A |
Annual Report (PedNSS) |
A
report produced annually for each PedNSS contributor comprised
of 21 data tables that contain prevalence of demographic and
health indicators, trends, and geographic comparison of local
(e.g. clinic and county) health indicators. Generated upon CDC
receipt of the contributor's full set of prior year data. A
similar national report is produced in April of each year for
the prior annual reporting period. |
Annual Report (PNSS) |
A
report produced annually for each PNSS contributor comprised of
23 data tables that contain prevalence of demographic and health
indicators, trends, and geographic comparison of local (e.g.
clinic and county) health indicators. Generated upon CDC receipt
of the contributor's full set of prior year data. A similar
national report is produced in September of each year for the
prior annual reporting period. |
B |
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Biologically Implausible Value (BIV) |
A data value falling outside the range considered biologically
plausible (generally +/- 4 standard deviations). Example: the
BIV for the PNSS field Hematocrit-Postpartum Visit is <24.0% or >51.0%. Such values are rarely observed
and are excluded from analysis. The BIV cut-offs selected for
the individual indicators were based on review of PedNSS and
PNSS data and external data sources. |
Body Mass
Index (BMI) |
A formula relating body weight and
height, derived by dividing weight in kilograms by height in
meters squared. Used as an indicator of obesity or general
nutritional status. |
C |
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Certificate
|
See digital certificate |
Client – (data processing term) |
A computer system or process that
requests a service of another computer system or process (a
“server”) using some kind of protocol and accepting the server’s
responses. |
Client-server
System – (data processing term) |
A common form of distributed system
in which software is split between server tasks and client
tasks. |
Codes |
Designations for PedNSS or PNSS field values that are used in
creating a PedNSS or PNSS record.
|
Code File |
File prepared by the PedNSS or PNSS contributor defining valid
geographic codes: state code, clinic/school codes,
county codes (all required) and a choice of codes for local
agencies, metro areas, and regions/school districts (all
optional). Referenced in the production of annual
contributor PedNSS
and PNSS reports that present clinic/school, county, local
agency, metro area, and/or region/school district analyses. |
Complete Records |
PNSS records that contain prenatal and postpartum data about a
woman recorded during and after her pregnancy. Postpartum data
includes newborn infant data. |
Completion Code or Record Linkage
Errors |
Errors on contributor PNSS transaction data
files that result from either assigning the wrong completion
code to a record, or incorrectly or incompletely populating
fields on a specific record type, e.g. populating postpartum
fields on a prenatal only record. |
Contributor
|
A state, U.S. territory, tribal
government, or the District of Columbia, that submits data to
the PedNSS or PNSS. |
C
Contributor Use Fields
|
PedNSS and PNSS fields that can be
used for codes that are unique to and defined by the
individual contributor, after consultation with CDC.
|
Core Field
|
PedNSS and PNSS fields that are
considered extremely important for maternal and child
monitoring. If missing, they will not affect record acceptance
by CDC, but will result in exclusion from some or all tables in
annual national and contributor reports. |
Critical Error |
A data error in the critical code fields that results in a PedNSS
or PNSS record being rejected by CDC.
Examples of such errors include missing State or Substate code,
or missing Individual ID's
of a woman or child. |
Critical Fields
|
PedNSS and PNSS fields that must be
reported and that will result in records being rejected if data
in the field
are missing or mis-coded.
|
Cross-check Errors
|
Inconsistencies in the data between two or more specific fields
on the PedNSS or PNSS. |
Crystal Reports (data processing term) |
A report generation tool, marketed by
Seagate Software, that interfaces to Microsoft Visual Basic and
SQL Server.
|
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Decryption –(data processing term) |
The process of transforming data from an
encoded form back to its original form. |
Digital Certificate – (data processing term) |
A data object which is
used to verify the identity of its holder; issued to clients
during CDC Secure Data Network (SDN) registration.
