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Appendix
E: Regional and Disease-Specific Surveillance Networks
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A. Regional Networks
for Disease Surveillance & Outbreak Response
- Integrated Disease Surveillance and Epidemic Preparedness and Response
Project, led by WHO/AFRO
- International Disease Survey for diseases of epidemic potential (e.g.,
meningitis, yellow fever, cholera, measles, and polio), supported by
USAID
Other disease surveillance activities in Africa:
The disease surveillance component of UNAIDS International Partnership
Against HIV/AIDS in Africa (IPAA) monitors progress in reducing infection
rates and deaths from HIV/AIDS, TB, and opportunistic infections.
As part of USAIDs African Integrated Malaria Initiative (AIMI),
CDC helps ministries of health in Benin, Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia monitor
progress in reducing illness and deaths from malaria. During 2001, AIMI
surveillance activities will also be conducted in collaboration with the
ministries of health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria,
Senegal, and Uganda.
The U.S. Army Medical Research Unit in Nairobi (USAMRU-Kenya) is coordinating
an effort to enhance surveillance for HIV/AIDS, malaria, yellow fever,
and enteric illnesses in east Africa. Partners include ministries of health
in Kenya and Uganda, the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), the
African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), and CDCs Kenya
Field Station.
The
Americas and the Caribbean |
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- Amazon Basin Network
Includes 7 laboratories from 5 nations
- Southern Cone Network
Includes 8 laboratories from 6 nations
- Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) disease surveillance system
Includes the 21 members of CAREC
- U.S.-Mexico Border Infectious Diseases Surveillance Project
- U.S./Canada International Circumpolar Surveillance project to enhance
surveillance for invasive bacterial infections among indigenous peoples
in subarctic regions of northern Canada and Alaska. This project is
conducted in association with the International Circumpolar Surveillance
project in Europe (see: Europe).
Other disease surveillance activities in the Americas and the Carribean:
The U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD) in Lima is coordinating
an effort to enhance surveillance for malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and
other hemorrhagic fevers in South America. Planners include ministries
of health of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia, WHO/PAHO, and CDC. An epidemiologist
from CDC is currently stationed at NMRCD.
Asia |
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- Mekong Delta Surveillance Network
Includes China (Yunan), Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam
- Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network (PacNet)
Includes 20 Pacific islands
- Early Warning Outbreak Recognition System (EWORS)
A collaboration between the Indonesian Ministry of Health and U.S. Naval
Medical Research Unit No. 2 (NAMRU-2). It currently involves hospitals
throughout Indonesia and is expanding to include hospitals in Cambodia.
Other disease surveillance activities in Asia:
Disease Surveillance and Electronic Networking are two of six pillars
in a strategy to fight HIV/AIDS and infectious diseases endorsed at the
2001 summit meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). (The
other pillars are: Outbreak Response, Capacity Building, Partnering Across
Sectors, and Political and Economic Leadership.) As part of this effort,
work has begun toward the creation of an Asia-Pacific network of networks
that will knit together existing electronic infectious disease networks
and facilitate timely transmission of public health information across
APEC economies. The cooperative system will build on existing APEC projects
that enhance surveillance for influenza, E. coli O157 infection,
dengue, and dengue hemorrhagic fever.
The first International Emerging Infectious Program (IEIP) was established
in Bangkok in September 2001, as a collaboration between CDC and the Ministry
of Health of Thailand. This IEIP site will serve as a resource for infectious
disease surveillance networks in Asia.
The United States participates in binational projects to improve disease
surveillance with Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia. These collaborations
are coordinated by CDC, the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical
Science (AFRIMS-Thailand) in Bangkok, and NAMRU-2 in Jakarta. For example,
an epidemiologist from CDC stationed at NAMRU-2 and a satellite laboratory
in Phnom Penh is working with the Cambodian Ministry of Health to establish
a school of public health. An epidemiologist from CDC has also been assigned
to China to facilitate collaborative projects that address the prevention
and control of viral hepatitis, which is a major public health concern
in China.
Europe |
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- E.U.s EnterNet system for surveillance of international foodborne
outbreaks
- International Circumpolar Surveillance project to enhance monitoring
of invasive bacterial infections in the circumpolar regions of Europe
(Iceland, Greenland [Denmark], Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia).
This project is conducted in association with the U.S./Canada International
Circumpolar Surveillance project (see The Americas
and the Caribbean).
The
Middle East |
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- WHO Middle East Initiative to enhance disease surveillance in Israel
and the Palestinian Territories
Other disease surveillance activities in the Middle East:
The U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3) in Cairo is coordinating
a collaborative effort to enhance surveillance for diseases of importance
in the Middle East (e.g., meningitis, influenza, acute febrile illnesses,
and antibiotic-resistant enteric organisms). Partners include the Egyptian
Ministry of Health and Population, health authorities in Yemen, Pakistan,
and the Palestinian Territories, WHO/EMRO, and CDC. An epidemiologist
from CDC is currently stationed at NAMRU-3.
B. Selected Global
Networks for Infectious Disease Surveillance & Outbreak Response
- WHO Influenza Surveillance Network
- WHO Global Network for Polio Eradication/Measles Elimination
- WHO Supranational Reference Laboratory Network for Antituberculosis
Drug Resistance
- WHO Global Salmonella Surveillance (Global Salm-Surv)
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WHO Global Alert and Response Network (see Box 14)
- Surveillance in support of the worldwide eradication of guinea worm
disease
- Surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases under the Expanded Programme
on Immunization (EPI)
- GeoSentinel, the global surveillance network of the International
Society of Travel Medicine
Includes 26 travel and tropical medicine clinics: 15 in the United States,
2 in the United Kingdom, 2 in Australia, and 1 each in Canada, Germany,
Israel, Italy, Nepal, New Zealand, and Switzerland
As mentioned above, the first International Emerging Infectious Program
(IEIP) was established in 2001 in Thailand. As new IEIP sites are founded
(see Priority Area 6), they will provide
technical assistance to local disease surveillance networks and become
members of a global IEIP network. Previous
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