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The data in the STATE System are updated regularly. These updates may consist of the addition of newly available data for existing measures, and/or the replacement of historical data to maintain consistency with original data sources.
Click on a topic name to display data source/methodology for the selected topic area:

  Behaviors   Funding
  Demographics   Health Consequences and Costs
  Economics   Legislation
  Environment    
 
Behaviors — Cigarette Use, Other Tobacco Use
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
The BRFSS is a continuous, state-based surveillance system that collects information about modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases and other leading causes of death. The data for the STATE System were extracted from the annual BRFSS surveys from participating states. For estimates among racial and ethnic subgroups, two-year combined data are available. Sample sizes of less than 50 were considered to be inadequate for data analysis. The STATE System does not display percentages for these sample sizes; instead, "NA" will appear in the percentage box for that demographic group.

Sampling
A random-digit dialing system was used to select samples of adults in households with telephones. The sample represented adults from each state who were civilian, aged 18 years or older and not institutionalized. Most states now use a computer-assisted telephone interviewing software program (CATI). This allows the interviewer to enter the data directly into a computer, thus reducing errors and eliminating unacceptable responses.

Questionnaire
The questionnaire was composed of three sets of questions:

  • A core set of questions asked in all participating states.
  • A standard module containing questions on selected topics developed by CDC and asked at the discretion of each state.
  • Questions developed for a particular state to meet a particular need.

The core questions allow data to be compared between states. Because many of the same questions are asked each year, emerging health trends can be identified and monitored.

For more detailed information, visit the BRFSS web site at: http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/.

Note: BRFSS two-year combined data consist of the data from the year selected combined with the data from the previous year. For example, if the year selected is 1996, the data displayed will be from 1995-1996.

 
Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS)
The Current Population Survey is a monthly survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The survey has been conducted for more than 50 years. Estimates obtained from the CPS include employment, unemployment, earnings, hours of work, and other indicators. Supplemental surveys include questions about a variety of topics, including an annual social and economic supplement, school enrollment, work schedules, voting and registration, job tenure and occupational mobility, food security, and tobacco use.

The data for the STATE System were obtained through the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) developed and administered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and beginning in 2001–2002, co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Office on Smoking and Health.

For more information about the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS), visit their web site at: http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/studies/tus-cps. For more information about the Current Population Survey (CPS), visit their web site at: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/cpsmain.htm.
 

Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)
The YRBS is conducted biennially and collects data on a variety of youth risk behaviors including tobacco use; unhealthy dietary behaviors; inadequate physical activity; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection; and behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence.

The YRBS uses a two-stage cluster sample design to produce representative samples of students in high schools (grades 9-12).The first sampling stage includes schools containing grades 9-12. Schools are selected with probability proportional to their enrollment size. At the second sampling stage, classes are randomly selected from the list of classes obtained from each participating school. All students in the selected classes are eligible to participate in the survey.

To have representative data, the sample must be selected on the basis of the parameters outlined above, and a minimum overall response rate of at least 60% must be achieved. The overall response rate is calculated by multiplying the school response rate by the student response rate. CDC has required an overall response rate of at least 60% to weight school-based data since 1991.

Respondents who do not answer a particular question are excluded from analysis of that question.

The YRBS uses SUDAAN used to calculate asymmetric confidence intervals based on the logit transformation. The logit transformation constrains confidence interval limits to vary between a lower limit of 0% and an upper limit of 100%. See Research Triangle Institute (2004). SUDAAN Language Manual, Release 9.0. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute, pp. 243-244 for more information.

Note: Survey results for Arizona, 2005 are based on a sample that included charter schools.

The following survey results are not included because the survey did not include the state's largest city:

  • 2003: Texas
  • 1999: Alaska, Tennessee
  • 1995: Colorado, New Jersey
  • 1993: Louisiana, New York
For more information on the YRBS, click http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss.
 
Youth Tobacco Survey (YTS)
The YTS was developed to provide states with comprehensive data on both middle school and high school students regarding tobacco use, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, smoking cessation, school curriculum, minors' ability to purchase or otherwise obtain tobacco products, knowledge and attitudes about tobacco, and familiarity with pro-tobacco and anti-tobacco media messages.

The YTS uses a two-stage cluster sample design to produce representative samples of students in middle schools (grades 6–8) and high schools (grades 9–12). The first sampling frame includes separate lists for middle schools and high schools. Schools are selected with probability proportional to their enrollment size. At the second sampling stage, classes are randomly selected from the list of classes obtained from each participating school. All students in the selected classes are eligible to participate in the survey.

