Chemical Modeling and Thermodynamic Data Evaluation of Major and Trace Elements in Acid Mine Waters and Ground Waters

Aqueous chemical models have become popular tools for the interpretation of natural water chemistry. Unfortunately, these models have deficiencies because of (1) incorrect or inconsistent thermodynamic data, (2) invalid assumption regarding the equilibrium state, (3) inappropriate or invalidated corrections for nonideality, (4) inadequate expressions for temperature dependence, (5) invalidated limitations for ionic strength, composition and temperature, and (6) lack of data on solid solution solubility. The plethora of models and databases has prompted federal agencies, especially hazardous waste and nuclear waste managers, to request geochemical code validation. Acid mine waters are a major source of water pollution and provide one of the application of trace element speciation models. Objectives of this project are to develop, test, evaluate and make field applications of chemical models for equilibrium speciation and mass transfer of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters and ground waters. For additional information, see project's home page.

REPORTS PUBLISHED 1999-2009

Mast, M.A., Verplanck, P.L., Wright, W.G., and Bove, D.J., in press, Characterization of background water quality in the Upper Animas River watershed, Chapter E7, in Church, S.E., von Guerard, P, and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated Investigations of Environmental Effects of Historical Mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651.

Verplanck, P.L. , Mueller, S.H. , Goldfarb, R.J. , Nordstrom, D.K. , and Youcha, E.K., in press, Geochemical controls of elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwater, Ester Dome, Fairbanks district, Alaska: Chemical Geology,

Verplanck, P.L., Yager, D.B., Church, S.E., and Stanton, M.R., in press, Ferricrete distribution, classification, and morphology in the Animas River Watershed study area, Colorado, Chapter E15, in Church, S.E., von Guerard, P, and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated Investigations of Environmental Effects of Historical Mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651.

Wirt, L., Vincent, K.R., Verplanck, P.L., Yager, D.B., Church, S.E., and Fey, D.L., in press, Geochemical and hydrological processes controlling the formation of ferricrete, Chapter E17, in Church, S.E., von Guerard, P, and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated Investigations of Environmental Effects of Historical Mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651.

Boyd, E.S., King, S., Tomberlin, J.K., Nordstrom, D.K., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Barkay, T., and Geesey, G.G., 2009, Methylmercury enters an aquatic food web through acidophilic microbial mats in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: Environmental Microbiology, v. 11, no. 4, p. 950-959. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2009, Acid rock drainage and climate change: Journal of Geochemical Exploration. v. 100, p. 97-104. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., and Ball, J.W., 2009, Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park: IV Acid-sulfate waters: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 2, p. 191-207. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Sherman, L.S., Blum, J.D., Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., Barkay, T., and Vetriani, C., 2009, Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 279, no. 1-2, p. 86-96. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Verplanck, P.L., Nordstrom, D.K., Bove, D.J., Plumlee, G.S., and Runkel, R.L., 2009, Naturally acidic surface and ground waters draining porphyry-related mineralized areas of the Southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado and New Mexico: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 2, p. 255-267. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Caruso, B.S., Cox, T.J., Runkel, R.L., Velleux, M.L., Bencala, K.E., Nordstrom, D.K., Julien, P.Y., Butler, B.A., Alpers, C.N., Marion, A., and Smith, K.S., 2008, Metals fate and transport modelling in streams and watersheds: state of the science and USEPA workshop review: Hydrological Processes, v. 22, p. 4011-4021.

Izbicki, J.A., Ball, J.W., Bullen, T.D., and Sutley, S.J., 2008, Chromium, chromium isotopes and selected trace elements, western Mojave Desert, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 23, no. 5, p. 1325-1352. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2008, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 25. Summary of results and baseline and pre-mining ground-water geochemistry, Red River Valley, Taos County, New Mexico, 2001-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1728, 111p. (on-line abstract or on-line paper in pdf format, 42.4 MB)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2008, What was the groundwater quality before mining in a mineralized region? Lessons from the Questa Project: Journal of Geosciences, v. 12, p. 139-149. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Nordstrom, D.K., Wright, W.G., Mast, M.A., Bove, D.J., and Rye, R.O., 2007, Aqueous-sulfate stable isotopes - A study of mining-affected and undisturbed acidic drainage, in Church, S.E., von Guerard, P., and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated Investigations of Environmental Effects of Historical Mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651, chapter E8, p. 387-416. (on-line chapter in pdf format, 327 kb)

Ball, J.W., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Holloway, J.M., 2007, Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 2003-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1339, 183 p.

