|
Bibliography
————————————————
|
|
|
- Applied Ground Imaging
1996 Little Bighorn Battlefield,
Montana, Non-Intrusive Characterization
Survey Field Project, Ground Pentrating
Radar Survey. Manuscript report
on file Midwest Archeological
Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.
- Applied Ground Imaging conducted
experiments with new geophysical
remote sensing instruments to
see if they were capable of
finding any features that might
be associated with the soldiers
reportedly buried in Deep Ravine.
An anomaly was located that
is consistent with a deeply
buried disturbed area in the
same location as that predicted
by earlier geomorphological
studies.
- Bennett, Connie
- 1977 Preconstruction
archeological investigations
at Custer Battlefield National
Monument. Memo report on file,
National Park Service, Midwest
Archeological Center, Lincoln.
-
- A short report on monitoring
utility work in the park. No
cultural resources were found.
- Bozell, John R.
- Non-Human Vertebrate
Faunal Remains from Custer Battlefield
National Monument. In Archaeological
Perspectives On the Battle of
the Little Bighorn, by Douglas
D. Scott, Richard A. Fox, Jr.,
Melissa A. Connor, and Dick
Harmon, pps 283-298. Norman,
University of Oklahoma Press.
-
- Identifies horse and mule
bones found during the archeological
investigations.
- Bray, Robert
- A report of archeological
investigations at the Reno-Benteen
site Custer Battlefield National
Monument June 2 - July 1, 1958.
Ms on file Midwest Archeological
Center, Lincoln.
-
- The first archeological
report on the battlefield. Excavations
of riflepits and three soldier
burials are described.
-
- Coleman Research
1996. Little Bighorn Measurements
II Processing Results. COR/96-101.
Manuscript report on file Midwest
Archelogical
Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.
- Coleman Research also conducted
experiments with new geophysical
remote sensing instruments to
see if they were capable of finding
any features that might be associated
with the soldiers reportedly buried
in Deep Ravine. An anomaly was
located that is consistent with
a deeply buried disturbed area
in the same location as that predicted
by earlier geomorphological studies.
- Connor, Melissa
- Exhumation of
Grave 402, Block B, Custer Battlefield
National Cemetery. Rocky Mountain
Region Archeological Project
Report, dated April 8, 1986.
On file, National Park Service,
Midwest Archeological Center,
Lincoln.
-
- A short report on the
exhumation of some soldiers
remains for identification.
- The Application
of Comparative Bone Histology
to Fragmented Archeological
Bone from the Reno-Benteen Dump,
Custer Battlefield National
Monument. Appendix B of Archeological
Investigations at the Reno-Benteen
Equipment Disposal Site, in
Papers on Little Bighorn Battlefield
Archeology: The Equipment Dump,
Marker 7, and the Reno Crossing,
edited by Douglas D. Scott,
pps 148-166. Reprints in
Anthropology Volume 42,
J and L Reprint Co., Lincoln.
-
- A report of microscopic
examination of small bone fragments
found in the equipment dump
excavations, and the identification
of cow and pig as remains of
meals eaten by the soldiers.
- Exhumation of
Human Remains on the Pitsch
Property Near Little Bighorn
Battlefield National Monument,
Montana. Midwest Archeological
Center, National Park Service,
Lincoln, NE.
-
- Describes the excavations,
on private property, of some
human remains that were missed
in a 1928 exhumation.
- DeVore, Steven L.
2002a.Search for the Horse Burial
Pit: Conductivity and Magnetic Gradient
Investigations at Last Stand Hill,
Little Bighorn
Battlefield National Monument, Montana.
Appendix B in Archeological Investigations
of the“Horse Cemetery”
Site, Little Bighorn Battlefield
National Monument, by Douglas D.
Scott. Midwest Archeolgical Center,
National Park Service, Lincoln,
NE.
-
This report details the
use of geophysical remote sensing
instruments as part of an effort
to locate the 1881 horse burial
pit. The work was conducted
in support of construction of
the new Indian Memorial access
trails.
2002b Trip Report – Inadvertent
Discovery of Remains Related to
Fort Phil Kearney reinterments.
Memorandum
on file, Midwest Archeolgical Center,
National Park Service, Lincoln,
NE.
- Discerning History
Through Archaeology: The Custer
Battle. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department
of Archaeology, University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
-
- Uses the archeological data
to analyze the progress of the
battle.
- Archaeology,
History, and Custer's Last Battle.
University of Oklahoma Press,
Norman.
