PubMed Central Tagging Guidelines [article]

Document Objects

These Document Objects refer to pieces of the XML documents that define a single concept (author/affiliation relationships, copyright information) and often include several XML elements in their tagging.

Index of objects

Abstracts

Articles may contain multiple abstracts. On all abstracts beyond the first, specify @abstract-type. See <abstract> for examples.

Translated Abstracts

Tag abstracts in any language other than the primary language of the article in <trans-abstract>. Specify the language in @xml:lang using two-letter, lower case language codes as described in RFC 4646. Values may be obtained from the IANA Language Subtag Registry: http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry.

Affiliations

Tag affiliation information in the <contrib> or <contrib-group> containing the relevant <contrib>. See the related element <contrib-group> for more details. See also Author/Affiliation Relationship for examples.

Alternate Versions of a Single Object

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

Where multiple formats (gif image, text, jpg image) of a single object (figure, table) are available, specify @alternate-form-of on all non-primary formats of the object. The value of @alternate-form-of must be the ID of the primary format.

Only use @alternate-form-of on <array>, <chem-struct>, <graphic>, <media>, <mml:math>, <preformat>, <table>, and <tex-math>.

The elements <inline-formula>, <disp-formula>, or <supplementary-material> may contain multiple versions of objects but must not be identified as alternate forms themselves.

<tex-math> and <graphic> are alternate forms of the primary object <mml:math> in this example.

<disp-formula id="Eq0001">
  <mml:math id="Eq0001-mml">
    <mml:mi>E</mml:mi>
    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
    <mml:mover>
      <mml:mrow>
        <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
        <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
      </mml:mrow>
      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
    </mml:mover>
  </mml:math>
  <tex-math alternate-form-of="Eq0001-mml">
  \documentclass[10pt]{article}
    \usepackage{wasysym}
    \usepackage[substack]{amsmath}
    \usepackage{amsfonts}
    \usepackage{amssymb}
    \usepackage{amsbsy}
    \usepackage[mathscr]{eucal}
    \usepackage{mathrsfs}
    \usepackage{pmc}
    \usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}
    \pagestyle{empty}
    \oddsidemargin -1.0in
    \begin{document}
      \[
      E = mc^{2}
      \]
    \end{document}
  </tex-math>
  <graphic alternate-form-of="Eq0001-mml" xlink:href="biotes-01-100-e001.tif"/>
</disp-formula>

3.0

Where multiple formats (gif image, text, jpg image) of a single object (figure, table) are available, tag all formats within the <alternatives> tag.

See the related element <alternatives> for more information.

A figure containing a movie and a still image:

<fig id="F1">
  <caption><label>Figure 1</label></caption>
  <alternatives>
    <media xlink:href="fig1.mov"/>
    <graphic xlink:href="fig1.jpg"/>
  </alternatives>

An equation provided as <mml:math>, <tex-math>, and an image:

<disp-formula id="FD1">
  <label>Equation 1</label>
  <alternatives>
    <mml:math id="Eq0001-mml">
      <mml:mi>E</mml:mi>
      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
      <mml:mover>
        <mml:mrow>
          <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
          <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
        </mml:mrow>
        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
    </mml:mover>
  </mml:math>
  <tex-math alternate-form-of="Eq0001-mml">
    \documentclass[10pt]{article}
    \usepackage{wasysym}
    \usepackage[substack]{amsmath}
    \usepackage{amsfonts}
    \usepackage{amssymb}
    \usepackage{amsbsy}
    \usepackage[mathscr]{eucal}
    \usepackage{mathrsfs}
    \usepackage{pmc}
    \usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}
    \pagestyle{empty}
    \oddsidemargin -1.0in
    \begin{document}
    \[
    E = mc^{2}
    \]
    \end{document}
  </tex-math>
  <graphic alternate-form-of="Eq0001-mml" xlink:href="biotes-01-100-e001.tif"/>
  </alternatives>
</disp-formula>

Article Categories or Subjects

PMC uses the subject groups tagged within <article-categories> to generate headings for the Table of Contents (ToC). Articles may have more than one subject group within <article-categories>, but every article must have exactly one subject group with @subj-group-type="heading". PMC will use only the subject group with the specified type of “heading” to generate the ToC.

Do not confuse article subjects and article types. Article subjects may be any text that identifies the content of the article (Physical Sciences, Psychology) or the type of article (Editorial, Obituary). The required article-type attribute must specify the type of article using only the values specified by PMC (see <article>).

For articles that are printed without a subject, use the value “Article”.

See related elements: <article-categories>, <subject>.

For example, a correction listed in the ToC as “Erratum” would have the article-type attribute of “correction” and the value “Erratum” tagged in the subject group.

<article article-type=”correction”>
  …
  <article-meta>
    …
    <article-categories>
      <subj-group subj-group-type=”heading”>
        <subject>Erratum</subject>
      </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    …
  </article-meta>
  …
</article>

Article Title

See related elements: <title-group>, <article-title>, <fn-group>, <subtitle> and <trans-title>

Book review titles can vary; see Book Reviews for tagging examples.

Do not tag emphasis that encompasses the entire title.

Subtitle

Tag only the content of the subtitle in this tag. Do not include formatting that encompasses the entire subtitle.

Treatment of lysosomal storage disorders

Increased awareness and diagnosis are important as treatment is now feasible

<title-group>
  <article-title>Treatment of lysosomal storage disorders</article-title>
  <subtitle>Increased awareness and diagnosis are important as treatment 
    is now feasible</subtitle>
</title-group>

Footnotes on the Title

If there is a footnote to the title, put the <xref> (with @ref-type="fn") in the <article-title> or <subtitle> element, and set the <fn> in the <fn-group> in <back>.

