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Time series of CO2 mole fractions at a CarbonTracker observation site. In the top panel, measured mole fractions (open black circles) are plotted along with CarbonTracker simulated values (light blue open circles). At some sites, there are observations that CarbonTracker can not simulate successfully; these are shown as filled red circles. The bottom panel shows a time series of residuals--the difference between the simulated and measured mole fractions--shown with dark blue open circles. These residuals should be uncorrelated in time, unbiased (i.e., have a mean of zero), and distributed normally. Also shown in the lower panel is the imposed model-data mismatch ("MDM", orange bars), which in part defines the rejection criterion (see documentation). Any model first guess value which is more than three times the MDM away from zero, after accounting for potential adjustments to the simulated value due to optimizing fluxes, is rejected by the optimization system. Rejected values, if there are any, are shown with filled red circles.