To have representative data, the sample must be selected on the basis of the parameters outlined above, and a minimum overall response rate of at least 60% must be achieved. The overall response rate is calculated by multiplying the school response rate by the student response rate. CDC has required an overall response rate of at least 60% to weight school-based data since 1991.

Respondents who refuse to answer a particular question are excluded from analysis of that question.

Note: Usually, samples only consist of public schools; however, samples may include private schools, charter schools, or other types of schools. Mixed samples (i.e., those that include non-public schools) are denoted by footnotes on the Detailed Reports and State Comparison Reports.

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Demographics
United States Census Bureau (USCB)
The USCB is the preeminent collector and provider of timely, relevant, and quality data about the people and economy of the United States. For more information on the data gathering procedures of the Census Bureau, visit their web site at: http://www.census.gov. Population estimates are obtained from http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php [Click "Download entire data set." Under the heading, "State population datasets" select: "State Population Estimates, State estimates by demographic characteristics - age, sex, race, and Hispanic Origin, 18+ Population Estimates: July 1, 2005." Dataset includes estimates for the resident (overall) population and adult population.
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Economics
Economic Research Service (ERS)
The ERS is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The ERS is the source for the Tobacco Agriculture and Tobacco Manufacturing data. For more detailed information, visit their web site at http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/tobacco.

Tobacco Agriculture: Acres harvested, production (lbs), cash receipts from tobacco production (i.e., value of production): http://www.nass.usda.gov [Quick Stats (Agricultural Statistics Data Base), U.S. and State Data, Choose U.S. & State – Crops and click Go, then select: (1) data type "Planted, Harvested, Yield, Production, Price (MYA), Value of Production;" (2) data item "Tobacco All (All Classes);" (3) year(s); (4) location].

Tobacco Manufacturing: Gross state product and value of manufactured tobacco products: http://www.bea.gov/ [Click: (1) Gross State Product, (2) Interactive tables].
 
Orzechowski and Walker (OW)
Orzechowski and Walker, 2007. The Tax Burden on Tobacco-Historical Compilation. Volume 42. Arlington, Virginia: Orzechowski and Walker Consulting.
 
National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG)
The National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG) provided Tobacco Settlement Revenue data for 46 states in the STATE System participating in the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with the four largest tobacco companies in the United States. Four states (Florida, Minnesota, Mississippi and Texas) each provide the STATE System their Tobacco Settlement Revenue data independently.
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Environment
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Synar Legislation
The objective of the Synar Legislation is to ensure that retailers do not sell tobacco to persons under 18 years of age. This legislation requires each state to:
  • Have in effect a law prohibiting any manufacturer, retailer, or distributor of tobacco products from selling or distributing such products to any individual under the age of 18.
  • Enforce such laws in a manner that can reasonably be expected to reduce the illegal sales of tobacco products to individuals under the age of 18.
  • Conduct annual, random, unannounced inspections to ensure compliance with the law. These inspections are to be conducted in such a way as to provide a valid probability sample of the state's outlets accessible to youth.
  • Develop a strategy and negotiate with SAMHSA a time frame for achieving an inspection failure rate of 20 percent or less of outlets accessible to youth.
  • Submit an annual report describing in detail the state's activities to enforce its law including:
      • the overall success the state has achieved during the previous federal fiscal year (FFY) in reducing tobacco availability to youth.
      • methods used to identify outlets.
      • inspection procedures.
      • plans for enforcing the law in the coming FFY.
For more information on SAMHSA and the Synar Legislation, visit their web site at http://prevention.samhsa.gov/tobacco/.
 
Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS)
The Current Population Survey is a monthly survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The survey has been conducted for more than 50 years. Estimates obtained from the CPS include employment, unemployment, earnings, hours of work, and other indicators. Supplemental surveys include questions about a variety of topics, including an annual social and economic supplement, school enrollment, work schedules, voting and registration, job tenure and occupational mobility, food security, and tobacco use.

The data for the STATE System were obtained through the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) developed and administered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and beginning in 2001–2002, co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Office on Smoking and Health.

For more information about the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS), visit their web site at: http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/studies/tus-cps. For more information about the Current Population Survey (CPS), visit their web site at: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/cpsmain.htm.
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Funding

Office on Smoking and Health (OSH)
The funding data in the STATE System was compiled from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's OSH.