Nordstrom, D. K., 2007, Effects of seasonal and climatic change on water quality from acid rock drainage in the western United States in Cidu, R. and Frau, F., eds., Water in Mining Environments: Proceedings of the International Mine Water Association Symposium 2007, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, p. 11-16.

Nordstrom, D.K., 2007, Modeling low-temperature geochemical processes in Drever, J.I., ed., Surface and Ground Water, Weathering and Soils, Treatise on Geochemistry, v. 5: Elsevier, p. 1-38 (online update)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2007, What was the water quality before mining? Inferring pre-mining water-quality at hard-rock mines as a goal for remediation, in Bullen, T.D., and Wang, Y., eds., Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Kunming, China, 31 July - 5 August, 2007: London, Taylor and Francis CRC Press, p. 23-26.

Nordstrom, D.K., Wright, W.G., Mast, M.A., Bove, D., and Rye, R.O., 2007, Aqueous-sulfate stable isotopes: A study of mining-affected and undisturbed acidic drainage: Chapter E8 in Church, S.E., von Guerard, P., and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated Investigations of Environmental Effects of Historical Mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651, p. 387-416.

Planer-Friedrich, B., London, J., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Wallschlager, D., 2007, Thioarsenates in geothermal waters of Yellowstone National Park - Determination, preservation, and geochemical importance: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 41, p. 5,245-5,251. (on-line abstract of journal artiicle)

Verplanck, P.L., Mueller, S.H., Goldfarb, R.J., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2007, Elevated arsenic in ground water, Ester Dome (Alaska) in Cidu, R. and Frau, F., eds., Water in Mining Environments: Proceedings of the International Mine Water Association Symposium 2007, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, p. 473-477.

Barber, L.B., Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., Sandstrom, M.W., Taylor, H.E., and Furlong, E.T., 2006, Chemical loading into surface water along a hydrological, biogeochemical, and land use gradient: A holistic watershed approach: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 40, p. 475-486. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 1784 kb, published by American Chemical Society; not subject to U.S. copyright)

Kimball, B.A., Nordstrom, D.K., Runkel, R.L., Vincent, K.R., and Verplanck, P.L., 2006, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 23. Quantification of solute mass loading for Red River, New Mexico : U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report, 2006-5004, 44 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 1.7MB)

King, S.A., Behnke, S., Slack, K., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Nordstrom, D.K. Burr, M.D., and Striegl, R.G., 2006, Mercury in water and biomass of microbial communities in hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 21, no. 11, p. 1868-1879. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Majzlan, J., Navrotsky, A., McCleskey, R.B., and Alpers, C.N., 2006, Thermodynamic properties and crystal structure refinement of ferricopiapite, coquimbite, rhomboclase, and Fe₃(SO₄)₂(H₂O)₅: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 18, p. 175-186. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Planer-Friedrich, B., Lehr, C., Matschullat, J., Merkel, B.J., Nordstrom, D.K., and Sandstrom, M.W., 2006, Speciation of volatile arsenic at geothermal features in Yellowstone National Park: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, p. 2,480-2,491. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Verplanck, P.L., Nordstrom, D.K., and McCleskey, R.B., 2006, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 20. Water chemistry of the Red River and selected seeps, tributaries and precipiation, Taos County, New Mexico, 2000-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5028, 139 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 3.1 MB

Ball, J.W., Runkel, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining rround-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red River, New Mexico, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5149, 63 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 2.9 MB)

Gammons, C.H., Nimick, D.A., Parker, S.R., Cleasby, T.E., and McCleskey, R.B., 2005, Diel behavior of iron and other trace metals in a mountain stream with acidic to neutral pH: Fisher Creek, Montana, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, no. 10, p. 2505-2516. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Jamieson, H.E., Robinson, C., Alpers, C.N., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Peterson, R.C., 2005, Major and trace element composition of copiapite group minerals and coexisting water from the Richmond Mine, Iron Mountain, California: Chemical Geology, v. 215, no. 1-4, p. 387-405. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Jamieson, H.E., Robinson C., Alpers, C.N., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Poustovetov, A., and Lowers, H.A., 2005, Geochemistry of jarosite-group minerals and associated waters from the Richmond Mine, Iron Mountain, California: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 43, p. 1,225-1,242. (on-line abstract or on-line journal article)

