Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Requiring Days Away From Work, 2006

Technical Information:  (202) 691-6170                          USDL 07-1741

Media information:	(202) 691-5902                          For release: 10:00 A.M. EST

Internet address:    http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm            Thursday, November 8, 2007



                       NONFATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES 

                           REQUIRING DAYS AWAY FROM WORK, 2006



     Both the rate and the number of occupational injuries and illnesses requiring days 

away from work decreased from 2005 to 2006, according to the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics, U.S. Department Labor.  The 2006 rate was 128 per 10,000 workers, a decrease 

of 6 percent from 2005.  There were 1.2 million cases requiring days away from work in 

private industry, which represented a decrease of 51,180 cases (or 4 percent).  Median 

days away from work—a key measure of the severity of the injury or illness—was 7 days 

in 2006, the same as the prior two years.  



Key findings for 2006 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses requiring days away 

from work:



     - Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants, had 49,480 days away from work cases 

       and a rate of 526 per 10,000 workers, which was more than four times the total for 

       all occupations.  

     - Three other occupations with more than 40,000 cases had rates above 400 per 

       10,000 workers:  construction laborers (488); laborers and freight, stock, and 

       material movers (466); and heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers (411).  

     - Men had a days-away-from-work rate of 143 per 10,000 workers; the rate for 

       women was 106 per 10,000 workers.  

     - Four out of ten days away from work cases were sprains or strains.  

       Approximately one in five of these were suffered by laborers and freight, stock, 

       and material movers; heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers; and nursing aides, 

       orderlies, and attendants.  

     - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) accounted for 30 percent of the injuries and 

       illnesses with days away from work, the same percentage as in 2005.  



***********************************************************************************************

*                   New Rates by Occupation, Gender, and Age group                            *

* With the 2006 Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), BLS added selected      * 

* injury and illness rates by occupation, by gender, and by age group for cases with days     * 

* away from work.  Occupational estimates are available at the detailed occupation level      *

* for the Nation and at the occupational group level for the Nation and States.  In addition, *

* rates are available by gender, age group, and occupation for selected case characteristics. * 

***********************************************************************************************

      

      This release is the third in a series of three releases from the BLS covering 

occupational safety and health statistics in 2006.  The first release, in August 2007, 

covered work-related fatalities from the 2006 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.  In 

October 2007, BLS reported that there were 4.1 million nonfatal injuries and illnesses in 

2006, based on the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses.  This final release 

covers the circumstances of the injuries and illnesses and the characteristics of the 

workers involved in the 1.2 million nonfatal cases that required days away from work to 

recuperate.  

      



Case characteristics



      Case characteristics provide detailed information on the circumstances of nonfatal 

workplace injuries and illnesses that required one or more days away from work.  The 

survey uses four case characteristics—nature, part of body, source, and event or 

exposure—to describe a workplace incident.  





     A nursing aide sprains her back from overexertion in lifting a health care patient.  

                    -------     ----      -----------------------   -------------------

                       |          |                  |                       |

                   (nature) (part of body)  (event or exposure)           (source)





* Sprains and strains was the leading nature of injury and illness in every major 

  industry sector (see table 5).  These injuries decreased by 6 percent for total private 

  industry in 2006 and for both goods-producing and service-providing industries.  

  Trade, transportation, and utilities reported 157,380 sprains and strains, 33 percent of 

  the total.  



* The overall number of cases of carpal tunnel syndrome decreased by 21 percent.  

  Workers on the job 5 years or more had a decrease of 27 percent for these kinds of 

  illnesses.  



* The part of the body most affected by work incidents was the trunk (including the 

  shoulder and back) accounting for 34 percent of all cases.  Cases involving the trunk 

  decreased by 6 percent from 2005.  Injuries and illnesses to the back made up 

  62 percent of the days-away-from-work cases involving the trunk.  



* Floors, walkways, and ground surfaces were the source of injury or illness for 

  18 percent of all days-away-from-work cases.  Worker motion or position accounted 

  for 14 percent.  