Cathepsin B Regulates the Intrinsic Angiogenic Threshold of Endothelial Cells‡

Eunok Im, Annapurna Venkatakrishnan, and Andrius Kazlauskas

Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114

‡The online version of this article contains supplemental material at MBC Online.

<title-group>
  <article-title>Cathepsin B Regulates the Intrinsic Angiogenic Threshold
    of Endothelial Cells<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">‡<xref>
  </article-title>
</title-group>
...
<back>
...
<fn-group>
  <fn id="fn1">
    <p><label>‡</label>The online version of this article
	contains supplemental material at MBC Online.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>

Article Types

The @article-type is required on <article>. See <article> for details on tagging the attribute. Following is a listing of article types and things to keep in mind while tagging these types of articles.

Book Reviews

can be tagged in a variety of ways. Some general rules for book reviews are:

Use @article-type="book-review" in <article>.
In all cases, as much information about the book being reviewed should be tagged within <product> in <article-meta>. It is preferred that the order of citation information tagged within <product> follow the NLM Citation Style.
The author of the book review (the reviewer) should be tagged as the author of the article. The book authors will be included only in the <product> element.

If the title of the book being reviewed is used as the title of the article, tag the <article> and <article-title> as follows:

Plunkett's Health Care Industry Almanac. Edited by Jack W. Plunkett

and Michelle LeGate Plunkett. Dallas, TX: Corporate Jobs Outlook, 1995.

700p. $125.00. ISBN: 0-9638268-1-6.

The health care system in the 1990s introduced many new terms, such as

"managed health care," "point-of-service" (POS) plan, and ...

<article article-type="book-review">
  <title-group>
    <article-title>Plunkett's Health Care Industry Almanac.</article-title>
  </title-group>

The book (product) information should be tagged in <product>.

<product product-type="book">
  <person-group person-group-type="editor">
    <name>
      <surname>Plunkett</surname>
      <given-names>Jack W.</given-names>
    </name>
    <name>
      <surname>Plunkett</surname>
      <given-names>Michelle LeGate</given-names>
    </name>
  </person-group>
  <source>Plunkett's Health Care Industry Almanac.</source>
  <year>1995</year>
  <publisher-name>Corporate Jobs Outlook</publisher-name>
  <publisher-loc>Dallas, TX</publisher-loc>
  <page-count count="700"/>
  <comment>$125.00</comment>
  <isbn>0-9638268-1-6</isbn>
  </product>

Sometimes a book review has a title of "Book Review" followed by the name of the book reviewed. In this case, tag the title of the book reviewed as a <subtitle>.

Book Review: Mendel's legacy: the origin of classical genetics

<article article-type="book-review">
  <title-group>
    <article-title>Book Review</article-title>
    <subtitle>Mendel's legacy:  the origin of classical genetics</subtitle>
  </title-group>

The book (product) information should be tagged in <product>.

<product product-type="book">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Carlson</surname>
      <given-names>Elof Axel</given-names>
    </name>
  </person-group>
  <source>Mendel's legacy:  the origin of classical genetics.</source>
  <year>2004</year>
  <publisher-name>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</publisher-name>
  <publisher-loc>Cold Spring Harbor</publisher-loc>
  <page-count count="332"/>
  <isbn>hardback 0-87969-675-3</isbn>
  <comment>US$45.00</comment>
  </product>

Sometimes the title of a book review is neither "Book Review" nor the title of the book being reviewed. Instead it is descriptive of the book or the review. The following example is for a review of JSTOR: A history.

Looking from the Past to the Future

<article article-type="book-review">
  <title-group>
    <article-title>Looking from the Past to the Future</article-title>
  </title-group>

The book (product) information should be tagged in <product>.

<product product-type="book">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Schonfeld</surname>
      <given-names>R C</given-names>
    </name>
  </person-group>
  <source>JSTOR: A history.</source>
  <year>2003</year>
  <publisher-name>Princeton University Press<publisher-name>
  <publisher-loc>Princeton, New Jersey</publisher-loc>
  <page-count count="412"/>
  <isbn>(hardcover) 0-691-11531-1</isbn>
  <comment>US$29.95</comment>
  </product>

Product Reviews

for hardware, software packages, or other media follow the same guidelines provided for Book Reviews, but the example below accounts for some unique features. See Sample 4 for an example.

Use @article-type="product-review" in <article>.

IMMEX Problem Solving Software. Ronald H. Stevens. University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 43-319 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90024. Demo disk: $30.00. Author/delivery and analysis modules, $450.00. System requirements: IBM-compatible running on a local area network, Microsoft Windows 3.1

<product product-type="software">
  <person-group person-group-type="inventor">
    <name>
      <surname>Stevens</surname>
      <given-names>Ronald H.</given-names>
    </name>
  </person-group>
  <source>IMMEX Problem Solving Software</source>
  <publisher-name>University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine,
    Department of Microbiology and Immunology<publisher-name>
  <publisher-loc>43-319 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90024/publisher-loc>
  <comment>Demo disk $30.00.  Author/delivery and analysis modules, $450.00.
    System requirements: IBM-compatible running on a local area network,
    Microsoft Windows 3.1</comment>
</product>

Corrections/Errata

Use @article-type="correction" in <article>.
Front matter for corrections and errata should be for the correction itself.
Citation information about the corrected article should be captured within the body of the article and include a <related-article> with @related-article-type="corrected-article".

See Sample 5 for an example.

Retractions

Use @article-type="retraction" in <article>.
Front matter for retractions and errata should be for the retraction itself.
Citation information about the corrected article should be captured within the body of the article and include a <related-article> with @related-article-type="corrected-article".

Obituaries

Use @article-type="obituary" in <article>.
Images used in obituaries should follow tagging rules outlined in <fig>.

Editorials

Use @article-type="editorial" in <article>.
If the editorial refers to a specific article (or articles), that information should be captured in a <related-article> with @related-article-type="commentary-article".
If the editorial contains a signature block, see Signatures for tagging guidelines.

