for the largest proportion of the commodities analyzed in 1995; those 2 commodity groups comprised 59% of the total number of domestic surveillance samples. In 1995, no violative residues were found in nearly 99% of all domestic surveillance samples (the same percentage as in the past several years).
Appendix A
contains more detailed data on domestic surveillance
monitoring findings by commodity, including the total number of
samples analyzed, the percent samples with no residues found, and
the percent violative samples. Of the 5101 domestic surveillance
samples, 64% had no detectable residues, less than 1% had over-tolerance residue
s, and less than 1% had residues of pesticides for
which there was no tolerance for that particular pesticide/commodity
combination. In the largest commodity groups, fruits and
vegetables, 40 and 63% of the samples, respectively, had no residues
detected. Less than 2% of the fruit samples and about 2% of the
vegetable samples contained violative residues (Figure 1). In the
milk/dairy products/eggs group, 93% of the samples had no residues
detected and no violative residues were found. Within the category
Other were 61 samples of baby foods/formula, nearly 3 times the
number of samples of baby foods/formula collected and analyzed in
1994. This included 29 vegetable, 13 cereal, 13 fruit/fruit juice, 4
formula, 1 custard/fruit pudding, and 1 teething biscuit samples.
None of the samples had violative residues.
The findings by commodity group for the 5032 import surveillance samples are shown in Figure 2. Fruits and vegetables accounted for 85% of these samples. Overall, no violative residues were found in nearly 97% of the import surveillance samples (97% in 1993 and 96% in 1994).
Appendix B contains detailed data on the import surveillance samples. Of the 5032 samples analyzed, 66% had no residues detected, less than 1% had over-tolerance residues, and 3% had residues for which there was no tolerance for that particular pesticide/commodity combination. Fruits and vegetables had 57 and 67%, respectively, with no residues detected. The fruit group had less than 1% with over-tolerance residues and the vegetable group had 1% with over-tolerance residues; each group had 3% no-tolerance residu es. No residues were found in 88% of the dairy products/eggs group and 85% of the fish/shellfish group, and no violative residues were found in either of those groups.
Pesticide monitoring data collected under FDA's regulatory monitoring approach in 1995 are available to the public as a computer database. This database summarizes FDA 1995 regulatory monitoring coverage and findings by country/commodity/pesticide combination. The database also includes the monitoring data by individual sample from which the summary information was compiled. Information on purchase of this database as well as those for 1992, 1993, and 1994 is provided at the end of this report.
FDA conducts ongoing research to expand the pesticide coverage of its monitoring program. This research includes testing the behavior of new or previously untested pesticides through existing analytical methods, and development of new methods to cover pesticides that cannot be determined by methods currently used by FDA. The research encompasses both U.S.-registered pesticides and foreign-use pesticides that are not registered in the United States. The list of pesticides detectable for 1995 (Table 2) reflects the addition of a number of pesticides for which new methods had been developed and pesticides whose recovery through the analytical methods used was demonstrated as a result of ongoing research.
Most of the 1995 compliance samples were collected as follow-up to violative surveillance samples. These included follow-up samples from the same shipment as the violative surveillance sample, follow-up samples of the same commodity from the same grower or shipper, and audit samples from shipments presented for entry into the United States with a certificate of analysis (i.e., shipments subject to automatic detention).
In the 231 domestic surveillance feed samples in which 1 or more pesticides were detected, a total of 346 residues were detected (254 quantifiable and 92 trace). Malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and diazinon were the most frequently found residues. The findings in samples with quantifiable residues were as follows:
Pesticide | No. of Samples with Quantifiable Residues | Residue Found, ppm | |
Range | Median | ||
malathion | 149 | 0.01-7.7 | 0.09 |
chlorpyrifos-methyl | 39 | 0.01-1.1 | 0.11 |
diazinon | 23 | 0.01-0.81 | 0.06 |
chlorpyrifos | 10 | 0.01-0.08 | 0.03 |
pirimiphos-methyl | 9 | 0.01-9.9 | 0.05 |
others | 24 | 0.01-41 | 0.19 |
Recently, FDA's Atlanta District Laboratory developed a method capable of determining 19 triazine herbicides and 4 metabolites.(12) Average recoveries ranged from 81 to 106% for the parent herbicides and 60 to 88% for the metabolites. The method was validated by the Minneapolis District Laboratory(13) and used to analyze a number of food samples in 1995. This new method was used to analyze 232 samples (92 domestic samples from 9 states and 140 import samples from 19 countries) (Table 6). Residues were found in 5 domestic samples, all of simazine in oranges. Four samples had trace amounts and 1 sample had 0.04 ppm (LQ, 0.02 ppm). None were violative. No triazine residues were detected in the import samples.