-
- The published revision and
reinterpretation of his dissertation,
which suggests Custer moved further
north and west than previously
thought.
- West River History:
The Indian Village on Little Bighorn
River, June 25-26, 1876. In Legacy,
New Perspectives on the Battle
of the Little Bighorn, edited
by Charles E. Rankin, pp 139-166,
Montana Historical Society Press,
Helena.
-
- A study of oral history
sources and limited archeological
data to suggest where the Indian
camp circles were located before
and during the battle.
- Tin Cans. In Archaeological
Perspectives on the Battle of
the Little Bighorn by Douglas
D. Scott, Richard A. Fox Jr.,
Melissa Connor, and Dick Harmon,
pp. 215-221. University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman.
-
- Describes and analyzes the
tin cans found on the battlefield.
Most post-date the battle.
- Cannibalism, Combat
and Post Battle Mutilation: Observed
Similarities Between Cannibalism
Criteria and Human Remains From
Custer Battlefield. Master of
Arts Thesis, Department of Anthropology,
University of Nebrasaka, Lincoln.
-
- A comparison of cut marks
on human bone that is often described
in physical anthropological reports
as evidence of cannibalism to
known mutilation marks from the
battlefield. Concludes that care
should be exercised in making
blanket statements that cut marks
equal evidence of cannibalism.
- Scott, Douglas D.
- 1987a The Recovery and Replacement
of a Cremated Burial at Custer
Battlefield National Monument.
- Rocky Mountain Region Archeological
Project Report, dated February
27, 1987. On file, National
Park Service, Midwest Archeological
Center, Lincoln.
-
- Reports on finding an
unreported recent cremation
deposition site at the battlefield.
1987b Prehistoric Resources of
Custer Battlefield. Rocky Mountain
Region Archeological Project Report,
dated April
1, 1987. On file, National Park
Service, Midwest Archeological
Center, Lincoln.
-
- Describes and interprets
the archeological evidence of
the park's prehistoric occupation.
1987c Surviving the Second Battle
of the Little Bighorn: Effective
Means of Dealing with a Media
Blitz. In Captivating
the Public through the Media While
Digging the Past. Technical
Series No. 1, Baltimore Center
for Urban Archaeology. (edited
by Kristen Peters, Elizabeth A.
Comer, and Roger E. Kelly).
-
- Describes the manner in
which project personnel dealt
with a barrage of media contacts
during the field work in 1984
and 1985.
- Testing and Evaluation
of Two Prehistoric Sites at
Custer Battlefield National
Monument. Rocky Mountain Region
Archeological Project Report,
dated September 1989. On file,
National Park Service, Midwest
Archeological Center, Lincoln.
-
- Determines the prehistoric
sites in the park have little
integrity remaining.
- Interpreting
Archaeology at Custer's Last
Stand. In What's Past is
Prologue Our Legacy Our Future,
edited by David L. Kulhavy and
Michael H. Legg, pp 159-163.
National Interpreters Workshop,
Center for Applied Studies,
School of Forestry Stephen F.
Austin State University, Nacogodoches.
-
- Describes some of ways
project personnel and park rangers
interpreted the field investigations
to the park visitors.
- Archeological
Investigations at the Reno-Benteen
Equipment Disposal Site, in
Papers on Little Bighorn Battlefield
Archeology: The Equipment Dump,
Marker 7, and the Reno Crossing,
edited by Douglas Scott. Reprints
in Anthropology Volume 42,
J and L Reprint Co., Lincoln,
pp 1-184.
-
- Describes and interprets
the remains of boxes and saddle
gear found in the Reno-Benteen
equipment dump.
1992a Exhumation of Little Bighorn
Battle-related Human Remains from
the Custer Battlefield National
Cemetery. Rocky
Mountain Region Archeological
Project Report, dated May 20,
1992. On file, National Park Service,
Midwest Archeological Center,
Lincoln.
-
- Describes the excavation
of several graves in the national
cemetery which contained remains
from the battle. The purpose
of the excavations was to recover
remains for identification purposes.
1992bDeep Ravine Overlook Site
Little Bighorn National Battlefield,
Montana. Rocky Mountain Region
Archeological
Project Report, dated July 14,
1992. On file, National Park Service,
Midwest Archeological Center,
Lincoln.
-
- A short report dealing
with the archeological potential
of developing a Deep Ravine
overlook near the national cemetery.
No archeological resources were
found.
1993a Archeological Mapping of
the Pitsch Property: The Valley
Fight Segment of the Battle of
the Little Bighorn, Montana.