Click a link to display methodology information on that topic:

Actual Funding
State Funding
Data for state appropriation settlement funds were gathered through an analysis of state appropriations legislation. For some appropriations, tobacco was mentioned but the amount for tobacco could not be determined. For example, tobacco may be a component of a program that includes alcohol and other drugs. The analysis does not include funds dedicated to tobacco research activities, health services, tobacco farmers, or tobacco-dependent communities.
 
Data for state appropriation excise tax revenue were gathered through key contacts at state budget offices and state health departments.
 
Data for state appropriation other funds were gathered through key contacts at state budget offices and state health departments.
 
State budget offices and state health department tobacco control coordinators were given the opportunity to verify this funding information before publication.
 
Federal/National Funding
Federal and national funding amounts were gathered from key contacts at the respective federal agencies and national organizations.
 
National Tobacco Control Program
The National Tobacco Control Program builds and maintains tobacco control programs in state and territorial health departments for a coordinated national program to reduce the health and economic burden of tobacco use.
 
CDC Best Practices Recommended Annual Investment
Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 updates 1999 Best Practices investment recommendations for comprehensive tobacco control programs.
 

Based on an evaluation of the implementation of the 1999 recommended annual investments and the recommendation of an expert panel, the number of program categories was reduced from nine to five—State and Community Interventions, Health Communication Interventions, Cessation Interventions, Surveillance and Evaluation, and Administration and Management.

 
The 1999 recommended annual investments were adjusted for inflation and, as appropriate, for changes in the total population, the number of persons aged 18 years and older, public and private school enrollment, and smoking prevalence. These adjustments provide lower and upper bounds for recommended annual investments. The 2007 recommended annual investments also provide recommended levels of investment within each state’s range. These recommended levels of annual investments, reported in the STATE System, factor in state-specific variables, such as the overall population; smoking prevalence; the proportion of the population uninsured or receiving publicly financed insurance or living at or near the poverty level; infrastructure costs; the number of local health units; geographic size; the targeted reach for quitline services; and the cost and complexity of conducting mass media campaigns to reach targeted audiences, such as youth, racial/ethnic minorities, or people of low socioeconomic status.
Note: The recommended annual investments are determined by an evidence-based analysis of comprehensive state tobacco control programs published in Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007.
 
CDC Best Practices Recommended Annual Investment as a Percent of Tobacco Tax and Tobacco Settlement Revenues
Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 presents all of the data in these tables. The CDC Best Practices Recommended Annual Investment is calculated as described above. Net Tobacco Tax Revenue is taken from Orzechowski and Walker, The Tax Burden on Tobacco, Volume 41, 2006. The National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG) provided Tobacco Settlement Revenue data for 46 states in the STATE System participating in the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with the four largest tobacco companies in the States. Four states (Florida, Minnesota, Mississippi and Texas) each provide the STATE System their Tobacco Settlement Revenue data independently. Total State Revenue From Tobacco Sales and Settlement and Percent Tobacco Revenue to Fund at CDC Recommended Level are calculated from the above factors.
Note: The recommended annual investments are determined by an evidence-based analysis of comprehensive state tobacco control programs published in Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007.
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Health Consequences and Costs
Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economic Costs (SAMMEC)
SAMMEC estimates the number of smoking-attributable deaths (SAM) from neoplastic, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases, as well as the years of potential life lost (YPLL), productivity losses, and expenditures (SAEs) from cigarette smoking. For more detailed information on the SAMMEC methodology, go to http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/sammec/methodology.asp.

The STATE System presents Smoking-Attributable Mortality (SAM), age-adjusted SAM rates, Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL), and age-adjusted YPLL rates as average annual estimates for 2000-2004, 1997–2001, and 1990–1994; Smoking-Attributable Productivity losses as average annual estimates for 2000-2004 and 1997–2001 only; and Smoking-Attributable Expenditures (SAEs) for 2004, 1998, and 1993.

The formulas for the 2000-2004 and 1997–2001 average annual estimates differ from the formulas for the 1990–1994 estimates. The 1990–1994 average annual estimates are presented for historical purposes only and should not be compared to the 2000-2004 or 1997–2001 estimates.
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Legislation

Office on Smoking and Health (OSH)
The legislative data in the STATE System were compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Office on Smoking and Health (OSH).

Click any of the topics below for detailed information on the process of tracking enacted legislation, statutes, and cases for the STATE System.