See Sample 3 for an example.

In Brief/In This Issue

Use @article-type="in-brief" in <article>.
Links to articles discussed in these articles may be captured in <related-article> with @related-article-type="article-reference".

Letters

Use @article-type="letter" in <article>.
Tag letters as individual articles, even if several letters start on the same page (see Continuous Makeup Articles).
Use <related-article> @related-article-type="commentary-article" to capture articles the letters specifically reference.
Capture the letter's author information following <contrib-group> guidelines.
If the letter contains a signature block, see Signatures for tagging guidelines.

Replies

Use @article-type="reply" in <article>.
Use <related-article> @related-article-type="letter" to identify the letter to which the reply was written.
Capture the reply's author information following <contrib-group> guidelines.
If the reply contains a signature block, see Signatures for tagging guidelines.

Review Articles

Use @article-type="review-article" in <article>.
Review articles are considered reviews of research or summary articles. This does not include Book Reviews or Product Reviews.

Commentaries

Use @article-type="article-commentary" in <article>.
Capture the commented-on article information in <related-article> @related-article-type="commentary-article".

Meeting Reports/Abstracts

Use @article-type="meeting-report" in <article>.
The name of the conference should be captured in the <article-title>. The <article-meta> should contain article citation information, but should not include author information.
Tag each abstract in a separate <sub-article> with <title> of the presentation/paper abstract. The full citation of the abstract, including author/presenter should be captured in the <sub-article> <article-meta>.
The pagination tagged in the <sub-article> <article-meta> should reflect the actual pages on which the individual abstract appears. This will not always be the same as the parent <article> pagination.

The Association of Clinical Pathologists

102nd scientific meeting

The 102nd scientific meeting was held at the Royal Society of Medicine, London 21-22 September 1978. Abstracts of the scientific communications follow.

Infectious mononucleosis with an unusual Paul-Bunnell result

D. Parratt and D. O. Ho-Yen (Departments of Bacteriology and Haematology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee) An 18-year-old girl presented with typical clinical and cytological findings of infectious mononucleosis.

Age-related changes in human thymus

A. K. Singh and Jayanti Singh (St Thomas' Hospital, London) Biopsies of thymus were undertaken in 52 subjects during open-heart surgery. Their ages ranged from 5-75 years.

<article article-type="meeting-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>[specific tags omitted]</journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-categories><subj-group>
        <subject>Meeting Abstracts</subject>
      </subj-group></article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Association of Clinical Pathologists</article-title>
        <subtitle>102nd scientific meeting</subtitle>
      </title-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>1979</year></pub-date>
      <volume>32</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>415</fpage>
      <lpage>418</lpage>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The 102nd scientific meeting was held at the Royal Society of Medicine, 
      London21-22 September 1978. Abstracts of the scientific communications 
      follow.</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="abstract">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infectious mononucleosis with an unusual Paul-Bunnell
          result</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parratt</surname>
            <given-names>D.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ho-Yen</surname>
            <given-names>D. O.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>Departments of Bacteriology and Haematology, Ninewells Hospital and 
          Medical School, Dundee</aff>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>[tagged text omitted]</body>
    </sub-article>
    <sub-article article-type="abstract">
      <front-stub>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Age-related changes in human thymus</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>A. K. </given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>Jayanti</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <aff>St Thomas' Hospital, London</aff>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>[tagged text omitted]</body>
    </sub-article>
</article>

Author Names

Tag each author name and his associated information in <contrib>.

Set the following attributes on <contrib> for these situations.

Situation	attribute
corresponding author	@corresp="yes"
author is deceased	@deceased="yes"
author contributed equally	@equal-contrib="yes"

If more information than can be represented with a simple yes/no is supplied for one of these situations, tag this information in <fn> in <author-notes>. If this is the case, the attribute is not needed.

For example, if the author is indicated just as "Corresponding Author", use the @corresp="yes"

Author Notes

This includes all information related to authors that cannot be expressed with the attributes (@corresp, @equal-contrib, etc) that can be hung on an author.

See related elements <author-notes>.

Author/Affiliation Relationship

The relationships between <contrib>, and <aff> can be complex, but we should be able to simplify things here:

All author/affiliations should be tagged in the same style within a given article.

A. If there is an address or affiliation supplied for each <contrib>, include the <aff> in the tagging for the <contrib>.

Lorraine Tanabe§

National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA

Lynne H. Thom

Consolidated Safety Services, 10335 Democracy Lane, Suite 202, Fairfax, VA, USA

§Corresponding author

<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
    <name>
      <surname>Tanabe</surname>
      <given-names>Lorraine</given-names>
    </name>
    <aff>National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of
	 Medicine, NIH, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA</aff>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Thom</surname>
      <given-names>Lynne H.</given-names>
    </name>
    <aff>Consolidated Safety Services, 10335 Democracy Lane, Suite 202,
	 Fairfax, VA, USA</aff>
  </contrib>
</contrib-group>

B. If there is one affiliation supplied for all of the contributors, include the <aff> in the tagging for the <contrib-group>.

Authors: Gabor T. Marth1, Eva Czabarka, Janos Murvai, & Stephen T. Sherry.

Affiliations: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894

1Present affiliation: Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467.

<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Marth</surname>
      <given-names>Gabor T.</given-names>
    </name>
    <xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">1</xref>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Czabarka</surname>
      <given-names>Eva</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Murvai</surname>
      <given-names>Janos</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Sherry</surname>
      <given-names>Stephen T.</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <aff>National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of
  Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894</aff>
</contrib-group>

C. If there are multiple <contrib-group>, each with a different <aff>, include the corresponding <aff> in the tagging for the <contrib-group>.