* Assaults and violent acts (by person) increased by 10 percent, with those to women 

  increasing 21 percent to 10,400 cases.  Sixty percent of the assaults and violent acts 

  (by person) occurred in health care and social assistance and mainly involved assaults 

  by health care patients.  



* Injuries and illnesses due to repetitive motion decreased by 13 percent.  



* Falls from a ladder decreased by 17 percent.  





      In addition to these four case characteristics, BLS collects the time of day and day 

of the week the injury or illness occurred and the time the employee had spent on the job 

before the incident.  



* Of the injuries and illnesses with days away from work (for which the time of the 

  incident was reported), the eight-hour period from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. accounted 

  for 65 percent of the cases in 2006.  The 4:00 p.m. to midnight time period accounted 

  for 20 percent of the cases.  



* In those cases where employers reported how long the employee had been on the job 

  before the incident occurred, workers on the job from two to four hours incurred the 

  highest number of injuries and illnesses (248,980 or 26 percent).  Employees on the 

  job for more than eight hours accounted for 12 percent of cases.



* Eighty-seven percent of injuries and illnesses occurred on Monday through Friday.  

  The exception to this pattern was the leisure and hospitality sector, where 27 percent 

  of injuries and illnesses occurred during the weekend.





Demographic characteristics



      Demographic characteristics include gender, age, race or ethnic origin, and length 

of service with the employer at the time of the incident (see tables 1, 2, and 8).  For 2006, 

BLS has new incidence rate data for gender and age group (see tables 16-19).  



* Men accounted for 66 percent of all days-away-from-work cases, and had an 

  incidence rate (143 per 10,000 workers) 35 percent higher than the rate of 106 for 

  women.  



* Injuries and illnesses to Asian workers increased by 16 percent from 2005, while the 

  other ethnic groups experienced declines in workplace incidents.  Race or ethnicity 

  was unreported in 32 percent of days-away-from-work cases.  

 

* The number of injuries and illnesses to Hispanic workers in the construction and 

  extraction occupations (34,170) increased 7 percent from 2005.  



* Workers who were 20 to 44 years old accounted for 60 percent of injured and ill 

  workers.  Within that age range, workers age 20 to 24 had a rate of 143 per 

  10,000 workers, higher than the rate of 128 for all workers.  



* The number of days away from work rose with the age of the worker from a median 

  of 1 day for workers 14- and 15-years old to a median of 15 days for workers 65 and 

  older.  



Occupation  



      Among major occupational groups, transportation and material moving 

occupations had the highest rate at 301 per 10,000 workers and 239,710 injuries and 

illnesses requiring days away from work in 2006.  Computer and mathematical 

occupations had the lowest rate, 11 (see table 16).  The rate for all occupations was 128.  



      Three occupations at the detail level had incidence rates over 1,000 per 

10,000 workers:  Athletes and sports competitors (1,720), Psychiatric aides (1,067), and 

Mining roof bolters (1,018).  Rates this high indicate that at least one in ten workers in 

these three occupations experienced an injury or illness requiring days away from work 

in 2006.  These occupations, however, did not have a high number of cases and, like 

some other occupations with small numbers of workers, are not listed in the tables of this 

news release.  



The five occupations that have the highest number of days away from work cases were:



* Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers experienced the highest number of 

  days-away-from-work injuries and illnesses, 85,120 in 2006; however, this represents 

  a decrease of 8 percent from 2005.  This occupation had a rate of 466 per 

  10,000 workers.  Eighty-four percent of these injuries and illnesses were to men.  

  Sixty-five percent of the total cases for this occupation were in the trade, 

  transportation and utilities industry.  



* Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers had 66,040 cases in 2006, relatively the same 

  as in 2005, and had a days-away-from-work rate of 411 per 10,000 workers.  Ninety-

  five percent of these cases were to men.  The source of the injury was most often 

  vehicles, followed by floor or ground surfaces.  The most frequent event was 

  overexertion, followed by contact with objects and equipment.  As in 2005, the 

  median days away from work was 14 days, twice that for all occupations.  



* Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants—with more injuries and illnesses to women 

  (91 percent) than to men—had 49,480 cases, a decrease of 5 percent from 2005.  This 

  occupation had a high incidence rate—526 per 10,000 workers.  Fifty-six percent of 

  the injuries and illnesses to these workers involved health care patients, of which 

  86 percent were due to overexertion.  



* Construction laborers had the fourth highest number of cases with 40,510 and a rate 

  of 488 per 10,000 workers.  Ninety-seven percent of these injuries and illnesses were 

  to men.  Contact with objects or equipment was the most common event in this 

  occupation and the most frequent source of injury was parts and materials.  



* Retail salespersons had 33,210 cases, remaining unchanged from 2005.  Floors and 

  walkways were the most frequent source of injury.  The rate of injury and illness for 

  this occupation was 106, 17 percent below the private-sector average.  



	As in 2005, eleven detailed occupations, including the five discussed above, each 

had more than 20,000 injuries and illnesses with days away from work.  Together they 

accounted for 36 percent of all cases (see table 4).  These same eleven occupations have 

had more than 20,000 cases in each of the last three years.  



Industry



	Workers in the goods-producing industries experienced 380,440 injuries and 

illnesses with days away from work and had an incidence rate of 167 per 10,000 workers 

in 2006.  Service-providing industry workers experienced 803,060 days away from work 

injuries and illnesses and had a rate of 115.



      Natural resources and mining had a median number of days away from work of 9.  

In this sector, the mining industry had a median of 17 days.  Hispanic workers 

experienced 66 percent of injuries and illnesses in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 

compared to 20 percent of all days-away-from-work cases in private industry.  The 

overall rate for this industry sector was 170 per 10,000 workers. 



      Construction had the highest incidence rate—220 per 10,000 workers—of all 

industry sectors but had the fourth highest case count (153,180).  The rate decreased 

8 percent from 2005.  Men experienced 97 percent of the injuries and illnesses.  The 

construction industry’s rate of 84 for contact with objects and equipment was more than 

twice the rate for total private industry.  

      

      Manufacturing had a rate of 141 per 10,000 workers and had 200,970 cases 

resulting from days away from work.  Workers in this industry were most often injured 

by contact with objects and equipment (76,400).  The number of cases involving 

repetitive motion (14,670) remained about the same in 2006 compared to 2005.  Workers 

who had 5 or more years of service with their employer experienced a significant decline 

in the number injuries and illnesses from the previous year (8 percent).  Workers with 

less than 5 years had relatively no change in the number of cases from 2005.  

      

      Trade, transportation, and utilities had the greatest number of injuries and 

illnesses (354,510) with a rate of 160 per 10,000 workers.  Women experienced 

28 percent of the injuries and illnesses in this sector as a whole, but within retail trade 

they experienced 41 percent of the cases.  The transportation and warehousing industry 

had a median number of days away from work of 15.  The utilities industry had a median 

of 14 days away from work, while wholesale and retail trade industries each had medians 

of 7 days.  

      

      Information had a rate of injuries and illnesses of 67 per 10,000 workers.  Fifty-six 

percent of the injuries and illnesses to workers in this industry sector occurred to 

those who had been with their employer for more than 5 years, compared to 31 percent 

for all service–providing industries.  

      

      Financial activities had 33,300 days-away-from-work cases and a rate of 45 per 

10,000 workers in 2006.  Sprains and strains was the leading nature of injury and illness 

with 13,210 cases.  The part of body most often injured was the back with 7,180 cases.

      

      Professional and business services had no change in the overall number of cases 

that required days away from work or the incidence rate for those cases when compared 

to 2005.  However, cases involving contact with objects, the leading event or exposure of 

injury in this industry, rose 15 percent to 25,260.  The number of carpal tunnel syndrome 

cases in this industry (790) has decreased by two thirds since 2003 including a 50 percent 

decrease from 2005 to 2006.  