McCleskey, R.B., Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., Holloway, J.M., and Taylor, H.E., 2005, Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park Wyoming, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1316, 94 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 10 MB)

Merkel, B.J., Planer-Friedrich, Britta, 2005, Groundwater Geochemistry - A practical guide to modeling of natural and contaminated aquatic systems, Nordstrom, D.K., ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 200 p.

Naus, C.A., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Donohoe, L.C., Hunt, A. G., Morin, R.H., Paillet, F., and Verplanck, P.L., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 5. Well installation, water-level data, and surface- and ground-water chemistry in the Straight Creek drainage basin, Red River Valley, New Mexico, 2001-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5088, 220 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 29.6 MB)

Nimick, D.A., Cleasby, T.E., and McCleskey, R.B., 2005, Seasonality of diel cycles of dissolved metal concentrations in a Rocky Mountain stream: Environmental Geology, v. 47, no. 5, p. 603-614. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2005, A river on the edge - Water quality in the Red River and the USGS background study, in Price, L.G., Bland, Douglas, McLemore, V.T., and Barker, J.M., eds., Mining in New Mexico, Decision-Makers Conference 2005, Taos region, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Socorro, New Mexico, p. 64-67.

Nordstrom, D.K., Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2005, Ground water to surface water - Chemistry of thermal outflows in Yellowstone National Park , in Inskeep, W. and McDermott, T.R., eds., Geothermal Biology and Geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park: Bozeman, Mont., Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, p. 73-94.

Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., Hunt, A.G., and Naus, C.A., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 14. Interpretation of ground-water quality in catchments other than the Straight Creek catchment, Red River Valley, Taos County, New Mexico, 2002-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5050, 84 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 2 MB)

Verplanck, P.L., Taylor, H.E., Nordstrom, D.K., and Barber, L.B., 2005, Aqueous stability of gadolinium in surface waters receiving sewage treatment plant effluent, Boulder Creek, Colorado: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 39, p. 6923-6929. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Ball, J.W., and Izbicki, J.A., 2004, Occurrence of hexavalent chromium in ground water in the western part of the Mojave Desert, California: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 7, p. 1123-1135. (on-line abstract)

Ball, J.W., Runkel, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, Evaluating remedial alternatives for the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork, near the Summitville Mine, Colorado-- Application of a reactive-transport model to low- and high-flow simulations, in Zanetti, P., ed., Environmental sciences and environmental computing: The EnviroComp Institute. v. II, Chap. 3, p. 1-54.

Chudaev, O.V., Chudaeva, V.A., Sugimori, K., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, Chemical composition and formation of thermal waters in Kuril's Islands (Far East Russia), in Wanty, R.B., and Seal, R.R., II, eds., Water-Rock Interaction, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Water - Rock Interaction, Saratoga Springs, New York, July 2004: New York, A.A. Balkema, p. 105-108.

Holloway, J.M., Smith, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, Nitrogen transformations in hot spring runoff, Yellowstone National Park, USA, in Wanty, R.B., and Seal, R.R., II, eds., Water-Rock Interaction, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Water - Rock Interaction, Saratoga Springs, New York, July 2004: New York, A.A. Balkema, p. 145-148.

Jones, C.A., Nimick, D.A., and McCleskey, R.B., 2004, Relative effect of temperature and pH on diel cycling of dissolved Zn and As in Prickly Pear Creek, Montana: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, v. 153, p. 95-113. (on-line abstract)

LoVetere, S.H., Nordstrom, D.K., Maest, A.S., and Naus, C.A., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 3, Historical ground-water quality for the Red River Valley, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4186, 49 p. (on-line report in pdf format)

Maest, A.S., Nordstrom, D.K., and Lovetere, S.H., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation, 4. Historical Surface-Water Quality for the Red River Valley, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5063, 150 p. (on-line report or on-line report in pdf format, 2041 kb)

McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Maest, A.S., 2004, Preservation of water samples for arsenic(III/V) determinations--An evaluation of the literature and new analytical results: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 7, p. 995-1009. (on-line abstract)

McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Naus, C.A., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water-quality investigation. 16. Quality assurance and quality control for water analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1341, 105 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 1MB)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, Modeling low-temperature geochemical processes, in Drever, J.I., ed., Surface and Ground Water, Weathering and Soils, Treatise on Geochemistry, v. 5, chapt. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 37-72.

Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, From research to remediation: Application of hydrogeochemical research for effective mine site remediation, in Jarvis, A.P., Dudgeon, B.A., and Younger, P.L., eds., Mine Water 2004, Process, Policy, and Progress, International Mine Water Association Symposium, Proceedings, Sept. 19-23, 2004, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: International Mine Water Association, v. 1, p. 141-148.

Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and the challenge of environmental restoration at the Iron Mountain Superfund mine site, or why not to plug a mine: GIS - Geoscience Applications and Developments/ Treatment technologies for mining impacted water, Proc. Workshop at the Geological Institute of the Technical University of the Mining Academy at Freiberg, June 18, 2004, Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, v. 25, p. 125-131.

Nordstrom, D.K., Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2004, Oxidation reactions for reduced Fe, As, and S in thermal waters of Yellowstone National Park: biotic or abiotic, in Wanty, R.B., and Seal, R.R., II, eds., Water-Rock Interaction, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Water - Rock Interaction, Saratoga Springs, New York, July 2004: New York, A.A. Balkema, p. 59-62.

Verplanck, P.I., Nordstrom, D.K., Taylor, H.E., and Kimball, B.A., 2004, Rare earth element partitioning between hydrous ferric oxides and acid mine water during iron oxidation: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, p. 1339-1354. (on-line abstract)

Zhang, M., Hobbs, M.Y., Frape, S.K., Nordstrom, D.K., Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2004, Stable chlorine isotope composition of goethermal waters from Yellowstone National Park, in Wanty, R.B., and Seal, R.R., II, eds., Water-Rock Interaction, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Water - Rock Interaction, Saratoga Springs, New York, July 2004: New York, A.A. Balkema, p. 233-236.

Alpers, C.N., Nordstrom, D.K., and Spitzley, J., 2003, Extreme acid mine drainage from a pyritic massive sulfide deposit, The Iron Mountain end-member, in Jambor, J.L., Blowes, D.W., and Ritchie, A.I.M., eds., Environmental Aspects of Mine Wastes: Mineralogical Association of Canada, v. 31, p.407-430.

Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2003, A new cation-exchange method for accurate field speciation of hexavalent chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4018, 17 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 1 MB)

Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2003, New cation-exchange method for accurate field speciation of hexavalent chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 006-03. (on-line fact sheet in pdf format)

Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2003, A new cation-exchange method for accurate field speciation of hexavalent chromium: Talanta, v. 61, no. 3, p. 305-313. (on-line abstract)

McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Ball, J.W., 2003, Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4117, 14 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 1 MB)

McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Steiger, J.I., Kimball, B.A., and Verplanck, P.L., 2003, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 2. Low-flow (2001) and snowmelt (2002) synoptic/tracer water chemistry for the Red River, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-148, 152 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 1 MB)

Mueller, S.H., Goldfarb, M.L., Munk, L.A., Sanzolone, R., Lamothe, P., Adams, M., Briggs, P.H., McCleskey, R.B., and Theodorakos, P.M., 2003, Surface and ground water geochemistry near the Donlin Creek gold deposit, southwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-492, 37p. (on-line report in pdf format, 1.04 MB)

Murphy, S.F., Barber, L.B., Verplanck, P.L., and Kinner, D.A., 2003, Environmental setting and hydrology of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Chapter 1 in Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., and Barber, L.B., eds., Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4045, p. 5-26. (on line chapter in pdf format)

Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., and Barber, L.B., eds., 2003, Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4045, 198 p. (on-line report)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2003, Effects of microbiological and geochemical interactions in mine drainage, in Jambor, J.L., Blowes, D.W., and Ritchie, A.I.M., eds., Environmental Aspects of Mine Wastes: Mineralogical Association of Canada, v. 31, p. 227-238.