Lorraine Tanabe§ and Natalie Xie,

National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA

Lynne H. Thom and Wayne Matten

Consolidated Safety Services, 10335 Democracy Lane, Suite 202, Fairfax, VA, USA

§Corresponding author

<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
    <name>
      <surname>Tanabe</surname>
      <given-names>Lorraine</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Xie</surname>
      <given-names>Natalie</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <aff>National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of
  Medicine, NIH, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA</aff>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Thom</surname>
      <given-names>Lynne H.</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Matten</surname>
      <given-names>Wayne</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <aff>Consolidated Safety Services, 10335 Democracy Lane, Suite 202,
  Fairfax, VA, USA</aff>
</contrib-group>

D. If there are complex relationships between authors and contributors, and the relationships are defined by symbols (including letters/numbers) - as below, set the <xref> element with @ref-type="aff" to refer to the corresponding @id on <aff>. The <xref> should be contained within the <contrib>. If there are multiple <xref> elements in the same <contrib>, do not include punctuation between them.

All of the affiliations should follow the single <contrib-group> in this case.

Olga V. Moroz1, Maria Harkiolaki1,2, Michael Y. Galperin3, Alexei A. Vagin1, Dolores González-Pacanowska4 and Keith S. Wilson1

1Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, UK;

2Cancer Research UK Cell Signalling Group and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK;

3National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA;

4Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", C/Ventanilla, 11. 18001 Granada, Spain


<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Moroz</surname>
      <given-names>Olga V.</given-names>
    </name>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Harkiolaki</surname>
      <given-names>Maria</given-names>
    </name>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Galperin</surname>
      <given-names>Michael</given-names>
    </name>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Vagin</surname>
      <given-names>Alexei A.</given-names>
    </name>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Gonz&#x00E1;lez-Pacanowska</surname>
      <given-names>Delores</given-names>
    </name>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Wilson</surname>
      <given-names>Keith S.</given-names>
    </name>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
    <xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref>
  </contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1">
  <label>1</label>Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,
  University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, UK;
</aff>
<aff id="A2">
  <label>2</label>Cancer Research UK Cell Signalling Group and Weatherall
  Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK;
</aff>
<aff id="A3">
  <label>3</label>National Center for Biotechnology Information, National
  Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894,
  USA;
</aff>
<aff id="A4">
  <label>4</label>Instituto de Parasitolog&#x00ED;a y Biomedicina
  "L&#x00F3;pez-Neyra", C/Ventanilla, 11. 18001 Granada, Spain
</aff>

E. If the affiliation information has been presented as a single block of text where the relationships between author and affiliation are complex and cannot be separated easily, tag the entire affiliation block in one <aff>. Most of the time, the authors' names or initials will be sprinkled through this block of text. This is OK. Also, this block of text might contain other information not exactly related to affiliations. This is OK as well.

Set all of the authors in one <contrib-group> and set the <aff> in this <contrib-group>.

Heloisa P. Soares

Ambuj Kumar

Stephanie Daniels

Suzanne Swann

Alan Cantor

Iztok Hozo

Mike Clark

Fadila Serdarevic

Clement Gwede

Andy Trotti

Benjamin Djulbegovic

Author Affiliations: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute at University of South Florida, Tampa (Drs Soares, Kumar, Cantor, Serdarevic, Gwede, Trotti, and Djulbegovic and Ms Daniels); Department of Statistics, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Philadelphia, Pa (Dr Swann); Department of Mathematics, University of Indiana Northwest, Gary (Dr Hozo); UK Cochrane Centre, Oxford, England (Dr Clark).

<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Soares</surname>
      <given-names>Heloisa P.</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Kumar</surname>
      <given-names>Ambuj</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Daniels</surname>
      <given-names>Stephanie</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Swann</surname>
      <given-names>Suzanne</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Cantor</surname>
      <given-names>Alan</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Hozo</surname>
      <given-names>Iztok</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Clark</surname>
      <given-names>Mike</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Serdarevic</surname>
      <given-names>Fadila</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Gwede</surname>
      <given-names>Clement</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Trotti</surname>
      <given-names>Andy</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    <name>
      <surname>Djulbegovic</surname>
      <given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
    </name>
  </contrib>
  <aff>Author Affiliations: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute at 
  University of South Florida, Tampa (Drs Soares, Kumar, Cantor, Serdarevic, 
  Gwede, Trotti, and Djulbegovic and Ms Daniels); Department of Statistics, 
  Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Philadelphia, Pa (Dr Swann); Department of 
  Mathematics, University of Indiana Northwest, Gary (Dr Hozo); UK Cochrane 
  Centre, Oxford, England (Dr Clark).</aff>
</contrib-group>

James B. Leverenz, MD

Mark A. Fishel, MD

Elaine R. Peskind, MD

Thomas J. Montine, MD, PhD

David Nochlin, MD

Ellen Steinbart, RN, MA

Murray A. Raskin, MD

Gerard D. Schellenberg, PhD

Thomas D. Bird, MD

Debby Tsuang, MD, MS

Author Affiliations: Parkinson's Disease (Dr Leverenz), Mental Illness (Drs Leverenz, Peskind, Raskind, Schellenberg, and Tsuang and Ms Steinbart), Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Neurology (Drs Leverenz, Fishel, and Bird) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (Drs Leverenz, Peskind, Raskind, and Tsuang), Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (Drs Montine and Nochlin), and Division of Gerontology/Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (Dr Schellenberg), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.

<contrib-group>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Leverenz</surname>
      <given-names>James B.</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>MD</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Fishel</surname>
      <given-names>Mark A.</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>MD</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Peskind</surname>
      <given-names>Elaine R.</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>MD</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Montine</surname>
      <given-names>Thomas J.</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>MD</surname>
    </name>
      <degrees>PhD</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Nochlin</surname>
      <given-names>David</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>MD</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Steinbart</surname>
      <given-names>Ellen</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>RN, MA</surname>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Raskin</surname>
      <given-names>Murray A.</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>MD</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Schellenberg</surname>
      <given-names>Gerard D.</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>PhD</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <surname>Bird</surname>
      <given-names>Thomas D.</given-names>
    </name>
      <degrees>MD</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <contrib>
    <name>
      <given-names>Debby Tsuang</surname>
    </name>
      <degrees>MD, MS</degrees>
  </contrib>
  <aff>Author Affiliations: Parkinson's Disease (Dr Leverenz), Mental Illness 
  (Drs Leverenz, Peskind, Raskind, Schellenberg, and Tsuang and Ms Steinbart), 
  Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health 
  Care System, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Neurology (Drs Leverenz, 
  Fishel, and Bird) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (Drs Leverenz, 
  Peskind, Raskind, and Tsuang), Division of Neuropathology, Department of 
  Pathology (Drs Montine and Nochlin), and Division of Gerontology/Geriatrics, 
  Department of Medicine  (Dr Schellenberg), University of Washington School 
  of Medicine, Seattle.</aff>
</contrib-group>

Back

The article back contains information that is published with the article but outside of its main narrative flow. Tag reference lists, acknowledgments, appendices, glossaries, and article-level footnotes in the back matter.

See <ack>, <ref-list>, <app-group>, <glossary>.

Body

Within an article body, all sections must have a label, a title, or both. PMC will remove sections without either during the conversion process, so do not tag empty sections to adjust the display of section headings.

All article content that appears outside of the main narrative flow is part of the article <back>. This includes (but is not limited to) acknowledgments, glossaries, appendices, and reference lists.

Tag Display objects in the article body, immediately following the first reference to that object.

Boxed Text

Tag all display objects (<fig>, <table>, <media>) within boxed-text with @position="anchor".

Tag all copyright information within <permissions>.

Set any copyright information that is included in the source material in <copyright-statement> and <copyright-year> tags. This information may be in a page header or footer or immediately following the abstract.

Copyright Information usually consists of the word "Copyright", a copyright symbol, the copyright year, and the name of the copyright holder. It might also contain notes, such as Disclaimers.

Include the complete copyright statement (with the date and symbol), in <copyright-statement>. Tag the copyright year in <copyright-year>, whether or not it appears as part of the <copyright-statement>.

<permissions>
  <copyright-statement>Copyright &#xA9; 2005, Medical Publishing
    Corp.</copyright-statement>
  <copyright-year>2005</copyright-year>
</permissions>

<permissions>
  <copyright-statement>Copyright &x#A9; Medical Publishing
    Corp.</copyright-statement>
  <copyright-year>2005</copyright-year>
</permissions>

Dates

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

Within metadata, there are two date elements, <date> and <pub-date>. Tag publication dates in <pub-date> and history dates in <date> inside <history>. The date model is the same for both. It allows parsed date information (<day>, <month>, <season>, <year>).

Tag <day>, <month>,and <year> as integers.

<season> is text.

Tag month ranges (April-June) and yearly seasons (Winter, Spring, etc.) in <season>. Do not set the year in <season>. Month ranges should use 3-letter abbreviations separated by an en-dash (U2013).

Received: January 14, 2005

<date date-type="received">
  <day>14</day>
  <month>1</month>
  <year>2005</year>
</date>

Spring-Summer 1999

<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
  <season>Spring-Summer</season>
  <year>1999</year>
</pub-date>

October, 1999

<pub-date pub-type="collection">
  <month>10</month>
  <year>1999</year>
</pub-date>

Apr–Jun 2000

<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
  <season>Apr&#x2013;Jun</season>
  <year>2000</year>
</pub-date>

For examples of using dates inside citations, see the fully-tagged citations.

3.0

Tag <day>, <month>,and <year> as integers.

<season> is text.

Tag month ranges (April-June) and yearly seasons (Winter, Spring, etc.) in <season>. Do not set the year in <season>. Month ranges should use 3-letter abbreviations separated by an en-dash (U2013).

Received: January 14, 2005

<date date-type="received">
  <day>14</day>
  <month>1</month>
  <year>2005</year>
</date>

Spring-Summer 1999

<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
  <season>Spring-Summer</season>
  <year>1999</year>
</pub-date>

October, 1999

<pub-date pub-type="collection">
  <month>10</month>
  <year>1999</year>
</pub-date>

Apr–Jun 2000

<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
  <season>Apr&#x2013;Jun</season>
  <year>2000</year>
</pub-date>

For examples of using dates inside citations, see the fully-tagged citations.

Disclaimers

Tag as <notes> in front matter with @notes-type="disclaimer".

The contents of articles or advertising in the journal are not to be construed as official statements or endorsements by the Medical Publishing Corp.

<notes notes-type="disclaimer"><p>The contents of articles or advertising in the
  journal are not to be construed as official statements or endorsements by the
  Medical Publishing Corp.</p></notes>

Display Formula

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

Tag all <disp-formula> with MathML.

Although we would prefer to have all of the math tagged as MathML, it is acceptable to include images of formulas.

Use the <disp-formula> element so that the object can still be identified as a display formula (and referenced) in the article. <disp-formula> allows <graphic>, which should be used to call the image.

See Sample 2 for examples.

3.0

Tag all <disp-formula> with MathML.

Although we would prefer to have all of the math tagged as MathML, it is acceptable to include images of formulas.

Display Object Groups

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

Only use display object groups (<fig-group>, <table-wrap-group>) to tag objects with labels or captions that are part of a larger grouping.

As a general rule, objects that have unique labels or captions and are grouped under a single, common title are display-object groups. Limit the use of display object groups to situations where multi-part objects must have ids, labels, or captions on each individual part and on the group as a whole.

Do not tag single objects with multiple components in a group.

3.0

Only use display object groups (<fig-group>, <table-wrap-group>, <disp-formula-group>) to tag objects with labels or captions that are part of a larger grouping.