      

      Education and health services also had no change in the overall number of cases 

or the incidence rate for those cases when compared to 2005.  In this sector, healthcare 

and social assistance accounted for 94 percent of injuries and illnesses.  There were 

nearly four times the number of injuries and illnesses to women (145,370) than to men 

(36,800).  

      

      

Leisure and hospitality had 96,910 injuries and illnesses requiring days away 

from work in 2006, with a rate of 114 per 10,000 workers.  Employers in this industry 

reported nearly equal numbers of injuries and illnesses to men and women.  The number 

of assaults and violent acts (1,690) increased 48 percent from last year.  Asian workers 

experienced an 86 percent increase in the number of injuries and illnesses in this industry.  



Musculoskeletal disorders



      The U.S. Department of Labor defines a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) as an 

injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, or spinal discs.  MSDs 

do not include disorders caused by slips, trips, falls, motor vehicle accidents, or similar 

accidents.  In 2006 there were 357,160 MSD cases.  MSD cases had a median of 9 days 

away from work, two days longer than the median for all days away from work cases.  

The overall rate for all MSD cases was 39 per 10,000 workers in 2006.

      

      The trade, transportation and utilities sector had 34 percent of the MSD cases 

followed by the education and health services sector with 20 percent, the vast majority of 

these in health care and social assistance (69,880).  The manufacturing sector had 

18 percent of the MSD cases.  MSDs in manufacturing decreased by 6 percent from 2005 

to 2006, while MSDs for all private industry decreased by 5 percent.  



____________________________________________________________________________________________________

|  Table A.  Number, incidence rate, and median days of work-related musculoskeletal disorders that |

|  required days away from work by selected industry sectors, 2006                                  |

|                                                                                                   |

|                                                      Number     Incidence Rate        Median days | 

|                                                                                    away from work |

|                                                                                                   |

|  Total Musculoskeletal disorders                    357,160          39                    9      ||                                                                                                   |

|   Goods-producing industries                        103,750          46                   10      |

|      Manufacturing                                   64,760          46                   11      |

|   Service-providing industries                      253,410          36                    8      |

|      Trade, transportation and utilities            119,770          54                   11      |

|      Education and health services                   72,020          55                    6      |       |___________________________________________________________________________________________________|      



      Men had 62 percent of the MSD cases and an incidence rate of 41 per 

10,000 workers.  Women had 37 percent of the MSD cases and an incidence rate of 35 

(see table B).  MSDs to workers age 25 and over decreased with the exception of MSDs 

to workers age 55 to 64 which increased by 4 percent.  MSDs to workers age 65 and over 

decreased by 13 percent in 2006 after an increase of 19 percent in 2005.  

   

      The three occupations with the highest number of MSDs in 2006 were laborers 

and freight, stock, and material movers; nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants; and 

heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers.  These occupations had high rates of MSDs (see 

table B), with nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants reporting the highest rate—293 per 

10,000 workers.  



_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

|  Table B.  Number, incidence rate, and median days of work-related musculoskeletal disorders         |

|  that required days away from work by gender, age groups, and selected occupations, 2006             |

|                                                                                                      |

|                                                      Number       Incidence Rate      Median days    |

|                                                                                      away from work  |

|                                                                                                      |

| Total Musculoskeletal disorders                     357,160            39                   9        |

|                                                                                                      |

| Gender                                                                                               |

|  Men                                                222,880            41                  10        |

|  Women                                              133,710            35                   8        |

|                                                                                                      |

| Age Group                                                                                            |

|  14 - 15                                                 20            --                  10        |

|  16 - 19                                              7,620            26                   5        |

|  20 - 24                                             33,350            36                   5        |

|  25 - 34                                             80,530            38                   7        |

|  35 - 44                                            101,830            44                   9        |