Table 7 lists the 17 most frequently found residues, the total number of findings, and the percent occurrence in the 783 food items analyzed in 1995. DDT, an environmentally persistent chemical whose U.S. registration was canceled over 2 decades ago, was the most frequently found residue. The frequency findings of DDT in Total Diet Study foods has ranged from 10 to 22% over the past 8 years.(6) A frequency of 25% for 1995 is somewhat higher than it has been in the past several years. This may not be an indicator of an increasing trend in DDT findings in Total Diet Study foods; however, the occurrence will be investigated. Malathion, which is used on a wide variety of crops both pre- and postharvest, was the next most frequently found residue. The levels of these 2 pesticides, as well as the others listed in Table 7, were well below regulatory limits.
Information obtained through the Total Diet Study is used to estimate dietary intakes of pesticides; these intakes are then compared with established standards. Food consumption data to be used in estimating dietary intakes for the revised food list have not been finalized. Therefore, dietary intake information for the market baskets collected during this period is not presented.
For several years, FDA has collected and analyzed a number of baby foods in addition to those covered under the Total Diet Study. Between 1991 and 1995, this adjunct to the Total Diet Study included 23 different food items (14 fruit juices or fruits, 4 fruit desserts, 4 grain products, and 1 vegetable). (These numbers are not included in the analyses reported in Table 7.) Table 8 lists the 16 most frequently found pesticide residues in those 23 foods in 1991-1995. Carbaryl, the residue found most frequently, is an insecticide with tolerances on many fruits and grains. Dimethoate, the next most frequently found residue, also has tolerances on a number of fruits.
This report was compiled through the efforts of the following FDA personnel: Norma J. Yess, Young H. Lee, Byron O. Bohannon (Division of Programs and Enforcement Policy), and Bernadette M. McMahon and Charles H. Parfitt (Division of Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals), Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages; Sharon A. Macuci (Division of Information Resources Management), Office of Management Systems, Washington, DC; Rodney L. Bong, Minneapolis District, Minneapolis, MN; and Sheila K. Egan and James L. Daft, Kansas City District, Kansas City, MO.
FDA pesticide monitoring data collected under the regulatory monitoring approach in 1995 are available for purchase on personal computer diskettes from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 (telephone 703-487-4650); order number PB96-503156. The databases for 1992, 1993, and 1994 are also available from NTIS. The order numbers are: 1992, PB94-500899; 1993, PB94-501681; and 199 4, PB95-503132.
Table 1 | |||||
Foreign Countries and Number of Samplesa Collected and Analyzed in 1995 | |||||
Country | No. of Samples |
Country | No. of Samples |
Country | No. of Samples |
Mexico | 1723 | Ecuador | 72 | Philippines | 23 |
Chile | 467 | Taiwan | 55 | United Kingdom | 21 |
The Netherlands | 370 | Argentina | 51 | Germany | 17 |
Canada | 253 | New Zealand | 48 | Denmark | 16 |
Italy | 218 | Jamaica | 47 | Pakistan | 16 |
Thailand | 198 | Japan | 47 | Poland | 16 |