Ortiz, R.F, and Ball, J.W., 2003, Summary of Synoptic Sampling and Tracer-Injection Tests in the Alamosa River Basin, June 1999: A Sampling Analysis Report for Modeling Reactive Transport of Metals for the Summitville Mine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-466, 55 p.

Ortiz, R.F, and Ball, J.W., 2003, Summary of Synoptic Sampling and Tracer-Injection Tests in the Alamosa River Basin, June 1998: A Sampling Analysis Report for Modeling Reactive Transport of Metals for the Summitville Mine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-467, 60 p.

Verplanck, P.L., McCleskey, R.B., and Roth, D.A., 2003, Inorganic water chemistry of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000, Chapter 4 in Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., and Barber, L.B., eds., Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4045, p. 71-102. (on-line chapter in pdf format)

Verplanck, P.L., Mueller, S.H., Youcha, E.K., Goldfarb, R.J., Sanzolone, R.F., McCleskey, R.B., Briggs, P.H., Roller, M., Adams, M., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2003, Chemical analyses of ground and surface waters, Ester Dome, Central Alaska, 2000-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-244. (on-line abstract or on line report in pdf format, 12.38 MB)

Verplanck, P.L., Murphy, S.F., and Barber, L.B., 2003, Water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 043-03. (on-line fact sheet)

Webster, J.G., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2003, Geothermal Arsenic, in Welch, A.H., and Stollenwerk, K.G., eds., Arsenic in Ground Water: Geochemistry and Occurrence: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 101-126.

Yager, D.B., Church, S.E., Verplanck, P.L., and Wirt, L., 2003, Ferricrete, manganocrete, and bog iron occurrences with selected sedge bogs and active iron bogs and springs in the upper Animas River watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map, MF-2406. (on-line map)

Ball, J.W., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Holloway, J.M., and Verplanck, P.L., 2002, Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1999-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-382. 112 p. (on-line report in pdf format)

Mueller, S.H., Goldfarb, M.L., Farmer, G.L., Sanzolone, R., Adams, M., Theodorakos, P.M., Richmond, S.A., and McCleskey, R.B., 2002, Trace, minor, and major element data for ground water near Fairbanks, Alaska, 1999-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reprot 02-0090. (to obtain on-line pdf file and data files in Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Access formats)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2002, Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water: Science, v. 296, no. 5576, p. 2143-2145.

Nordstrom, D.K., 2002, Aqueous redox chemistry and the behavior of iron in acid mine waters, in Wilkin, R.T., Ludwig, R.D., and Ford, R.G., eds, Proceedings of the Workshop on Monitoring Oxidation-Reduction Processes for Ground-water Restoration, Dallas, Texas, April 25-27, 2000: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-02/002, p. 43-47. (on-line report in pdf format)

Nordstrom, D.K. and Archer, D.G., 2002, Arsenic Thermodynamic Data and Environmental Geochemistry, in Welch, A.H., and Stollenwerk, K.G., eds., Arsenic in Ground Water: Geochemistry and Occurrence: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 1-26.

Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., Schoonen, M.A.A., and Xu, Y., 2001, Water-chemistry and on-site sulfur-speciation data for selected springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1996-1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-49, 42 p. (on-line report in pdf format)

Ball, J.W., Runkel, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2001, Reactive transport modeling at high-flow - Wightman Fork/Alamosa River, in Cidu, R., ed., Proceedings of the tenth international symposium Water-Rock Interaction 10, Villasimius, Italy, June 10-15, 2001: A.A. Balkema, v. 2, p. 1181 -1184

Cavé, L.C., Fey, M.V., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2001, Dissolution rate of apophyllite - the effects of pH and implications for underground water storage, in Cidu, R., ed., Proceedings of the tenth international symposium Water-Rock Interaction 10, Villasimius, Italy, June 10-15, 2001: A.A. Balkema, p. 251-254.

Gihring, T.M., Druschel, G.K., McCleskey, R.B., Hamers, R.J., and Banfield, J.F., 2001, Rapid arsenite oxidation by Thermus Aquaticus and Thermus Thermophilus - Field and laboratory investigations: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 35, p. 3857-3862.