|  45 - 54                                             86,130            40                  13        |

|  55 - 64                                             38,970            36                  14        |

|  65 and over                                          4,660            20                  16        |

|                                                                                                      |

| Occupation                                                                                           |

|  Laborers and freight, stock, and material                                                           |

|   movers, hand                                       28,860           158                   9        |

|  Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants            27,590           293                   5        |

|  Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer            17,400           108                  14        |

|  Retail salesperson                                  11,280            36                  10        |

|  Registered nurses                                    9,200            59                   6        |

|  Truck drivers, light and delivery services           8,890            99                  14        |

|  Janitors and cleaners, except maids and                                                             |

|   housekeeping cleaners                               8,630            76                   9        |

|  Stock clerks and order fillers                       8,610            69                   8        |

|  Construction laborers                                8,270           100                  10        |

|  Maintenance and repair workers, general              6,870            70                   6        |

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________| 

       Injury and Illness Severity  

      

      In addition to providing data on the number of injuries and illnesses that require 

days away from work to recuperate, the survey provides data on the length of the 

absences resulting from those injuries and illnesses (see tables 8-12 and 15).  Median 

days away from work—the key survey measure of severity—designates the point at 

which half the cases involved more days and half involved fewer days.  

      

      The median number of days away from work for all cases was 7 days in 2006, 

unchanged since 2004.  Almost one-fourth of all days-away-from-work cases resulted in 

31 or more days away from work.  The median for goods-producing industries (8 days) 

was higher than that for service-providing industries (7 days).  

      

* Fractures resulted in the longest absences (28 days) from work among the leading 

  natures of injury and illness.  Carpal tunnel syndrome had 27 days and amputations 

  had 22 median days away from work, both unchanged from 2005.  



* Repetitive motion resulted in the longest absences from work among the most 

  frequent events or exposures with 19 days away from work, unchanged from 2005.  

  Falls to lower level had 14 days, twice the 2006 median for all cases.  Fires and 

  explosions and transportation accidents each had a median of 10 days.  The median 

  for transportation accidents was unchanged but the median for fires and explosions 

  decreased from the 16 days reported in 2005.  



* Floors, walkways, and ground surfaces were the sources that resulted in the longest 

  absences from work, with a median of 11 days, followed closely by worker motion or 

  position (10 days) and vehicles (9 days).  



* Injuries and illnesses to the shoulder resulted in the longest absences from work, with 

  a median of 16 days, followed by the wrist and knee each with a median of 14 days.  



* Workers age 65 and over experienced the longest absences from work with a median 

  of 15 days followed by workers age 55 to 64 with 12 days and workers age 45 to 54 

  with 10 days.  



* Among detailed occupations with high numbers of days-away-from-work cases, 

  heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers had the highest median days away from work 

  with 14 days.  Driver/sales workers had the second highest median with 11 days, 

  followed closely by carpenters and light or delivery truck drivers with a median of 

  10 days.  





Background of the Survey



      Since the early 1970s, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has reported annually 

on the number and the rate of injuries and illnesses requiring days away from work 

beyond the day of the incident in private industry.  The 2006 Survey of Occupational 

Injuries and Illnesses marks the fifteenth year that BLS has also provided detailed 

information on the circumstances of these cases and the characteristics of the injured or 

ill worker.  

      

      Data in this release are classified based on the 2002 North American Industry 

Classification System (NAICS), the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 

Manual, and 1997 Standards for Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, as defined by the 

Office of Management and Budget (OMB).  More information on each of these 

classification systems is available on the OMB Internet site at 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/statpolicy.html.  Race and ethnicity is the only 

data element in the survey for which reporting is not mandatory.  In 2006, 32 percent of 

the cases were missing race and ethnicity.  