China, People's Rep. of | 184 | Belgium | 46 | South Africa | 16 |
Guatemala | 174 | Panama | 43 | Lebanon | 15 |
Costa Rica | 139 | Colombia | 42 | Australia | 14 |
India | 137 | France | 40 | Czech Republic | 14 |
Spain | 126 | Indonesia | 31 | Egypt | 13 |
Dominican Republic | 91 | Brazil | 30 | Haiti | 12 |
Peru | 85 | Honduras | 29 | Morocco | 12 |
Israel | 83 | Korea, Rep. of | 25 | Venezuela | 12 |
Greece | 81 | Hong Kong | 23 | Unspecified | 15 |
Turkey | 79 | ||||
Ten or fewer samples collected from the following: | |||||
Austria | Hungary | Slovakia | |||
Bahamas | Iceland | Slovenia | |||
Belize | Ivory Coast | Sri Lanka | |||
Bermuda | Kenya | St. Vincent | |||
Bolivia | Macedonia | Surinam | |||
Bosnia-Hercegovina | Malaysia | Sweden | |||
Bulgaria | Martinique | Switzerland | |||
Croatia | Moldavia | Syria | |||
Cyprus | Netherlands Antilles | Tanzania | |||
Dominica | Nicaragua | Trinidad & Tobago | |||
El Salvador | Nigeria | Tunisia | |||
Estonia | Norway | Turks & Caicos Island | |||
Ethiopia | Papua New Guinea | United Arab Emirates | |||
Faeroe Islands | Portugal | Uruguay | |||
Fiji | Russia | Vietnam, Rep. of | |||
Ghana | Singapore | Zambia | |||
aSurveillance plus compliance samples. |
Table 2 | |||
Pesticides Detectable by the Methods Used and Pesticides Found (*) in 1995 Regulatory Monitoringa,b | |||
Acephate* | Dinitramine | Norflurazon | |
Acetochlor | Dinobuton | Nuarimol | |
Acrinathrin | Dinocap | Octhilinone | |
Alachlor* | Dioxabenzofos | Ofurace | |
Aldicarb* | Dioxacarb | Omethoate* | |
Aldrin | Dioxathion | Ovex | |
Allethrin | Diphenamid | Oxadiazon | |
Allidochlor | Diphenylamine* | Oxadixyl | |
Alpha-cypermethrin | Dipropetryn | Oxamyl* | |
Ametryn | Disulfoton | Oxydemeton-methyl* | |
Aminocarb | Diuron | Oxyfluorfen | |
Amitraz* | Edifenphos | Oxythioquinox | |
Anilazine | Endosulfan* | Paclobutrazol | |
Aramite | Endrin* | Paraquat | |
Atrazine | EPN | Parathion* | |
Azinphos-ethyl | EPTC | Parathion-methyl* | |
Azinphos-methyl* | Esfenvalerate* | Pebulate | |
Bendiocarb | Etaconazole | Penconazole | |
Benfluralin | Ethalfluralin | Pendimethalin | |
Benodanil | Ethephon* | Permethrin* | |
Benomyl/carbendazim*c | Ethiofencarb | Perthane | |
Benoxacor | Ethion* | Phenothrin | |
Bensulide | Ethofumesate | Phenthoate | |
Benzoylprop-ethyl | Ethoprop | Phenylphenol, ortho-* | |
BHC* | Ethoxyquin* | Phorate* | |
Bifenox | Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates*d | Phosalone* | |
Bifenthrin* | Ethylene dibromide | Phosmet* | |
Binapacryl | Ethylene dichloride | Phosphamidon* | |
S-Bioallethrin | Etridiazole | Phosphine | |
Biphenyl | Etrimfos | Piperonyl butoxide | |
Bitertanol* | Famphur | Piperophos | |
Bromacil | Fenamiphos* | Pirimicarb | |
Bromophos | Fenarimol* | Pirimiphos-ethyl | |
Bromophos-ethyl | Fenbuconazole | Pirimiphos-methyl* | |
Bromopropylate* | Fenfuram | Pretilachlor | |
Bromoxynil | Fenitrothion* | Probenazole | |
Bufencarb | Fenobucarb | Prochloraz | |
Bulan | Fenoxaprop ethyl ester | Procyazine | |
Bupirimate | Fenoxycarb | Procymidone* | |
Butachlor | Fenpropathrin | Prodiamine | |
Butocarboxim | Fenpropimorph | Profenofos* | |
Butralin | Fenson | Profluralin | |
Cadusafos | Fensulfothion | Prolan | |
Captafol | Fenthion | Promecarb | |
Captan* | Fenuron | Prometryn | |
Carbaryl* | Fenvalerate* | Pronamide | |
Carbofuran* | Fipronil | Propachlor | |
Carbon tetrachloride | Flamprop-M-isopropyl | Propanil | |