Do not tag single objects with multiple components in a group.

Display Quote

Use <disp-quote> to tag all block quotes. This allows for visual separation of the quote from the surrounding text, and more accurate tagging, because block quotes generally do not contain textual markers such as quotation marks.

He goes on to integrate these essential histological observations with his knowledge of physiological mechanisms and theorizes on the information flow of cortical circuits. He states:

… it is evident that each a impulse causes the cortical cells to be bombarded by a succession of impulses, thus creating in them a constant state of facilitation, and eventually stimulating them to discharge their axons.

In these propositions, Lorente de Nó essentially describes the dynamic, rapid, and flexible operation of groups of cells, which Hebb would call “cell assemblies,” in a modern physiological framework.

 
<sec> 
  <p>He goes on to integrate these essential histological 
    observations with his knowledge of physiological mechanisms 
    and theorizes on the information flow of cortical circuits. 
    He states:</p> 
  <disp-quote> 
    <p>… it is evident that each a impulse causes 
      the cortical cells to be bombarded by a succession of impulses, 
      thus creating in them a constant state of facilitation, and 
      eventually stimulating them to discharge their axons.</p> 
  </disp-quote> 
  <p>In these propositions, Lorente de Nó 
    essentially describes the dynamic, rapid, and flexible 
    operation of groups of cells, which Hebb would 
    call “cell assemblies,” in a modern 
    physiological framework. </p> 
</sec>

DOCTYPE declaration

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

The root element is <article>.

Set the PUBLIC identifier to "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 200700202//EN".

Set the SYSTEM identifier to "journalpublishing.dtd".

<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN"
				"journalpublishing.dtd">

3.0

The root element is <article>.

Set the PUBLIC identifier to "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 200800202//EN".

Set the SYSTEM identifier to "journalpublishing3.dtd".

<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN"
				"journalpublishing3.dtd">

External Links

Tag all external links with <ext-link>.

URLs

Use @ext-link-type="uri" to identify web addresses. Tag the complete address in @xlink:href. PMC will use the text in the <ext-link> element as the active link. The text may be a repeat of the web address.

GenBank

Tag GenBank numbers with @ext-link-type="entrez-genbank".

Figures

Figures are the article-level objects that usually contain an image.

Tag all figures that must be displayed in place in the text with @position="anchor". Tag figures that may “float” or appear anywhere in the text without losing meaning with @position="float".

Common characteristics of figures with @position="float":

It has a label like "Fig. 1" or "Schema IV" or even just "Figure"
It has a title or caption
It is reference by an <xref> with @ref-type="fig"

If the figure has none of these characteristics or is a child of <boxed-text> or <app>, set the @position="anchor".

Tag any image that must remain at the paragraph level as a <graphic> in a <p> or <sec>.

Set any image that needs to be displayed in the flow of the text as <inline-graphic> in a <p>.

On rare occasions, a named figure (usually it is called something different, like "Scheme") must stay anchored in its position in the text. There may be a <label> and <caption>. In these instances, use @position="anchor" on <fig>.

See also Display Object Groups.

See Sample 2 for examples.

Figures & Tables

Referenced figures and tables should be tagged at their first callout in the text. Unreferenced figures and tables should be tagged in <floats-wrap> at the end of the <article>. See Figures and Tables for more details.

Footnotes

Capture footnotes in relative proximity to the part of the article in which it is referenced. For instance, capture author footnotes in <author-notes> and footnotes that apply to the article as a whole in a <fn-group> in the article <back>.

See <fn-group>, <author-notes>, <fn>.

See Sample 2 for examples.

Funding Information

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

Tag grant and contract information in <contract-num> and <contract-sponsor>. Tag any prose that describes this information (e.g., "Part of the research at Stanford was supported by NIH GM61374.") as an article-level footnote.

3.0

Tag funding information for the article in the <funding-group> element in the article metadata.

Generated Text

Do not tag generated text in the XML. This includes (but is not limited to) punctuation between multiple <xref> elements, numbers or letters in an ordered list that has no anomalies (1a, 1b, 2, etc), and punctuation in fully tagged citation elements.

Grant and Contract Information

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

Grant and contract information should be tagged in <contract-num> and <contract-sponsor> to build article metadata. Any prose that describes this information (e.g., "Part of the research at Stanford was supported by NIH GM61374.") should be tagged in an article-level footnote.

3.0

See Funding Information.

Inline formula

Only tag inline formulas if the characters cannot be represented with regular elements or Unicode™ values.

Only tag inline math in MathML if it cannot be represented with regular elements. For example, any radical or built fraction.

See Sample 2 for examples.

Inline images

Set any image that must remain at the paragraph level as a <graphic> within the <p> or <sec>.

Set any image that must be displayed in the flow of the text as <inline-graphic> in a <p>.

See Figures for more details.

Inline tabular material

Set simple inline tabular material as <array>. If the tabular material is too complicated to be represented with <array>, use <table-wrap> with the @position="anchor".

See Tables for more details.

Journal Information

Tag complete journal information for each article in <journal-meta>.

Labels

Do not tag <label> in <list-item>.

Do not include formatting elements in the content of any label.

Licensing Information

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

Licensing information explains how the content may be used, as authorized by the copyright holder. This is separate information from the copyright, which indicates who owns the rights to control distribution of the content.

License information must contain a license type and a text description of the license content.

<permissions>
  <copyright-statement>Copyright &#xA9; 2005 Medical
    Publishing Corp.</copyright-statement>
  <copyright-year>2005</copyright-year>
  <license license-type="open-access"
    xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">
    <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
      Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
      distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
      work is properly cited.</p>
  </license>
</permissions>

3.0

License information must contain a license type and a text description of the license content.