Rocky Mountain Region Archeological
Project Report, dated August 31,
1993. On file, National Park
Service, Midwest Archeological
Center, Lincoln.
-
- A report on mapping of
archeological finds on the Pitsch
property located in the area
of the Reno Valley fight. This
report is not available without
the landowners' permission.
1993b Trip report on the Reno-Benteen
Walkway fill project, Little Bighorn
National Battlefield. Memorandum
to Chief,
Midwest Archeological Center,
dated September 20, 1993. On file,
National Park Service, Midwest
Archeological
Center, Lincoln.
-
- This short report documents
the absence of archeological
battle artifacts in the area
of the concrete walkway at the
Reno-Benteen defense site.
- Archaeological
Perspectives on the Battle of
the Little Bighorn: A Retrospective.
In Legacy, New Perspectives
on the Battle of the Little
Bighorn, edited by Charles
E. Rankin, pp 167-188, Montana
Historical Society Press, Helena.
-
- This chapter reviews the
accomplishments of the archeological
project and points out how this
effort has stimulated other
battlefield archeological work.
- A Look at Cedar
Coulee and Sharpshooter Ridges:
Archeological Inventory of the
Faron Iron Property Near Little
Bighorn Battlefield National
Monument. Midwest Archeological
Center, National Park Service,
Lincoln, NE.
-
- Describes the archeological
finds related to the retreat
from Weir Point on some private
property near the Reno-Benteen
defense site.
- Scott, Douglas and Richard Fox,
Jr.
- Archaeological
Insights into the Custer Battle:
A Preliminary Assessment.
University of Oklahoma Press,
Norman.
-
- This is the preliminary
report of the 1984 archeological
investigations.
- Scott, Douglas, and Melissa Connor
- Post-Mortem at
the Little Bighorn. Natural
History 95(6):46-55.
-
- This article provides
a review of the archeological
work at the Little Bighorn in
a popular format.
- Reburial at the
Little Bighorn. CRM Bulletin
11(5-6):6-8. National Park Service.
-
- This brief article describes
the manner of the reburial of
the excavated soldiers remains
in the national cemetery with
full military honors.
- Scott, Douglas, Melissa Connor,
and Clyde Snow
- Nameless Faces
of the Little Bighorn. Greasy
Grass 4:2-5
-
- This article identifies
two set of human remains as
those of Mitch Boyer and Sergeant
Miles O'Hara.
- Scott, Douglas and Dick Harmon
1988a A Sharps Rifle from the Battle
of the Little Bighorn. Man at
Arms 10(1):12-15.
-
- This work uses firearms
identification to confirm that
a Sharps rifle was really used
at the battle by the Indians.
1988b A Sharps Rifle from the
Battle of the Little Bighorn,
pp 12-15. In Guns at the Little
Bighorn, Lincoln, Rhode
Island, Andrew Mowbray Inc.
-
- This is a reprint of the
earlier article that uses firearms
identification to confirm that
a Sharps rifle was really used
at the battle by the Indians.
- Scott, Douglas D., Richard A.
Fox, Jr., Melissa A. Connor, and
Dick Harmon
- Archaeological
Perspectives On the Battle of
the Little Bighorn. University
of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
-
- This book reports the
results of the 1984 and 1985
archeological investigations
at the battlefield.
- Scott, Douglas D. and Clyde Collins
Snow
1991a Mitigative Excavations at
Marker 7, in Papers on Little Bighorn
Battlefield Archeology: The Equipment
Dump,
Marker 7, and the Reno Crossing,
edited by Douglas Scott. Reprints
in Anthropology Volume 42, J
and L Reprint Co., Lincoln, pp 185-206.
-
- This report describes
and interprets a soldiers remains
found at Marker 7 on the battlefield.
1991b Archeology and Forensic
Anthropology of the Human Remains
from the Reno Retreat Crossing,
in Papers on
Little Bighorn Battlefield Archeology:
The Equipment Dump, Marker 7,
and the Reno Crossing, edited
by
Douglas Scott. Reprints in
Anthropology Volume 42, J
and L Reprint Co., Lincoln, pp
207-236.
-
- This report describes
a soldier's bones found at the
Reno Retreat Crossing in 1989.
The bones were subsequently
identified as those of Sergeant
Botzer.
- Scott, Douglas and Douglas Owsley
- Oh, what tales
bones could tell - and often
do! Greasy Grass volume
7: 33-39.
-
- This article describes
a soldier's skull found by a
military surgeon in 1877 during
a scout of the battlefield.