Carbophenothion* | Flamprop-methyl | Propargite* | |
Carbosulfan | Fluazifop butyl ester | Propazine | |
Carboxin | Fluchloralin | Propetamphos | |
Chlorbenside | Flucythrinate | Propham | |
Chlorbromuron | Flusilazole | Propiconazole | |
Chlorbufam | Fluvalinate | Propoxur | |
Chlordane* | Folpet* | Prothiofos* | |
Chlordecone | Fonofos* | Prothoate | |
Chlordimeform* | Formetanate hydrochloride* | Pyrazon | |
Chlorethoxyfos | Formothion | Pyrazophos | |
Chlorfenvinphos | Fuberidazole | Pyrethrins | |
Chlorflurecol methyl ester | Furilazole | Pyridaphenthion | |
Chlorimuron ethyl ester | Gardona* | Quinalphos | |
Chlornitrofen | Heptachlor* | Quintozene* | |
Chlorobenzilate | Heptenophos | Quizalofop ethyl ester | |
Chloroform | Hexachlorobenzene* | Ronnel | |
3-Chloro-5-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole | Hexaconazole | Schradan | |
Chloroneb | Hexazinone | Secbumeton | |
Chloropropylate | Imazalil* | Simazine* | |
Chlorothalonil* | Imazamethabenz methyl ester | Simetryn | |
Chloroxuron | Iprobenfos | Strobane | |
Chlorpropham* | Iprodione* | Sulfallate | |
Chlorpyrifos* | Isazofos | Sulfotep* | |
Chlorpyrifos-methyl* | Isocarbamid | Sulfur dioxide* | |
Chlorthiophos | Isofenphos | Sulphenone | |
Clomazone | Isoprocarb | Sulprofos | |
Coumaphos | Isopropalin | TCMTB | |
Crotoxyphos | Isoprothiolane | Tebuconazole | |
Crufomate | Lactofen | Tebupirimfos | |
Cyanazine | Lambda-cyhalothrin | Tecnazene | |
Cyanofenphos | Leptophos | TEPP | |
Cyanophos | Lindane* | Terbacil | |
Cycloate | Linuron* | Terbufos | |
Cyfluthrin | Malathion* | Terbumeton | |
Cyhexatin* | Mecarbam | Terbuthylazine | |
Cypermethrin* | Mephosfolan | Terbutryn | |
Cyprazine | Merphos* | Tetradifon* | |
Cyproconazole | Metalaxyl* | Tetraiodoethylene | |
Daminozide | Metasystox thiol | Tetrasul | |
DCPA* | Metazachlor | Thiabendazole* | |
DDT* | Methabenzthiazuron | Thiobencarb | |
Deltamethrin | Methamidophos* | Thiodicarb | |
Deltamethrin, trans | Methidathion* | Thiometon | |
Demeton* | Methiocarb* | Thionazin | |
Desmetryn | Methomyl* | Thiophanate-methyl | |
Dialifor | Methoprotryne | Tolylfluanid | |
Di-allate | Methoxychlor* | Toxaphene | |
N,N-Diallyl dichloroacetamide | Methylene chloride | Tralomethrin | |
Diazinon* | Metobromuron | Traloxydim | |
Dichlobenil | Metolachlor | Triadimefon* | |
Dichlofenthion | Metolcarb | Triadimenol* | |
Dichlofluanid | Metoxuron | Tri-allate | |
Dichlone* | Metribuzin | Triazamate | |
4-(Dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azapiro[4.5]decane | Mevinphos* | Triazophos | |
Dichlorvos* | Mirex* | Tribufos | |
Diclobutrazol | Monocrotophos* | Trichlorfon | |
Diclofop-methyl | Monolinuron | Tricyclazole | |
Dicloran* | Monuron | Tridiphane | |
Dicofol* | Myclobutanil* | Trietazine | |
Dicrotophos | Naled | Triflumizole | |
Dieldrin* | Napropamide | Trifluralin* | |
Diethatyl-ethyl | Neburon | Triflusulfuron methyl ester | |
Dilan | Nitralin | Trimethacarb | |
Dimethachlor | Nitrapyrin | Vamidothion sulfone | |
Dimethametryn | Nitrofen | Vernolate | |
Dimethipin | Nitrofluorfen | Vinclozolin* | |
Dimethoate* | Nitrothal-isopropyl | XMC | |
a The list of pesticides detectable is expressed in terms of the parent pesticide. However, monitoring coverage and findings may have included metabolites, impurities, and alteration products. | |||
b Some of these pesticides are no longer manufactured or registered for use in the United States. | |||