|
Distribution |
Summary of the frequencies of the values or categories of a
variable. |
Duplicate Transaction Records |
A record in the PedNSS or PNSS transaction file submitted by a
contributor, which is mostly or entirely identical to another record
in the same transaction file. |
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Edit |
Process during which the CDC computer
software finds errors in the submitted data. |
Edit Criteria |
Criteria used by the edit process to
check the accuracy of the submitted data. |
Encryption – (data processing term) |
The process of transforming data from its
original form to an encoded form in order to prevent those other
than
intended recipient from reading the data. |
EPSDT |
Early Periodic Screening, Diagnostic and
Treatment service is Medicaid’s comprehensive and preventive
child health program for individuals under the age of 21. |
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Field |
An individual data item on
the PedNSS or PNSS record. |
Firewall – (data processing term) |
A dedicated gateway machine with special
security precautions on it, used to service outside networks,
especially Internet connections and dial-in lines. Used to
protect a cluster of more loosely administered machines hidden
behind it from unauthorized access. |
Full-term Infant |
Infant who is born 37 weeks of more from
the last menstrual period. |
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Gestational Age |
Number of weeks since last menstrual period. |
GIS – Geographic Information System |
A computer system for analyzing and mapping
geographically referenced information. GIS analyses of PedNSS
and PNSS data are possible by referencing state and county
Federal Information Processing (FIPS) codes on contributor PedNSS/PNSS
code files, and/or zip code. |
GUI – Graphical User Interface (data processing term) |
The use of pictures in addition to
words to represent the input and output of a computer program. In
addition to accepting input from the keyboard, the program
displays certain icons, buttons, dialogue boxes, etc, in its
“windows” on the screen and the user controls it mainly by
moving a “pointer (aka mouse)” on the screen and selecting
certain objects by pressing buttons on the mouse while the
pointer is pointing at them. |
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Health Indicator |
An indicator of the health status for
a population. Examples include low birthweight, overweight, etc. |
Hematocrit Concentration (Hct) |
The volume fraction of packed red blood
cells in whole blood. A hematology test used to establish whether a woman or child
is anemic. |
Hemoglobin Concentration (Hb) |
The amount of oxygen-carrying pigment of
the red blood cells per deciliter of whole blood in grams. A
hematology test used
to establish whether a woman or child is anemic. |
High Birthweight |
A weight of larger than 4,000 grams (8.8
pounds) at birth. |
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Incidence |
The occurrence of new cases of a disease or
other events. |
Internet |
A worldwide connection of interconnected computer
networks. |
Invalid codes |
Codes
for PedNSS and PNSS fields that are not acceptable. |
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Last Menstrual Period (LMP) |
Date of a
woman’s last menstrual period prior to becoming pregnant. Used
to establish expected date of delivery, and gestational age of
the infant in conjunction with birthdate. |
Low Birthweight |
A weight of less than 2,500
grams (5.5 pounds) at birth.
|
M |
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Master File |
The cleaned (edited) file that the CDC creates after editing the
PedNSS or PNSS transaction data file submitted by a contributor. |
Mis-codes
|
Unacceptable codes for a specific PedNSS or PNSS field. For
example, if valid codes for a field defining whether a woman is
Currently Breastfeeding are 1=Yes, and 2=No, a code of 3 is a
mis-code. |
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New Data Items (data processing term) |
The new set of data items for the
PedNSS and PNSS established by CDC in 2004. Adoption of the new
items by PedNSS and PNSS contributors is encouraged, especially at junctures when contributor computer
information systems are upgraded. |
Nutrition Surveillance |
The continuous
collection, analysis, and use of data relating to the nutrition
and health status of population groups. |
P |
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PedNSS |
Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System. |
Percentile |
The percent of individuals in a population who's measurements
are below that of a given measurement. For example, the child's
BMI-for-age being at the 80th percentile means that
80% of children his age in the reference population have a BMI
lower than his. |
PNSS |
Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System. |
PNSS Record Types |
Includes complete records, prenatal only
records and postpartum only records. The type of PNSS record is
designated in PNSS field, Completion Code. |
Postpartum (PP) |
After childbirth. |
Postpartum (PP) Visit |
A woman's first clinic visit after delivery in which
maternal, postpartum, and infant outcome information are
collected. This information is used to establish a PNSS record
for each individual woman. |
Postpartum (PP) Only Records |
PNSS
records containing only postpartum data about a woman. The type
of PNSS record is designated in PNSS field, Completion Code.
|
Prenatal Only Records |
PNSS
records containing only prenatal data about a woman. The type
of PNSS record is designated in PNSS field, Completion Code. |
Prenatal Visit |
A woman's first clinic visit during pregnancy in which maternal
information is collected. This information is used to establish a PNSS record for
each individual woman. |
Preterm Infant |
Infant born alive before 37 weeks gestation. |
Prevalence |
Measures the proportion of individuals who have a given
disease or other attribute at a given time. |
Proportion |
A type of ratio in which the numerator is
included in the denominator. The ratio of a part to the whole,
expressed as a “decimal fraction” (e.g., 0.2), as a fraction
(1/5), or as a percentage (20%). |
Protocol (data processing term) |
A set of formal rules describing how to
transmit data, especially across a network.