V3.0 is has replaced <p> with <license-p> in <license>. <license-p> is the full <p> model plus <price>. All style rules are unchanged.

<permissions>
  <copyright-statement>Copyright &#xA9; 2005 Medical
    Publishing Corp.</copyright-statement>
  <copyright-year>2005</copyright-year>
  <license license-type="open-access"
    xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">
    <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
      Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
      distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
      work is properly cited.</license-p>
  </license>
</permissions>

Lists

Use the <list> only to represent content in lists. Do not use it for formatting.

There are labeled and unlabeled lists. These styles are controlled by the @list-type. The labels will be applied based on the @list-type. Do not set the labels in the <list-item>. The only exception to this is when a list must start with a particular value. In this case, set the <label> on each <list-item>.

A <list> may be included in the contents of a <list-item> to build a multi-level list or outline.

See <list>.

Methods Section

Tag @sec-type="methods" on all methods sections within the article body.

Do not use @sec-type for sections inside <abstract>.

Notes in Proof

Tag as <notes> in back matter with @notes-type="note-in-proof".

Processing Instructions

The following Processing Instruction(s) can be used for PubMed Central articles:

Release Delay

Use the PI <?release-delay x|y ?> to set the release delay for an individual article. The article-level delay will override any delay defined in PMC on the journal level.

x is the number of months in the delay
y is the number of days in the delay

Both a "month" and "day" value should be included in each PI. Use "0" for "0".

<?release-delay 6|0 ?> — a delay of 6 months.
<?release-delay 0|14 ?> — a delay of 2 weeks.
<?release-delay 12|0 ?> — a delay of 1 year.
<?release-delay 0|0 ?> — no delay (this is useful for immediate-release articles in a journal that normally has a delay set.
<?release-delay 3|15 ?> — a delay of 3 months and 15 days.

Questions & Answers

There is not a specific set of elements for tagging Questions & Answers. Use <list> with @list-content="QandA".

Include each question/answer in a <list-item>. Use the @list-type to set the number style, bullets, or simple (unlabeled).

Question: How many feet in a mile?

Answer: 5280

<list list-content="QandA">
  <list-item>
    <p content-type="question">How many feet in a mile?<p>
    <p content-type="answer">5280<p>
  </list-item>
</list>

1. How many feet in a mile?

5280

2. How many kilometers in a mile?

1.609344

<list list-content="QandA" list-type="order">
  <list-item>
    <p content-type="question">How many feet in a mile?<p>
    <p content-type="answer">5280<p>
  </list-item>
  <list-item>
    <p content-type="question">How many kilometers in a mile?<p>
    <p content-type="answer">1.609344.<p>
  </list-item>
</list>

1. What is the recommended daily dosage?

a. 2 mg b. 12 mg

c. 16 mg d. 5000 mg

Answer: 12 mg

<list list-type="order" list-content="QandA">
  <list-item>
    <p content-type="question">What is the recommended daily dosage?
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item><p>2 mgv</p></list-item>
        <list-item><p>12 mg</p></list-item>
        <list-item><p>16 mg</p></list-item>
        <list-item><p>5000 mg</p></list-item>
      </list>
    </p>
    <p content-type="answer">12 mg</p>
  <list-item>
</list>

References

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

A reference list (<ref-list>) is a series of references (<ref>). Generally each reference item contains only one citation element (<citation> or <nlm-citation>), but occasionally a single reference item may have more than one citation.

Multiple citations in one ref

6. (a) De Albuquerque IL, Galeffi C, Casinovi CG, Marini-Bettolo GB. Gazz Chim Ital.

1964;94:287. (b) Alcantara, A. F. de C.;Souza, MR.; Pilo-Veloso, D. Fitoterapia. 2000;71:613.

<ref id="R6">
  <label>6</label>
  <citation citation-type="journal">
    <label>(a)</label>
    <person-group person-group-type="author">
      <name>
        <surname>De Albuquerque</surname>
        <given-names>I. L.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Galeffi</surname>
        <given-names>C.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Casinovi</surname>
        <given-names>C. G.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Marini-Bettolo</surname>
        <given-names>G. B.</given-names>
      </name>
    </person-group>
    <source>Gazz. Chim. Ital.</source>
    <year>1964</year>
    <volume>94</volume>
    <fpage>287</fpage>
  </citation>
  <citation citation-type="journal">
    <label>(b)</label>
    <person-group person-group-type="author">
      <name>
        <surname>Alcantara</surname>
        <given-names>A. F. de C.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Souza</surname>
        <given-names>M. R.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Pilo-Veloso</surname>
        <given-names>D.</given-names>
      </name>
    </person-group>
    <source>Fitoterapia</source>
    <year>2000</year>
    <volume>71</volume>
    <fpage>613</fpage>
  </citation>
</ref>

Notes or end notes in a ref

9. The addition of water (100 mol %) afforded the cyclic ether 2 in quantitative yield and with excellent selectivity (entry 4). This further supports the notion that triethylsilyl bromide is not the active catalyst.

<ref id="R9">
  <label>9</label>
  <note>
    <p>The addition of water (100 mol %) afforded the cyclic ether
      <bold>2</bold> in quantitative yield and with excellent selectivity
      (entry 4). This further supports the notion that triethylsilyl bromide is
      not the active catalyst.</p>
  </note>
</ref>

Note with a citation

8. For an alternative mechanistic proposal that suggests the triethylsilyl bromide formed from triethylsilane and bismuth tribromide behaves as a Lewis acid catalyst, see: Bajwa JS, Jiang X, Slade J, Prasad K, Repic O, Blacklock TJ. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002;43:6709.