c The analytical methodology determines carbendazim, which may result from use of benomyl or carbendazim. | |||
d Such as maneb. |
Table 3 | |||
Compliance Samples by Commodity Group in 1995 | |||
Commodity Group | Total No. of Samples |
Samples with No Residues Found, % |
Samples Violative, % |
Domestic | |||
Grains and grain products | 3 | 33 | 0 |
Milk/eggs | 5 | 100 | 0 |
Fish | 5 | 80 | 0 |
Fruits | 23 | 48 | 0 |
Vegetables | 56 | 48 | 21 |
Other | 5 | 80 | 0 |
Total | 97 | 54 | 12 |
Import | |||
Grains and grain products | 49 | 63 | 0 |
Cheese | 3 | 100 | 0 |
Fish/shellfish | 17 | 41 | 0 |
Fruits | 71 | 68 | 18 |
Vegetables | 196 | 52 | 14 |
Other | 49 | 86 | 6 |
Total | 385 | 61 | 11 |
Table 4 | |||||
Summary of Foodcontam Findings for 1995a | |||||
State | Total Samples | No. Positive | Positive, % | No. Significant | Significant, % |
Arkansas | 351 | 14 | 4.0 | 2 | 0.6 |
California | 4694 | 1164 | 24.8 | 40 | 0.9 |
Georgia | 540 | 128 | 23.7 | 7 | 1.3 |
Indiana | 158 | 93 | 58.9 | 0 | - |
North Carolina | 688 | 215 | 31.3 | 9 | 1.3 |
New York | 965 | 321 | 33.3 | 14 | 1.5 |
Oregon | 277 | 39 | 14.1 | 0 | - |
Pennsylvania | 582 | 124 | 21.3 | 5 | 0.9 |
Virginia | 703 | 88 | 12.5 | 2 | 0.3 |
Wisconsin | 538 | 7 | 1.3 | 0 | - |
Total | 9394 | 2193 | 23.3 | 79 | 0.8 |
aData from Florida not available.
|
Table 5 | |||||
Summary of Findings in Domestic Surveillance Feed Samples in 1995 | |||||
Type of Feed | Total No. of Samples |
Samples with No Residues Found | Violative Samples | ||
No. | % | No. | % | ||
Whole/ground grains | 167 | 98 | 59 | 2 | 1 |
Plant by-products | 120 | 76 | 63 | 0 | - |
Mixed feed rations | 116 | 35 | 30 | 0 | - |
Animal by-products | 104 | 74 | 71 | 0 | - |
Hay & hay products | 25 | 18 | 72 | 0 | - |
Total | 532 | 301 | 57 | 2 | <1 |
Table 6 | ||
Commodity Targeted Monitoring of Domestic and Imported Foods for Triazine Herbicides Conducted in 1995 | ||
Commodity | Number of Samples Analyzed | |
Domestic | Import | |
Apples | 9 | 16 |
Bananas | 2 | 23 |
Cherries | 25 | - |
Corn | 10 | 15 |
Grapefruit | 8 | 4 |
Grapes | 5 | 20 |
Olives | - | 25 |
Oranges | 20 | 5 |
Pears | 6 | 19 |
Plums | 7 | 13 |
Total | 92 | 140 |
Table 7 | ||
Frequency of Occurrence of Pesticide Residues Found in Total Diet Study Foods in 1995a | ||
Pesticideb | Total No. of Findings | Occurrence, % |
DDT | 192 | 25 |
Malathion | 141 | 18 |
Chlorpyrifos-methyl | 130 | 17 |
Chlorpyrifos | 97 | 12 |
Dieldrin | 92 | 12 |
Endosulfan | 81 | 10 |
Chlorpropham | 44 | 6 |
Methamidophos | 40 | 5 |
Carbarylc | 39 | 5 |
Iprodione | 31 | 4 |
Thiabendazoled | 29 | 4 |
Dimethoate | 28 | 4 |
Permethrin | 25 | 3 |
Hexachlorobenzene | 24 | 3 |
BHC | 22 | 3 |
Dicloran | 21 | 3 |
Diazinon | 21 | 3 |
a Based on 3 market baskets analyzed in 1995 consisting of 783 items. | ||
b Isomers, metabolites, and related compounds are not listed separately; they are covered under the "parent" pesticide from which they arise. | ||
c Reflects overall incidence; however, only 95 selected foods per market basket (i.e., 285 items total) were analyzed for N-methylcarbamates. | ||
d Reflects overall incidence; however, only 67 selected foods per market basket (i.e., 201 items total) were analyzed for the benzimidazole fungicides (thiabendazole and benomyl). |
Table 8 | ||
Frequency of Occurrence of Pesticide Residues Found in Selected Baby Foods in 1991-1995a | ||