STATE System Overview
Legislative and Statutory Information
Case Law Information
Development of Legislative Baseline Data
Legislative and Case Law Updates
Enacted/Effected Date Methodology

 

STATE System Overview
The legislative component of the State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System is an electronic data warehouse containing up-to-date and historical state-level data on tobacco use prevention and control policies. There are two types of information about the law contained in STATE: 1) legislative information and 2) case law information.

 
Legislative and Statutory Information
Legislation enacted by states is incorporated into the STATE system by assigning codes that correspond to STATE System topics and fields. The codes are based on the plain meaning of the language in the bill.

The citation for the legislation remains as a bill number or act number until the state incorporates the section into its code of laws and assigns it a title and section number. When the final statutory citation becomes available for a bill, usually six months to a year after a bill is passed, the citation in the STATE System is updated to reflect the code section. Statutory citations are reflected in standard legal citation format.

Some unique aspects of the legislative and statutory information in the STATE System are

  • All ordinary legislation, such as House and Senate bills, passed by a state are included in the STATE System.
  • Provisions that are predicated on the acceptance by a state agency of state appropriations (i.e. smoking is prohibited in jails if the state’s Department of Corrections accepts its annual appropriation) are not included in the STATE System.
  • Executive orders are coded for inclusion only when they relate to the clean indoor air provisions captured by the STATE System.
  • Ballot Measures, Initiatives, and Referendums are coded for inclusion in the STATE System.
  • Administrative laws, such as rules and regulations passed by state agencies are not coded for inclusion in the STATE System.
  • Attorney General opinions are not considered in determining how to code a particular legislative provision.
Case Law Information
Along with legislation passed by a state’s legislative body, a court decision can change the way a statute should be read or interpreted. For this reason, certain court decisions relating to preemption of local clean indoor air ordinances have been incorporated into the STATE System.

If a federal or state court decision is one of law, and not solely a decision of fact or an enforcement decision, and if the court decision relates to the interpretation or meaning of a clean indoor statute, the case is included in the STATE System. If a decision is solely an enforcement decision or a decision about the application of a state law to a particular situation, it is not included in the STATE System. Also, if a decision agrees with a plain meaning review of the statute or legislation, and that decision agrees with the prior coding of the legislation, the court decision will not be included in the STATE System. Court decisions related to preemption of local tobacco ordinances other than clean indoor air preemption, such as local youth access ordinances, are not included in the STATE System.

The STATE System contains the case citation, a brief summary of aspects of the case relevant to the STATE System, and a field that indicates if the court decision was in favor of preemption. Case law citations are provided in standard legal citation format.

 
Development of Baseline Legislative Data
In 2004 and 2005, OSH contracted the MayaTech Corporation to verify and revise the baseline statutory information and incorporate clean indoor air preemption case law information into the STATE System. Using historical legislative research techniques and online legal research, databases of state statutes relating to the topics relevant to the STATE System were identified and collected for the years 1995–2002. Using definitions and decisions used when original baseline statutory information was developed in 1995 by OSH and NCI, rules were developed to standardize the revised coding of states to allow the data to be comparable across states. The statutory information for each state was verified by two researchers, reviewed by OSH, and then entered into the STATE System.
 
Legislative and Case Law Updates
Using laws in effect for the period from December 31, 1995, to December 31, 2002, as the baseline, newly enacted legislation in effect as of the last day of the quarter (March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 of each year) is updated on a quarterly basis. Legislation is found using a search protocol designed to identify all applicable tobacco legislation in a combination of online legal research databases. New court cases are also identified and reported each quarter using an online legal research database and a search protocol.
 
Enacted/Effected Date Methodology
For legislation or statutes, enacted and/or effective dates in the STATE System represent the date a provision first was enacted or effective, or when the substance of the relevant section of the statute most recently was changed. In the event of a veto-override, the effective and enacted dates are recorded as the original dates intended by the legislature.

The enacted and effective dates for a statutory provision are not included in the STATE System unless they can be verified through a review of the legislation or legislative documents. As a result of limited availability of bills or legislative documents enacted prior to 1995 in electronic format, enacted and/or effective dates of legislation passed prior to 1995 are only included in the STATE System if a copy of the bill is available or if the statute clearly indicted the enacted or effective dates for the relevant section.

For case law information, the holding date, the date the highest court to hear the matter officially rendered its decision, corresponds to and is entered in the STATE System as both the effective and enacted date.

 

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