- Scott, Douglas and P. Willey
- The Custer Battlefield
National Cemetery Human Remains
Identification Project. 8th
Annual Symposium,Custer Battlefield
Historical and Museum Association,
Inc., pp 12-29, no publisher
or location noted.
-
- This article briefly describes
the findings of the analytical
work done on the soldiers' remains
from the national cemetery.
Two individuals are tentatively
identified, and the manner and
cause of death is discussed.
- Custer's Men
Took Names to Their Graves.
Greasy Grass12:20-28.
-
- This article briefly describes
how the bones of two individual
soldiers' were tentatively identified
as to who they were.
- Scott, Douglas and P. Willey
- Little Bighorn:
Human Remains from the Custer
National Cemetery. In In
Rememberance: Archaeology and
Death edited by David A.
Poirier and Nicholas F. Bellantoni,
pp 155-171. Bergin and Garvey,
Westport, Connecticut.
-
- This chapter is an overview
of the findings of the national
cemetery identification project.
- Scott, Douglas D. and Peter Bleed
- A Good Walk
Around the Boundary: Archeological
Inventory of the Dyck and other
Properties Adjancet to Little
Bighorn Battlefield National
Monument. Special Publication
of the Nebraska Association
of Professional Archeologists
and the Nebraska State Historical
Society, Lincoln.
-
- This report describes
the artifacts and interprets
the battle from finds made on
private lands and Crow Tribal
lands surrounding Custer field,
Weir Point, Medicine Tail Coulee,
and the Reno-Benteen defense
site.
- Snow, Clyde Collins and John Fitzpatrick
- Human Osteological
Remains from the Battle of the
Little Bighorn. In Archaeological
Perspectives On the Battle of
the Little Bighorn, by Douglas
D. Scott, Richard A. Fox, Jr.,
Melissa A. Connor, and Dick
Harmon, University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman.
-
- This chapter describes
the results of the study of
the soldiers' remains found
during the 1984 and 1985 investigations.
- Willey, P.
- Human Osteology
of the Pitsch Burials. Midwest
Archeological Center, Lincoln,
Nebraska.
-
- A report on human remains
related to the battle and found
on private lands in 1994.
- Osteological
Analysis of Scattered Human
Bones from the Little Bighorn
Battlefield National Monument.
MS on file, Little Bighorn Battlefield
National Monument, Crow Agency,
Montana.
-
- This is a study of several
recently deposited cremated
remains scattered on the battlefield
by unidentified persons.
- Human Skull and
Mandible (LIBI 1996 HR-1 and
HR-2) Attributed to and Non-Human
Bones (LIBI HR-3 through HR-6)
Found on the Little Bighorn
Battlefield, Montana. Department
of Anthropology, Chico State
University, Chico, California.
-
- A report of bones returned
to the battlefield from old
private collections.
- Osteological
Analysis of Human Skeletons
Excavated from the Custer Battlefield
National Cemetery. National
Park Service, Midwest Archeological
Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.
-
- A full analysis and interpretation
of the soldiers' remains found
in the national cemetery.
- Willey, P. and Douglas D. Scott
- 'The Bullets
Buzzed Like Bees': Gunshot Wounds
in Skeletons from the Battle
of the Little Bighorn. International
Journal of Osteoarchaeology
6(1):15-27.
-
- This article describes
a variety of gunshot wounds
found in the skeletons of the
soldiers.
- Abstract: Who's
Buried in Custer's Grave? Proceedings
of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences 3.
-
- An overview of some reason's
that all of George Custer may
not be buried at West Point.
- Willey, P., Richard A. Glenner,
and Douglas D. Scott
- Oral Health of
Seventh Cavalry troopers: Dentitions
from the Custer National Cemetery.
Journal of the History of
Denistry 44(1):3-14.
This article descibes the
overall very poor dental health
of the soldiers as determined
from the teeth of the skeletal
remains found on the battlefield
and in the national cemetery.
- Scott, Douglas D.
1998a Archeological Inventory of
the Indian Memorial Site, Little
Bighorn Battlefield National Monument.
Ms on file,
Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln.
The site of the new Indian
Memorial was intensively metal
detected in 1998. The report details
the findings of additional bullets
and cartridge cases during that
effort.
1998b Archeological Inventory of
the Western Portion of the Irons
Property and the Stops Property,
Bighorn
County, Montana. Ms on file, Midwest
Archeological Center, Lincoln.
This small inventory report
describes the findings of a variety
of artifacts along the route of
advance and retreat to Weir Point.