Pesticideb | Total No. of Findings | Occurrence, % |
Carbarylc | 77 | 28 |
Dimethoate | 71 | 26 |
Iprodione | 45 | 16 |
Omethoate | 39 | 14 |
Malathion | 36 | 13 |
Chlorpyrifos | 35 | 13 |
Endosulfan | 29 | 11 |
Chlorpyrifos-methyl | 26 | 9 |
Thiabendazoled | 23 | 8 |
Permethrin | 22 | 8 |
Parathion | 20 | 7 |
Dicloran | 14 | 5 |
Propargitee | 10 | 4 |
Acephate | 9 | 3 |
Dieldrin | 8 | 3 |
Benomyld | 7 | 3 |
a Based on 12 collections consisting of 276 items. | ||
b Isomers, metabolites, and related compounds are not listed separately; they are covered under the "parent" pesticide from which they arise. | ||
c Reflects overall incidence; however, only 17 selected foods per collection (i.e., 204 items total) were analyzed for N-methylcarbamates. | ||
d Reflects overall incidence; however, only 16 selected items (i.e., 192 items total) were analyzed for the benzimidazole fungicides (thiabendazole and benomyl). | ||
e Reflects overall incidence; however, only 16 selected foods per collection (i.e., 192 items total) were analyzed for this sulfur-containing compound. |
Appendix A | ||||
Analysis of Domestic Surveillance Samples by Commodity Group in 1995 | ||||
Commodity Group | Total No. of Samples |
Samples with No Residues Found, % |
Samples Violative, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Over Tolerance |
No Tolerance | |||
A. Grains and Grain Products | ||||
Corn & corn products | 53 | 81 | 0 | 0 |
Oats | 18 | 67 | 0 | 0 |
Rice & rice products | 56 | 86 | 0 | 0 |
Soybeans | 38 | 82 | 0 | 0 |
Wheat | 146 | 38 | 1 | 0 |
Cereal products | 23 | 87 | 0 | 0 |
Other grains & grain products | 55 | 38 | 2 | 0 |
Total | 389 | 59 | <1 | 0 |
B. Milk/Dairy Products/Eggs | ||||
Cheese & cheese products | 66 | 68 | 0 | 0 |
Eggs | 259 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
Milk/cream & milk products | 761 | 93 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 1086 | 93 | 0 | 0 |
C. Fish/Shellfish | ||||
Fish | 295 | 53 | 0 | 0 |
Shellfish | 128 | 90 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 423 | 64 | 0 | 0 |
D. Fruits | ||||
Blueberries | 64 | 61 | 0 | 17 |
Cranberries | 20 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
Grapes | 52 | 52 | 0 | 0 |
Raspberries | 33 | 24 | 0 | 0 |
Strawberries | 107 | 15 | 1 | 2 |
Other berries | 8 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
Grapefruit | 22 | 27 | 0 | 0 |
Lemons | 28 | 57 | 0 | 0 |
Oranges | 171 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Other citrus fruits | 6 | 33 | 0 | 0 |
Apples | 189 | 46 | 0 | 0 |
Pears | 69 | 32 | 7 | 0 |
Apricots | 28 | 25 | 4 | 0 |
Cherries | 64 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
Nectarines | 26 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Olives | 12 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Peaches | 200 | 20 | <1 | <1 |
Other pit fruits | 11 | 73 | 0 | 0 |
Cantaloupe | 45 | 62 | 0 | 2 |
Honeydew | 14 | 57 | 0 | 0 |
Watermelon | 73 | 86 | 0 | 0 |
Apple juice | 110 | 76 | 0 | <1 |
Other fruit juices | 22 | 82 | 0 | 0 |
Fruit jams/ jellies/ pastes/ toppings | 11 | 36 | 0 | 0 |
Other fruits | 52 | 88 | 0 | 2 |
Total | 1437 | 40 | <1 | 1 |
E. Vegetables | ||||
Corn | 105 | 90 | 0 | 0 |
Green/ snow/ sugar/ sweet peas | 84 | 86 | 0 | 0 |
String beans | 100 | 67 | 0 | 0 |
Other beans & peas | 32 | 91 | 0 | 0 |
Cucumbers | 41 | 61 | 0 | 2 |
Eggplant | 17 | 71 | 0 | 12 |