|
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Quarter |
Any one of four three-month periods in the
PedNSS and PNSS calendar year: January– March; April – June;
July – September.; October – December. |
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Record |
A set of fields containing information
collected for a given woman or child which is stored in the
computer information system. |
Record Specifications (PedNSS/PNSS) |
Specifications detailing the layout (order, length, and
positions) of fields in each record within a PedNSS or PNSS
transaction file. |
Relational Database (data processing term) |
A method of organizing data that structures
it into tables of records, or rows, each having the same fields,
or columns. Permits flexibility in pre-defining relationships
among data components or tables or dynamically defining
relationships at the time records are retrieved. |
Report |
Either 1) a
computer generated table of statistics generated from a database, or 2) a narrative account or analysis
of this information. |
Risk |
Probability of event. A woman with a health
risk factor is more likely to suffer ill health than a woman
without a risk factor. |
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Screening Records |
PedNSS records that contain
information from a clinic visit when the child receives a
standard health and nutrition screening or assessment (during
which anthropometric, hematologic, and other nutrition-related
measures are made and reported). This includes routine child
health periodicity visits, and WIC certification visits. |
Secure Data Network (SDN) (data processing term) |
The software, hardware, and databases used
to provide private transfer of data to and from CDC via Internet
by verifying the identity of clients and enforcing permissions. |
Server (data processing term) |
A computer system or process which provides
service to multiple programs (clients). The connection
between client and server is normally by means of passing
messages, often over a network, and uses some protocol to encode
the client’s requests and the server’s responses. E.g.,
Microsoft SQL Server provides database management
services to multiple client programs running on other computers
in the network. |
SQL - Structured Query Language (data processing term) |
A relational database management software product from the
Microsoft corporation used to store PedNSS and PNSS data at CDC. |
Standard Deviation |
The standard
deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. Since the
variance is a measure of dispersion in squared units, the
standard deviation is a measure of dispersion in the original
unit of measurement. For example, consider hemoglobin
measurements on two separate groups of women. The measurements
in group A may be widely dispersed while the measurements in
group B may be clustered around the central point or average.
In this case, group A would have greater standard deviation
than group B. |
Standardized Rate |
A rate obtained for a particular population
by averaging the sub-group specific rate for the population,
using the distribution of a selected standard population as
weights. This “standardized” rate represents what the crude
rate would have been in the study population if that population
had the same demographic distribution as the standard
population. Rates standardized to the same standard population can
be appropriately compared and differences cannot be
attributed to differential demographic distributions of the
population.
|
Sub-group Specific Rate |
Rate in which the numerator and denominator
refer to the same subgroup of the population: for example, children aged
0-4 years (an age-specific rate), or boys ( a sex-specific rate) or
boys aged 0-4 years ( an age- and sex-specific rate). |
Summary of Record Volume and Data Quality Report
(PedNSS/PNSS) |
A
report produced by CDC, upon
receipt of each contributor's PedNSS transaction file, that contains
information about the record volume and data quality of the
file. A similar report is also produced annually based on each
contributor’s annual PedNSS master file.
|
Supplemental Fields |
Fields that are considered important for
maternal and child nutrition monitoring and which contributors
are encouraged to submit. If missing they will not affect record
acceptance by CDC, but will result in exclusion from some tables
in annual national and contributor reports. |
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Transaction File
(PedNSS/PNSS) |
The data file containing PedNSS or PNSS records submitted to
CDC by a contributor. |
Trimester |
A term of three months in the prenatal gestation period: first
trimester=0-13 weeks (0-93 days); second trimester=14-26 weeks
(94-187 days); and third trimester =27+ weeks (188+ days). |
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Update Records |
PedNSS records that contain information
from a clinic visit when some anthropometric or hematologic
measures are made or breastfeeding status is reassessed. |
Unusual Data Distribution |
A data distribution of
PedNSS or PNSS field codes or field code record volume that is
markedly different that the national PedNSS or PNSS data distribution. |
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Validity |
The degree to which an instrument measures
what the evaluator wants it to measure. More formally, the
extent of correspondence between a measure and its underlying
variable. |
Variance |
Variance is a measure of the variability or
dispersion in the distribution of measurements or scores. For
example, consider hemoglobin measurements on two separate groups
of children. The measurements in group A may be widely
dispersed while the measurements in group B may be clustered
around the central point. In this case, the group A
distribution would have greater variability or variance than
group B. In statistical terms, the variance is the mean of the
squared deviations about the mean. Formulas for the calculation
of variance can be found in any basic statistics text book. |
Visual Basic (VB) (data processing term) |
A programming language and development
environment from Microsoft Corporation, used in the development of GUI
and client-server applications. Employed in the CDC PedNSS and
PNSS software. |
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Z-Score |
Indicates the number of standard deviations
and individual score is above or below the median of the
reference population distribution. Z-scores may be positive
(above the median) or negative (below the median). It measures
the degree to which an individual measure deviates from what is
expected for that individual. |