      

      

For each incident that led to an injury or illness that required one or more days 

away from work to recuperate, the survey uses four characteristics to describe the 

circumstances of the case.  These characteristics are classified using the Occupational 

Injury and Illness Classification System.  (See the Manual on the BLS Internet site at 

http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshoiics.htm.)  These four characteristics are:



* nature – the physical characteristics of the disabling injury or illness, such as 

  cuts/lacerations, fractures, or sprains/strains;



* part of body affected – the part of body directly linked to the nature of injury or 

  illness cited, such as back, finger, or eye;



* event or exposure – the manner in which the injury or illness was produced or 

  inflicted, such as falls, overexertion, or repetitive motion; and 



* source – the object, substance, exposure, or bodily motion that directly produced or 

  inflicted the disabling condition, such as chemicals, vehicles, or machinery.

      

      Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) include cases where the nature of the injury or 

illness is sprains, strains, tears; back pain, hurt back; soreness, pain, hurt, except the back; 

carpal tunnel syndrome; hernia; or musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases 

and disorders, when the event or exposure leading to the injury or illness is bodily 

reaction/bending, climbing, crawling, reaching, twisting; overexertion; or repetition. 

Cases of Raynaud’s phenomenon, tarsal tunnel syndrome, and herniated spinal discs are 

not included.  Although they may be considered MSDs, the survey classifies these 

injuries and illnesses in categories that also include non-MSD cases.

      

      The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is a Federal/State program in 

which employer reports were collected from about 195,200 private industry 

establishments in 2006 and processed by State agencies cooperating with the BLS.  The 

survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses and excludes the self-employed, 

farms with fewer than 11 employees, private households, Federal government agencies,

and, for national estimates, employees in State and local government agencies.  

      

      The employers, who are selected to participate in the survey, provide data on 

injuries and illnesses based on logs and other records they maintain during the year.  

These records reflect not only the year’s injury and illness experience, but also 

employers’ understanding of which cases are work related under the recordkeeping rules 

promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of 

Labor.  Data for coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for railroad activities were 

provided by the Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration and the 

Department of Transportation’s Federal Railroad Administration, respectively.  



      The survey estimates the characteristics of cases with days away from work based 

on two levels of sampling.  First, BLS scientifically selects a probability sample of 

establishments from among those covered by the survey.  Then establishments in the 

survey that are projected to have a large number of days–away-from-work cases are

instructed on how to sample those cases to minimize the burden of their response.

 

      Because the estimates are based on a sample survey, they probably differ from the 

figures that would be obtained from a census of all units covered by the survey.  Standard 

errors were calculated to determine the precision of each estimate from the survey and 

will be available on the BLS Internet site at http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm.  They are 

used to provide a range around the estimate in which the figure from a census is likely to 

be.  All findings in this release have been tested and found to be statistically significant at 

the 95-percent confidence level.  Visit http://www.bls.gov/iif/osh_rse.htm for more 

information about relative standard errors.  



      Data from the survey also are subject to nonsampling error.  Examples of these 

errors are: the inability to obtain information about all cases in the sample; mistakes or 

gaps in recording or coding the data; and difficulties in understanding survey definitions.  

Although not measured, nonsampling error always occurs when statistics are gathered.  

However, BLS has quality assurance procedures to reduce nonsampling error in the 

survey, including a rigorous training program for coders and efforts to identify and 

explore sources of nonsampling error and their potential magnitude.  



      The number of hours worked used for industry and case characteristics incidence 

rates are collected in the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses.  The survey does 

not collect hours worked by occupation or demographic characteristics.  The hours 

worked data used for rates by occupation, gender, and age group (which are available for 

the first time with this release of 2006 data) come from two BLS programs—the 

Occupational Employment Statistics program and from the Current Population Survey, 

which is conducted for BLS by the Bureau of the Census.  



      Because of space limitations, this release does not present all the publishable 

estimates and rates for days-way-from-work cases.  Additional detailed data are available 

from BLS staff on 202-691-6170, iifstaff@bls.gov, and the BLS Internet site at 

http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm.

       

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Last Modified Date: November 08, 2007