Peppers, hot | 12 | 83 | 0 | 0 |
Peppers, sweet | 40 | 58 | 0 | 0 |
Squash | 33 | 58 | 0 | 3 |
Tomatoes | 100 | 56 | 0 | 0 |
Other fruits used as vegetables | 10 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Broccoli | 23 | 74 | 0 | 0 |
Cabbage | 65 | 83 | 0 | 0 |
Cauliflower | 20 | 90 | 0 | 0 |
Celery | 30 | 30 | 0 | 3 |
Collards | 18 | 67 | 0 | 6 |
Endive/escarole | 11 | 91 | 0 | 45 |
Kale | 11 | 45 | 0 | 9 |
Lettuce, head | 115 | 37 | <1 | 0 |
Mustard greens | 12 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
Romaine | 85 | 35 | 4 | 1 |
Spinach | 37 | 32 | 0 | 5 |
Other leaf/ stem vegetables | 48 | 60 | 0 | 19 |
Mushrooms/ truffles & products | 15 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Carrots | 130 | 57 | 2 | 0 |
Onions/ leeks/ scallions/ shallots | 28 | 89 | 0 | 0 |
Potatoes | 239 | 56 | 0 | 2 |
Radishes | 15 | 73 | 0 | 0 |
Red beets | 15 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Sweet potatoes/ yams | 25 | 64 | 0 | 0 |
Other root/ tuber vegetables | 9 | 89 | 0 | 0 |
Vegetables, dried or paste | 45 | 89 | 0 | 0 |
Other vegetables/ vegetable products | 15 | 67 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 1585 | 63 | <1 | 2 |
F. Other | ||||
Peanuts | 50 | 94 | 0 | 0 |
Other nuts | 17 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Vegetable oils | 13 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Honey & other sweeteners | 17 | 88 | 0 | 0 |
Baby foods/formula | 61 | 97 | 0 | 0 |
Other food products | 23 | 83 | 0 | 4 |
Total | 181 | 94 | 0 | <1 |
A-F Total | 5101 | 64 | <1 | <1 |
Appendix B | ||||
Analysis of Import Surveillance Samples by Commodity Group in 1995 | ||||
Samples Violative, % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Commodity Group | Total No. of Samples |
Samples with No Residues Found, % |
Over Tolerance |
No Tolerance |
A. Grains and Grain Products | ||||
Rice, basmati | 22 | 77 | 0 | 5 |
Rice, jasmine | 34 | 91 | 0 | 0 |
Other rice & rice products | 23 | 91 | 0 | 0 |
Wheat & wheat products | 21 | 71 | 0 | 0 |
Other grains & grain products | 16 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Bakery products | 21 | 86 | 0 | 5 |
Breakfast/snack foods | 12 | 67 | 0 | 0 |
Macaroni | 43 | 79 | 0 | 0 |
Spaghetti | 18 | 72 | 0 | 0 |
Other pasta products | 28 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 238 | 80 | 0 | <1 |
B. Dairy Products/Eggs | ||||
Cheese & cheese products | 75 | 93 | 0 | 0 |
Eggs | 27 | 74 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 102 | 88 | 0 | 0 |
C. Fish/Shellfish | ||||
Fish | 99 | 83 | 0 | 0 |
Shellfish | 22 | 95 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 121 | 85 | 0 | 0 |
D. Fruits | ||||
Blackberries | 30 | 40 | 0 | 3 |
Blueberries | 38 | 97 | 0 | 0 |
Grapes | 202 | 31 | 0 | 1 |
Raspberries | 53 | 36 | 0 | 9 |
Strawberries | 67 | 18 | 0 | 10 |
Other berries | 20 | 55 | 0 | 0 |
Clementines | 11 | 82 | 0 | 0 |
Limes | 18 | 67 | 0 | 0 |
Oranges | 30 | 70 | 0 | 7 |
Tangerines | 12 | 58 | 0 | 0 |
Other citrus fruits | 14 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Apples | 48 | 50 | 0 | 8 |
Pears | 69 | 48 | 0 | 1 |
Apricots | 10 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Cherries | 19 | 47 | 0 | 0 |
Nectarines | 16 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Olives | 77 | 92 | 0 | 1 |
Peaches | 52 | 48 | 0 | 4 |
Plums | 31 | 55 | 0 | 0 |
Other pit fruits | 13 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Bananas | 228 | 34 | <1 | 0 |
