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Chemical Sampling Information |
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Formaldehyde |
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General Description
Synonyms: Methylene oxide; Formalin; Diesel Exhaust Component; Rosin Core Solder Pyrolysis Product
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 1290
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 50-00-0
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: LP8925000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 1198 132 [27 KB PDF] - Formaldehyde, solution, flammable; 1198 132 [27 KB PDF] - Formaldehyde, solutions, (Formalin); 2209 132 [27 KB PDF] - Formaldehyde, solutions, (Formalin) (corrosive)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Formaldehyde: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1048 -- 0.75 ppm TWA; 2 ppm STEL; 0.5 ppm Action Level
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.1148 requirements identical to 1910.1048.
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1048 requirements identical to 1910.1048.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 0.3 ppm, 0.37 mg/m3 Ceiling; SEN; Appendix A2 - Suspected Human Carcinogen
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 0.016 ppm TWA, 0.1 ppm Ceiling (15 Minutes); Appendix A - NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens
Health Factors
National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen [46 KB PDF]
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 2A, probably carcinogenic to humans
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 20 ppm
Potential symptoms: Eye, nose, throat irritation; lacrimation; burns to eyes, mucous membranes, skin; coughing, difficulty breathing, bronchial spasm, pulmonary edema; contact dermatitis; headache; muscle or joint stiffness. INGES: nausea, vomiting (may be bloody), abdominal pain, diarrhea, hypotension, hypothermia, lethargy, dizziness, convulsions, coma; acidosis, kidney inflammation, liver toxicity (carcinogenic)
Health Effects: : Irritation- Eye, Nose, Skin---Marked (HE14); Asthma (HE9); Lung damage (HE11), Membranous nephropathy (HE4); Mutagen (HE2)
Affected organs: Respiratory system, eye, skin.
Note: OSHA has a Fact Sheet on Formaldehyde. [43 KB PDF]
Date Last Revised: 05/06/2003
Literature Basis:
- Sitting, M.: Formaldehyde. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens, 3rd Ed., Vol. 1, pp. 833-836, 1991.
- (headache, acidosis, membranous nephropathy)
Wax, P.M.: Antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants. In, Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th Ed., Goldfrank, L.R., Flomenbaum, N.E., Lewin, N.A., Weisman, R.S., Howland, M.A., Hoffman, R.S. eds. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange, pp.1359-1375,1998.
- (muscle or joint stiffness)
U.S. Department of Health and Human services, Public Health Services, Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for formaldehyde, pp. 9-165, July 1999.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Coated XAD-2 Tube (150/75 mg sections, 20/60 mesh); coating is 10% (w/w) 2-(Hydroxymethyl)piperidine.
analytical solvent: Toluene
maximum volume: 24 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.1 L/min (TWA)
maximum volume: 3 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.2 L/min (STEL)
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/NPD
method reference: OSHA Manual of Analytical Methods (OSHA 52)
method classification: Fully Validated
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sampling media: Diffusive Sampler:
- Assay Technology ChemDisk Aldehyde Monitor 571;
- SKC UMEx 100 Passive Sampler; or
- Supelco DSD-DNPH Diffusive Sampling Device
analytical solvent: Acetonitrile
sampling time: 15 to 240 Minutes
current analytical method: Liquid Chromatography/UV detector; LC/IC
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 1007)
method classification: Fully Validated
notes:
- Store samplers in a refrigerator both before and after sampling.
- For quantitative sampling results, use an active sampling procedure such as OSHA Method 52 when monitoring exposures resulting from the use of formalin solutions. These diffusive samplers failed SLTC method validation requirements when formalin was the source of formaldehyde. A formalin solution is a solution of formaldehyde in water that is stabilized with methyl alcohol.
- Do not use these diffusive samplers if the ozone level is greater than 0.5 ppm. (Section 4.9)
- Do not use these diffusive samplers if the humidity is 10% or less. (Section 4.9)
- Place samples into manufacturer-supplied aluminized bags immediately after sampling
- Persons using diffusive samplers to monitor workplace air must ensure that the sampling devices are properly closed before transporting such devices to the laboratory for analysis. The device will continue to sample until properly closed. Diffusive sampler accessories used for analysis of samplers must be included with transported samples. Persons using such devices must provide sampling-site station barometric pressure and temperature to the analytical laboratory to improve accuracy of sampling results.
On-Site Sampling Techniques/Methods:
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Matheson-Kitagawa
model/type: 8014-171SB
sampling information: follow manufacturer’s instructions
upper measurement limit: 35 ppm
detection limit: approx. 1 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Matheson-Kitagawa
model/type: 8014-171SA
sampling information: follow manufacturer’s instructions
upper measurement limit: 1500 ppm
detection limit: approx. 20 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Matheson-Kitagawa
model/type: 8014-171SC
sampling information: follow manufacturer’s instructions
upper measurement limit: 4 ppm
detection limit: approx. 0.1 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: AUER/MSA
model/type: Formaldehyde-0,1 MSA P/N 497649, AUER P/N 5086-813
sampling information: follow manufacturer’s instructions
upper measurement limit: 55 ppm
detection limit: approx. 0.1 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 91
sampling information: 0.5 to 2 strokes
upper measurement limit: 100 ppm
detection limit: approx. 0.5 ppm
overall uncertainty: 25% for 2 to 6 ppm, 16.4% for 6 to 20 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 91M
sampling information: 0.5 to 2 strokes
upper measurement limit: 6400 ppm
detection limit: approx. 4 ppm
overall uncertainty: 16.4% for 8 to 200 ppm, 8.2% for 500 to 2000 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 91L
sampling information: 1 to 2 strokes
upper measurement limit: 40 ppm
detection limit: approx. 0.05 ppm
overall uncertainty: 16.4% for 0.1 to 0.5 ppm, 8.2% for 0.5 to 5 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 91LL
sampling information: 5 strokes
upper measurement limit: 1.0 ppm
detection limit: approx. 0.03 ppm
overall uncertainty: 16.4% for 0.05 to 0.3 ppm, 8.2% for 0.5 to 1 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Dräger
model/type: Formaldehyde 0.2/a, order no. 67 33081
sampling information: 10 or 20 strokes
upper measurement limit: 5 ppm
detection limit: approx. 0.1 ppm
overall uncertainty: 33%
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Dräger
model/type: Formaldehyde 2/a, order no. 81 01751
sampling information: 5 strokes
upper measurement limit: 40 ppm
detection limit: approx. 0.5 ppm
overall uncertainty: 33%
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
* All Trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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