On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed this executive order establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, committing the government to integrating the segregated military.
In 1940 the U.S. population was about 131 million, 12.6 million of which was
African American, or about 10 percent of the total population. During World
War II, the Army had become the nation's largest minority employer. Of the 2.5
million African Americans males who registered for the draft through December
31, 1945, more than one million were inducted into the armed forces. African
Americans, who constituted approximately 11 per cent of all registrants liable
for service, furnished approximately this proportion of the inductees in all
branches of the service except the Marine Corps. Along with thousands of black
women, these inductees served in all branches of service and in all Theaters
of Operations during World War II.
During World War II, President Roosevelt had responded to complaints about
discrimination at home against African Americans by issuing Executive Order
8802 in June 1941, directing that blacks be accepted into job-training
programs in defense plants, forbidding discrimination by defense contractors,
and establishing a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC).
After the war, President Harry Truman, Roosevelt's successor, faced a multitude
of problems and allowed Congress to terminate the FEPC. However, in December
1946, Truman appointed a distinguished panel to serve as the President's Commission
on Civil Rights, which recommended "more adequate means and procedures
for the protection of the civil rights of the people of the United States."
When the commission issued its report, "To Secure These Rights," in
October 1947, among its proposals were anti-lynching and anti-poll tax laws,
a permanent FEPC, and strengthening the civil rights division of the Department
of Justice.
In February 1948 President Truman called on Congress to enact all of these
recommendations. When Southern Senators immediately threatened a filibuster,
Truman moved ahead on civil rights by using his executive powers. Among other
things, Truman bolstered the civil rights division, appointed the first African
American judge to the Federal bench, named several other African Americans to
high-ranking administration positions, and most important, on July 26, 1948,
he issued an executive order abolishing segregation in the armed forces and
ordering full integration of all the services. Executive Order 9981 stated that
"there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in
the armed forces without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin."
The order also established an advisory committee to examine the rules, practices,
and procedures of the armed services and recommend ways to make desegregation
a reality. There was considerable resistance to the executive order from the
military, but by the end of the Korean conflict, almost all the military was
integrated.