<ref id="R8">
  <label>8</label>
  <note>
    <p>For an alternative mechanistic proposal that suggests the triethylsilyl 
      bromide formed from triethylsilane and bismuth tribromide behaves as a Lewis
      acid catalyst, see: <citation citation-type="journal">
      <person-group person-group-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Bajwa</surname>
          <given-names>J. S.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Jiang</surname>
          <given-names>X.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Slade</surname>
          <given-names>J.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Prasad</surname>
          <given-names>K.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Repic</surname>
          <given-names>O.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Blacklock</surname>
          <given-names>T. J.</given-names>
        </name>
      </person-group>
      <source>Tetrahedron Lett.</source>
      <year>2002</year>
      <volume>43</volume>
      <fpage>6709</fpage>
      </citation>
    </p>
  </note>
</ref>

Note with citations and text mixed

17. Chatterjee AK, Morgan JP, Scholl M, Grubbs RH. J Am Chem Soc. 2000;122:3783. For a recent review on olefin cross-metathesis, see: Connon SJ, Blechert S. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2003;42:1900.

<ref id="R17">
  <label>17</label>
  <note>
    <p>
      <citation citation-type="journal">
        <person-group person-group-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chatterjee</surname>
            <given-names>A. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Morgan</surname>
            <given-names>J. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Scholl</surname>
            <given-names>M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name>
            <surname>Grubbs</surname>
            <given-names>R. H.</given-names>
          </name>
        </person-group>
        <source>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</source>
        <year>2000</year>
        <volume>122</volume>
        <fpage>3783</fpage>
      </citation>
      For a recent review on olefin cross-metathesis, see:
        <citation citation-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Connon</surname>
              <given-names>S. J.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blechert</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <fpage>1900</fpage>
        </citation>
    </p>
  </note>
</ref>

See Sample PubMed Central Citations for fully-tagged examples of citations.

3.0

A reference list (<ref-list>) is a series of references (<ref>). Generally each reference item contains only one citation element (<mixed-citation> or <element-citation>), but occasionally a single reference item may have more than one citation.

Multiple citations in one ref

6. (a) De Albuquerque IL, Galeffi C, Casinovi CG, Marini-Bettolo GB. Gazz Chim Ital.

1964;94:287. (b) Alcantara, A. F. de C.;Souza, MR.; Pilo-Veloso, D. Fitoterapia. 2000;71:613.

<ref id="R6">
  <label>6</label>
  <element-citation publication-type="journal">
    <label>(a)</label>
    <name>
      <surname>De Albuquerque</surname>
      <given-names>I. L.</given-names>
    </name>
    <name>
      <surname>Galeffi</surname>
      <given-names>C.</given-names>
    </name>
    <name>
      <surname>Casinovi</surname>
      <given-names>C. G.</given-names>
    </name>
    <name>
      <surname>Marini-Bettolo</surname>
      <given-names>G. B.</given-names>
    </name>
    <source>Gazz. Chim. Ital.</source>
    <year>1964</year>
    <volume>94</volume>
    <fpage>287</fpage>
  </element-citation>
  <element-citation publication-type="journal">
    <label>(b)</label>
    <name>
      <surname>Alcantara</surname>
      <given-names>A. F. de C.</given-names>
    </name>
    <name>
      <surname>Souza</surname>
      <given-names>M. R.</given-names>
    </name>
    <name>
      <surname>Pilo-Veloso</surname>
      <given-names>D.</given-names>
    </name>
    <source>Fitoterapia</source>
    <year>2000</year>
    <volume>71</volume>
    <fpage>613</fpage>
  </element-citation>
</ref>

Notes or end notes in a ref

<ref id="R9">
  <label>9</label>
  <note>
    <p>The addition of water (100 mol %) afforded the cyclic ether
      <bold>2</bold> in quantitative yield and with excellent selectivity
      (entry 4). This further supports the notion that triethylsilyl bromide is
      not the active catalyst.</p>
  </note>
</ref>

Note with a citation

<ref id="R8">
  <label>8</label>
  <note>
    <p>For an alternative mechanistic proposal that suggests the triethylsilyl 
      bromide formed from triethylsilane and bismuth tribromide behaves as a Lewis
      acid catalyst, see: <element-citation publication-type="journal">
      <name>
        <surname>Bajwa</surname>
        <given-names>J. S.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Jiang</surname>
        <given-names>X.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Slade</surname>
        <given-names>J.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Prasad</surname>
        <given-names>K.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Repic</surname>
        <given-names>O.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name>
        <surname>Blacklock</surname>
        <given-names>T. J.</given-names>
      </name>
      <source>Tetrahedron Lett.</source>
      <year>2002</year>
      <volume>43</volume>
      <fpage>6709</fpage>
      </element-citation>
    </p>
  </note>
</ref>

Note with citations and text mixed

<ref id="R17">
  <label>17</label>
  <note>
    <p>
      <element-citation publication-type="journal">
        <name>
          <surname>Chatterjee</surname>
          <given-names>A. K.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Morgan</surname>
          <given-names>J. P.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Scholl</surname>
          <given-names>M.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Grubbs</surname>
          <given-names>R. H.</given-names>
        </name>
        <source>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</source>
        <year>2000</year>
        <volume>122</volume>
        <fpage>3783</fpage>
      </element-citation>
      For a recent review on olefin cross-metathesis, see:
      <element-citation publication-type="journal">
        <name>
          <surname>Connon</surname>
          <given-names>S. J.</given-names>
        </name>
        <name>
          <surname>Blechert</surname>
          <given-names>S.</given-names>
        </name>
        <source>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.</source>
        <year>2003</year>
        <volume>42</volume>
        <fpage>1900</fpage>
      </mixed-citation>
    </p>
  </note>
</ref>

See Sample PubMed Central Citations for fully-tagged examples of citations.

v2.3 | v3.0

2.3

Use <related-article>. to identify journal articles that are directly related to the current content. These appear most often in corrections and commentaries.

3.0

Use <related-article>. to identify journal articles that are directly related to the current content. These appear most often in corrections and commentaries.