The artifacts, including a spur,
curry comb, and bullets and cartridge
cases follow a line that defines
the retreat route taken by Reno
and Benteen’s command.
1999a Archaeologists: Battlefield
Detectives. In Little Bighorn Remembered:
The Untold Story of Custer's
Last Stand edited by Herman J. Viola,
pp 165-177, Times Books, New York.
This chapter describes the
work of the archeologists at the
Little Bighorn in general terms.
1999b Archeological Inventory of
the Site of a Water Gauging Station
on the Little Bighorn River, Montana.
Ms on file, Midwest Archeological
Center, Lincoln, NE.
A new water gauging station
required inventory to insure no
archeological resources were present.
None were found.
2000a Outside the Boundaries: The
1999 Archeological Inventory of
Properties Near the Little Bighorn
Battlefield
National Monument, 24BH2175. Ms
on file, Midwest Archeological Center,
Lincoln, NE.
The 1999 metal detecting
inventory work concentrated on
the Reno attack line in the Little
Bighorn Valley. The work was on
private lands and only a few artifacts
were found. These confirmed the
earlier accounts of Judge Vaughan
and Don Rickey.
2000b Archeological Investigations
of Custer's June 23, 1876 Campsite,
Rosebud County, Montana. Ms on file,
Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln,
NE.
Custer’s June 23rd
campsite on Rosebud Creek is marked
by a stone pyramid on the highway.
The archeological team was granted
access to this private land for
inventory purposes. A few 1876
era artifacts, including buttons,
a fired cartridge case, horse
shoe nails, and a coffee tin were
recovered providing some insight
into the size and layout of the
camp.
2002 Archeological Investigations
of the “Horse Cemetery”
Site, Little Bighorn Battlefield
National Monument.
Midwest Archeolgical Center, National
Park Service, Lincoln, NE.
The access walkways to the
new Indian Memorial were laid
out in such a manner that it was
believed that one might affect
the 1881 horse burial pit site.
Excavation proved the site was
smaller than originally believed
and was located a few feet beyond
the walkway alignment. The burial
pit and horse bones were documented
in place and covered over without
removal of the horse bone.
- Scott, Douglas D., P. Willey,
and Melissa A. Connor
1998 They Died with Custer: Soldier's
Bones from the Battle of the Little
Bighorn. University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman
This book builds a story
of the men who rode with Custer
from their enlistment records
and health records. The soldiers
remains recovered during the various
archeological studies add significantly
to the story. The work demonstrates
the men had poor dental health,
that they led hard lives and even
at 20 to 25 years of age suffered
bad backs, many broken bones,
and many showed traces of arthritis
and other degenerative conditions.
The soldiers’ lives were
not as romantic as movies and
books would lead us to believe.
- Scott, Douglas D., Peter Bleed,
Andrew E. Masich, and Jason Pitsch
1997 An Inscribed Native American
Battle Image from the Little Bighorn
Battlefield. Plains Anthropologist
42(161):287-302.
A brass kettle fragment,
inscribed with a battle scene
was found on private property
in the Sitting Bull village site
by the land owner. This article
describes the artifact and its
probable association with the
Rosebud or Little Bighorn battle.
- Willey, P
1997 Osteological Analysis of Human
Skeletons Excavated from the Custer
National Cemetery. Technical
Report No. 50, Midwest Archeological
Center, National Park Service, Lincoln,
Nebraska.
Willey describes the bones
of some of the Little Bighorn
soldiers recovered in the years
after the battle and reburied
in the National Cemetery. Possible
identifications of several men
are offiered.
- Willey, P. and Douglas D. Scott
1999 Clinkers on the Little Bighorn
Battlefield: In Situ Investigations
of Scattered Recent Cremains. In
Forensic Osteological
Analysis: A Book of Case Studies
edited by Scott I. Fairgrieve, pages
129-140, Charles C.
Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
This book chapter describes
work that has been done to monitor
the long-term taphanomic processes
associated with modern cremated
human remains that were illegally
placed on the battlefield by friends
and relatives.
- Willey, P. and Douglas D. Scott
1999 Who’s Buried in
Custer’s Grave? Journal of
Forensic Sciences 44(3):656-665.
This article discusses some
human remains found on the battlefield
about 1940. The bones are consistent
in age and height with Custer
himself. The article concludes
that they may or may not be Custer’s
remains, but what is important
is that the 19th century recovery
efforts by the army was at best
a poor effort, leaving many bones
of the soldier’s still on
the field.
Little Bighorn Introduction
>>
|
|
|
|
|
|