Mueller, S.H., Verplanck, P.L., and Goldfarb, R.J., 2001, Ground-Water studies in Fairbanks, Alaska - A better understanding of some of the United States' hghest natural arsenic concentrations: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 111-01. (on-line fact sheet in pdf format, 6.7 MB)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2001, A test of aqueous speciation: measured vs. calculated free fluoride ion activity, in Cidu, R., ed., Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Villasimius, Italy, 10-15 June 2001: A.A. Balkema, v. 1, p. 317-320.

Verplanck, P.L., Antweiler, R.C., Nordstrom, D.K. and Taylor, H.E., 2001, Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations: Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 231-244. (on-line abstract)

Verplanck, P.L., Nordstrom, D.K., Farmer, G.L., Unruh, D.M., and Fey, D.L., 2001, Sr isotopic investigation to determine ground water flow paths, Silverton, Colorado: , in Cidu, R., ed., Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Villasimius, Italy, June 10-15, 2001: A.A. Balkema, v. 2, p. 1585-1588.

Verplanck, P.L., Unruh, D.M., and Fey, D.L., 2001, Evaluation of strontium isotopes as a geochemical tracer in the Middle Fork Mineral Creek Basin, Southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4290, 20 p. (on-line abstract)

Alpers, C.N., Jambor, J.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., eds., 2000, Sulfate minerals -- crystallography, geochemistry, and environmental significance: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, 608 p. (on-line abstract)

Alpers, C.N., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, Estimation of pre-mining conditions for trace metal mobility in mineralized areas - an overview: Proceedings 5th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 2000), Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Littleton, Colo., p. 463-472.

Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., Roth, D.A., Cain, D.J., Ball, J.W., Unruh, D.M., and Deleanis, P.D., 2000, Study design: field and laboratory methods, in Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.J., eds., Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-97: Volume 1. Methods and Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4286, p. 19-37

Ball, J.W., and Bassett, R.L., 2000, Ion exchange separation of chromium from natural water matrix for stable isotope mass spectrometric analysis: Chemical Geology, v. 168, p. 123-134. (on-line abstract)

Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., and Runkel, R.L., 2000, Reactive and non-reactive transport modeling for Wightman Fork, Summitville Mine, Colorado: Application of the OTIS/OTEQ model to a low-flow synoptic study: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 2000), Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, Colo., p. 125-134.

Bigham, J.M., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, Iron and aluminum hydroxysulfates from acid sulfate waters, in Alpers, C.N., Jambor, J.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., eds., Sulfate minerals -- crystallography, geochemistry, and environmental significance: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, p. 351-403.

Gimeno Serrano, M.J., Auque Sanz, L.F., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, REE Speciation in low-temperature acidic waters and the competitive effects of aluminum: Chemical Geology, v. 165, p. 167-180. (on-line abstract)

Jambor, J.L., Nordstrom, D.K., and Alpers, C.N., 2000, Metal-sulfate salts from sulfide mineral oxidation, in Alpers, C.N., Jambor, J.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., eds., Sulfate minerals -- crystallography, geochemistry, and environmental significance: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, p. 305-350.

Landa, E.R., Cravotta, C.A., Naftz, D.L., Verplanck, P.V., Nordstrom, D.K., and Zielinski, R.A., 2000, Geochemical investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey on uranium mining, milling, and environmental restoration: Technology (Merril Eisenbud memorial issue) v. 7, p. 381-396. (on-line abstract)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, Advances in the hydrogeochemistry and microbiology of acid mine waters: International Geological Review, v. 42, p. 499-515. (on-line abstract)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, An overview of arsenic mass-poisoning in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, in Young, C., ed., Minor elements 2000, processing and environmental aspects of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, p. 21-30. (on-line abstract)

Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, Thermodynamic properties of environmental arsenic species: Limitations and needs, in Young, C., ed., Minor elements 2000, processing and environmental aspects of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, p. 325-331

Nordstrom, D.K., Alpers, C.N., Ptacek, C.J., and Blowes, D., 2000, Negative pH and extremely acidic mine waters at Iron Mountain Mine, California: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 34, p. 254-258. (on-line abstract)

Robbins, E.I., Rodgers, T.M., Alpers, C.N., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, Ecogeochemistry of the subsurface food web at pH 0-2.5 in Iron Mountain, California, USA: Hydrobiologia, v. 433, p. 15-23. (on-line abstract)

Xu, Y., Schoonen, M.A.A., Nordstrom, D.K., Cunningham, K.M., and Ball, J.W., 2000, Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. II. Formation and decomposition of thiosulfate and polythionate in Cinder Pool: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 97, p. 407-423. (on-line abstract)

Alpers, C.N., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1999, Geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions in mining environments, in Plumlee, G.S., and Logsdon, M.J., eds., The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits. processes, methods and health issues: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 6A, p. 289-324.

Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., and To, T.B., 1999, A new method for the direct determination of Fe(III) concentrations in acid mine waters, in Morganwalp, D.W. and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Progam-Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018, p. 297-304. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 664KB)

Ball, J.W., Runkel, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1999, Transport modeling of reactive constituents from Summitville, CO; Preliminary results from the application of OTIS/OTEQ to the Wightman Fork/Alamosa River system, in Morganwalp, D.W. and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program-Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018, p. 305-311. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 518 kb)

Landa, E.R., Cravotta, C.A. II, Naftz, D.L., Verplanck, P.L., Nordstrom, D.K., and Zielinski, R.A., 1999, Geochemical investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey on uranium mining, milling, and environmental restoration, in Hylko, J.M. and Salyer, R.L., eds., Proceedings from the Health Physics Soc. Meeting, January 24-27: Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, WI, p. 215-220.

Nordstrom, D. K., 1999, Some fundamentals of geochemistry, in Plumlee, G.S. and Logsdon, M.J., eds., The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Processes, methods and health issues: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 6A, p. 117-124.

Nordstrom, D.K., 1999, Sulfates, in Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Alexander, D.E. and Fairbridge, R.W., eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 580-585.

Nordstrom, D. K. 1999, Consilience and conciliation, the need for less human impact and more humane impact, in Armannson, H.P., ed., Proceedings 5th International Symposium on Geochemistry of the Earth's Surface: Reykjavik, Iceland, Aug. 15-19, p. 139-142.

Nordstrom, D.K., and Alpers, C.N., 1999, Geochemistry of acid mine waters, in Plumlee, G.S., and Logsdon, M.J., eds., The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: processes, methods and health issues: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 6A, p. 133-160.

Nordstrom, D.K. and Alpers, C.N., 1999, Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the Iron Mountain Superfund site, California: Proceedings from the National Acad. Sci., v. 96, p. 3455-3462. (on-line report)

Nordstrom, D.K,. Alpers, C.N., Coston, J.A., Taylor, H.E., McCleskey, R.B., Ball, J.W., Davis, J.A., and Ogle, S., 1999, Geochemistry, toxicity, and sorption properties of contaminated sediments and pore water in two reservoirs receiving acid mine drainage from Iron Mountain, California, in Morganwalp, D.W. and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program-Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018, p. 289-296. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 518 kb)

To, T.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Cunningham, K.M., Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 1999, A new method for the direct determination of dissolved Fe(III) concentration in acid mine waters: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 33, no. 5, p. 807-813. (on-line abstract)

Verplanck, P.L., Nordstrom, D.K., and Taylor, H.E., 1999, Overview of rare earth element investigations in acidic waters of the U.S. Geological Survey abandoned mine land watersheds, in Morganwalp, D.W. and Buxton, H.T., eds, U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program-Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018, p. 83-92. (on-line abstract)

Wright, W.G. and Nordstrom, D.K., 1999, Oxygen isotopes of dissolved sulfate as a tool to distinguish natural and mining-related dissolved constituents, in Morganwalp, D.W. and Buxton, H.T., eds, U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program - Proceeding of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018, p. 67-74. (on-line abstract)

Wright, W.G. and Nordstrom, D.K., 1999, Oxygen isotopes of dissolved sulfate as a tool to distinguish natural and mining-related dissolved constitutents: Tailings and Mine Waste '99, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of Tailings and Mine Waste '99, Fort Collins, CO, January 23-27, p. 671-678.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROJECT, CONTACT:
Darrell K. Nordstrom
U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine St., Boulder, CO 80303
Email: dkn@usgs.gov
Telephone: 303-541-3037

James W. Ball
U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine St., Boulder, CO 80303
Email: jwball@usgs.gov
Telephone: 303-541-3035

 For information on additional projects in the National Research Program, see Indexes to NRP projects and bibliographies