Kiwi fruit | 20 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
Mangoes | 69 | 96 | 0 | 0 |
Papayas | 81 | 72 | 0 | 9 |
Pineapples | 65 | 75 | 5 | 0 |
Plantains | 18 | 89 | 0 | 0 |
Other tropical fruits | 56 | 89 | 0 | 7 |
Cantaloupe | 82 | 40 | 5 | 2 |
Honeydew | 53 | 6 | 0 | 6 |
Watermelon | 28 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Other vine fruits | 17 | 82 | 0 | 0 |
Apple juice | 19 | 68 | 0 | 11 |
Other fruit juices | 52 | 94 | 0 | 0 |
Fruit jams/jellies/toppings | 41 | 90 | 0 | 0 |
Fruits, dried or paste | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 |
Other fruits & fruit products | 8 | 88 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 1757 | 57 | <1 | 3 |
E. Vegetables | ||||
Corn | 45 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Green/snow/sugar/sweet peas | 90 | 51 | 0 | 12 |
Mung beans | 11 | 91 | 0 | 0 |
String beans | 78 | 47 | 3 | 8 |
Other beans, peas, & corn | 63 | 81 | 0 | 5 |
Cucumbers | 96 | 49 | 0 | 4 |
Eggplant | 23 | 48 | 0 | 0 |
Okra | 33 | 73 | 0 | 9 |
Peppers, hot | 261 | 46 | 3a | 5 |
Peppers, sweet | 295 | 76 | 0 | 1 |
Squash/pumpkins | 110 | 35 | 0 | 4 |
Tomatoes | 332 | 59 | 0 | 0 |
Other fruits used as vegetables | 30 | 87 | 0 | 10 |
Artichokes | 26 | 96 | 0 | 0 |
Asparagus | 101 | 63 | 12 | 1 |
Bamboo shoots | 20 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Broccoli | 53 | 70 | 0 | 0 |
Cabbage | 16 | 63 | 0 | 0 |
Celery | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
Chicory | 16 | 94 | 0 | 6 |
Endive/escarole | 45 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
Lettuce, head | 40 | 38 | 3 | 8 |
Radicchio | 59 | 98 | 0 | 2 |
Romaine | 44 | 50 | 7 | 3 |
Spinach | 22 | 36 | 5 | 0 |
Other leaf/ stem vegetables | 67 | 64 | 1 | 10 |
Mushrooms/truffles, whole | 47 | 96 | 0 | 2 |
Mushrooms/truffles, pieces & products | 51 | 96 | 0 | 2 |
Carrots | 46 | 67 | 0 | 0 |
Cassava | 18 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Onions | 27 | 89 | 0 | 0 |
Potatoes | 22 | 95 | 0 | 0 |
Radishes | 13 | 62 | 0 | 0 |
Shallots/scallions/leeks | 23 | 91 | 0 | 0 |
Sweet potatoes/yams | 14 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Water chestnuts | 46 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Other root/tuber vegetables | 42 | 86 | 0 | 0 |
Vegetables, dried or paste | 140 | 83 | 0 | 6 |
Vegetables with sauce | 22 | 77 | 0 | 9 |
Other vegetables & vegetable products | 28 | 82 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2535 | 67 | 1a | 3a |
F. Other | ||||
Spices | 14 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
Cashews | 42 | 62 | 0 | 7 |
Peanuts | 20 | 85 | 0 | 0 |
Other nuts & nut products | 35 | 89 | 0 | 3 |
Edible seeds | 24 | 75 | 0 | 17 |
Vegetable oils, crude | 14 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Vegetable oils, refined | 15 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Beverage bases | 13 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Bottled water, mineral/spring | 19 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Honey & other sweeteners | 25 | 76 | 0 | 0 |
Other food products | 58 | 79 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 279 | 83 | 0 | 3 |
A-F Total | 5032 | 66 | <1a | 3a |
a Includes samples that have both residue(s) over tolerance and residue(s) with no tolerance. |
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