Surgeon General’s Report

2006 Surgeon General’s Report on the Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke
Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke. Pregnant women who are exposed to secondhand smoke have 20 percent higher odds of giving birth to a low birth weight baby than women who are not exposed to secondhand smoke during pregnancy. Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acute respiratory infections, ear problems, and more severe asthma.

2004 Surgeon General’s Report; Smoking Harms Reproduction
Smoking harms every phase of reproduction. Women who smoke have more difficulty becoming pregnant and have a higher risk of never becoming pregnant.

2001 Surgeon General’s Report: Women and Smoking
This 2001 report summarizes what is now known about smoking among women, including patterns and trends in smoking habits, factors associated with starting to smoke and continuing to smoke, the consequences of smoking on women’s health, and interventions for cessation and prevention.

Peer–reviewed publications

The following is a list of related publications on tobacco use and pregnancy authored by CDC's Division of Reproductive Health and collaborators. These publications are only a few of the scientific and technical materials available. We recommend that you review abstracts of our reports and other publications by using the resources of the National Library of Medicine's PubMed service. PubMed is a searchable database that provides abstracts of biomedical articles and reports. You may also be able to obtain full text articles (some services may require subscriptions to view full text articles). If you are seeking less technical information, please use the National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus, which offers a wide range of information on diseases, disorders, treatments, drugs, and preventive services.

Allen AM, Dietz PM, Tong VT, England LJ, Prince CB. Prenatal Smoking Prevalence Ascertained from Two Population-Based Data Sources: Birth Certificates and PRAMS Questionnaires, 2004. Public Health Rep 2008;123(5):586–592.

Tong VT, England LJ, Dietz PM, Asare LA. Smoking patterns and use of cessation interventions during pregnancy. Am J Prev Med 2008;35(4):327–333.

Kim SY, England L, Dietz PM, Morrow B, Perham-Hester KA. Prenatal Cigarette Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Alaska Native and White Women in Alaska, 1996–2003. Matern Child Health J. 2008 Aug.

Adams KE, Melvin CL, Raskind-Hood CL. Sociodemographic, insurance, and risk profiles of maternal smokers post the 1990s: how can we reach them? Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(7):1121–9.

Honein MA, Rasmussen SA, Reefhuis J, Romitti PA, Lammer EJ, Sun L, Correa A. Maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of orofacial clefts. Epidemiology 2007;18(2):226–33.

England LJ, Grauman A, Qian C, Wilkins DG, Schisterman EF, Yu KF, Levine RJ Misclassification of maternal smoking status and its effects on an epidemiologic study of pregnancy outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;1–9.

England L, Zhang J Smoking and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Front Biosci 2007;1(12):2471–2483.

Ayadi MF, Adams EK, Melvin CL, Rivera CC, Gaffney CA, Pike J, Rabius V, Ferguson JN Costs of a smoking cessation counseling intervention for pregnant women: comparison of three settings. Public Health Rep 2006;21(2);120–126.

Adams EK, Alao Melvin, Rivera CC Smoking among medicaid insured mothers: what are the eonatal expenses?” Health Care Financing Review 2005;26(2).

Melvin CL, Adams EK, Ayadi MF, Rivera CC “State estimates of neonatal health –care costs associated with maternal smoking, United States 1996. MMWR 2004;53(39):915.

Adams EK, Miller VP, Ernst C, Nishimura BK, Melvin C, Merritt R Neonatal health care costs related to smoking during pregnancy. Health Econ 2002;11(3):193–206.

England LJ, Kendrick JS, Wilson HG, Merritt RK, Gargiullo PM, Zahniser SC Effects of smoking reduction during pregnancy on the birth weight of term infants. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154(8):694–701.

England LJ, Kendrick JS, Gargiullo PM, Zahniser SC, Hannon WH Measures of maternal tobacco exposure and infant birth weight at term. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153(10):954–960.

Melvin CL, Adams EK, Miller V Costs of smoking during pregnancy: development of the maternal and child health smoking attributable mortality, morbidity and economic costs (MCHSAMMEC) software. Tob Control. 2000;9 Suppl 3:III12–5.

Adams EK, Melvin CL Costs of maternal conditions attributable to smoking during pregnancy. Am J Prev Med. 1998 Oct;15(3):212–9.

Dietz PM, Adams MM, Kendrick JS, Mathis MP Completeness of ascertainment of prenatal smoking using birth certificates and confidential questionnaires: variations by maternal attributes and infant birth weight. PRAMS Working Group. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148(11):1048–1054.

Dietz PM, Adams MM, Rochat RW, Mathis MP Prenatal smoking in two consecutive pregnancies: Georgia, 1989–1992. Matern Child Health J. 1997 Mar;1(1):43–51. Erratum in: Matern Child Health J 1997;(3):201.

Kendrick JS, Zahniser SC, Miller N, Salas N, Stine J, Gargiullo PM, Floyd RL, Spierto FW, Sexton M, Metzger RW, et al. Integrating smoking cessation into routine public prenatal care: the Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy project. Am J Public Health 1995;85(2):217–222.
 

Page last reviewed: 9/29/08
Page last modified: 9/29/08
Content source: Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion