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Explanation
and Instructions
"Dividends From Wood Research" is
a semiannual listing of recent publications resulting from
wood utilization research at the Forest Products Laboratory
(FPL). These publications are produced to encourage and
facilitate application of Forest Service research. This
issue lists publications received between July 1 and December
31, 2005.
Each publication listed in this brochure is available
through at least one of the following sources.
Available from FPL (indicated by an order number
before the title of the publication): Quantities limited. Order by
sending the item number and your complete mailing address.
Available through Internet: Listed publications
are available as PDF documents for viewing or printing
through links provided in this document.
Available through sales outlets: Major sales outlets
are the Superintendent of Documents, the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), and various private publishers.
Order directly from the outlet.
Available through libraries: Research publications
are available through many public and university libraries
in the United States and elsewhere. U.S. Government publications
are also available through many Government Depository Libraries.
Check with a major library near you to determine availability.
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Dividends from Wood
Research
Recent Publications from July - December 2005
Durability
- Condition Assessment of Timber Bridges: 2. Evaluation of Several Stress-Wave Tools (PDF 1.3 MB) Brashaw, Brian K.; Vatalaro, Robert J.; Wacker, James 2005. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-160. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 11 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr160.pdf
This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of several stress-wave devices widely used for locating deteriorated areas in timber bridge members. Bridge components containing different levels of natural decay were tested using various devices. The specimens were then sawn (along their length) into slabs to expose their interior condition. The interior faces of these slabs were inspected visually and with a resistance micro-drill to confirm if deterioration was present. On the basis of these tests, we conclude that all four devices evaluated in this study can successfully be used to evaluate decay. There were, however, differences in the decay thresholds and user-friendliness among the devices.
- Durability of Structural Lumber Products after Exposure at 82 C and 80% Relative Humidity (PDF 1.9 MB) Green, David W.; Evans, James W.; Hatfield, Cherilyn A.; Byrd, Pamela J. 2005. Research Paper FPL-RP-631. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 20 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp631.pdf
Solid-sawn lumber (Douglas-fir, southern pine, Spruce-Pine-Fir, and yellow-poplar), laminated veneer lumber (Douglas-fir, southern pine, and yellow-poplar), and laminated strand lumber (aspen and yellow-poplar) were heated continuously at 82 C (180 F) and 80% relative humidity (RH) for periods of up to 24 months. The lumber was then reconditioned to room temperature at 205% RH and tested in edgewise bending. Little reduction occurred in modulus of elasticity (MOE) of solid-sawn lumber, but MOE of composite lumber products was somewhat reduced. Modulus of rupture (MOR) of solid-sawn lumber was reduced by up to 50% after 24 months exposure. Reductions in MOR of up to 61% were found for laminated veneer lumber and laminated strand lumber after 12 months exposure. A limited scope study indicated that the results for laminated veneer lumber in edgewise bending are also applicable to flatwise bending. Comparison with previous results at 82 C (180 F)/25% RH and at 66 C (150 F)/20% RH indicate that differences in the permanent effect of temperature on MOR between species of solid-sawn lumber and between solid-sawn lumber and composite lumber products are greater at high humidity levels than at low humidity levels. This report also describes the experimental design of a program to evaluate the permanent effect of temperature on flexural properties of structural lumber, with reference to previous publications on the immediate effect of temperature and the effect of moisture content on lumber properties.
- Treatability of Underutilized Northeastern Species with CCA and Alternative Wood Preservatives (PDF 542 KB) Lebow, Stan T.; Halverson, Steven A.; Hatfield, Cherilyn A. 2005. Research Note FPL-RN-0300. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 5 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fpl_rn300.pdf
Opportunities for use of northeastern species such as balsam fir, eastern spruce, eastern hemlock, and red maple could be improved if these species could be adequately penetrated with preservatives and subsequently shown to be durable in outdoor exposures. In this study, specimens cut from lumber of northeastern species were pressure-treated with either chromated copper arsenate type C (CCA-C), ammoniacal copper citrate (CC), alkaline copper quat type C (ACQ-C), or copper azole type A (CBA-A). Treatability was assessed by measuring retention and penetration of preservative. The results indicate that the arsenic- and chromium-free alternatives to CCA-C can treat northeastern species at least as well as CCA-C and may offer treatability advantages over CCA-C in species such as eastern hemlock and balsam fir. Two species, red maple and eastern spruce, were not adequately treated with any preservative, even after incising. Above-ground and ground-contact durability evaluations with these preservative-wood species combinations are in progress.
- Heat Sterilization Times of Five Hardwood Species (PDF 454 KB) Simpson, William; Wang, Xiping; Forsman, John; Erickson, John. 2005. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-626. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 10 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp626.pdf
Heat sterilization of lumber, timbers, and pallets is currently used to kill insects, thus preventing their transfer between countries in international trade. An important factor in this treatment is the time required for the center of any wood configuration to reach the temperature necessary to kill the insect. This study explored the effect of size (1-, 1.5-, and 2.0-in.-thick by 6-in.-wide boards, and 3- by 3-, 4- by 4-, and 6- by 6-in. timbers), hardwood species (red maple, sugar maple, red oak, basswood, and aspen), and two wet-bulb depressions (nominal 2�F and 8-10�F) at a nominal heating temperature of 160�F. Two analytical methods were examined for their ability to calculate estimated heating times. Heating times varied from about 15 min for 1- by 6-in. boards to 300 min for 6- by 6-in. timbers. Heating time was about 15% longer at the larger of the two wet-bulb depressions. Some species differences were significantly different statistically but were not different enough in practical terms to warrant heating separately. We found that the wet-bulb temperature could be used successfully in an analytical model as the heating temperature when evaporation of water cooled the surface below the nominal heating temperature.
- Pennsylvania Hardwood Timber Bridges: Field Performance after 10 Years (PDF 191 KB) Wacker, James P.; Calil, Carlito Jr. 2004. In: Proceedings of the Structural Materials Technology VI, An NDT Conference, 14-17 September 2004. Buffalo, New York, USA. American Society for Nondestructive Testing: 222-227. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_wacker002.pdf
General
- The Decline and Fall of Type II Error Rates (PDF 300 KB) Verrill, Steve; Durst, Mark. 2005. Research Paper FPL-RP-628. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 11 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp628.pdf
For general linear models with normally distributed random errors, the probability of a Type II error decreases exponentially as a function of sample size. This potentially rapid decline reemphasizes the importance of performing power calculations.
- Nanotechnology for Forest Products, Part 1 (PDF 290 KB) Wegner, Theodore; Jones, Phil. 2005. Solutions! for People, Processes and Paper Technology Summit II. 43-45. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_wegner001.pdf
Papermaking and Paper Recycling
- Processing of Fibre Suspensions at Ultra-High Consistencies (PDF 25 KB) Caulfield, Daniel F.; Jacobson, Rodney E. 2004. In: The 2004 Progress in Paper Physics Seminar, June 21-24, 2004, NTNU and FPI, Trondheim, Norway, TAPPI Paper Physics Committee, Papir-og fiber institutter AS and Paper and Fibre Research Institute: p. 104. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_caulfield001.pdf
- Semiannual Patents Review: July-December 2003 (PDF 72 KB) Gleisner, Roland; Scallon, Karen; Tan, Freya; Blankenburg, Julie; Sykes, Marguerite. 2004. Progress in Pap. Recycl. 13(3): 34-42. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_gleisner001.pdf
- Laccase Modification of the Physical Properties of Bark and Pulp of Loblolly Pine and Spruce Pulp (PDF 88 KB) Kenealy, William; Klungness, John; Tshabalala, Mandla; Horn, Eric; Akhtar, Masood; Gleisner, Roland; Buschle-Diller, Gisela. 2004. In: Saha, B.C.; Hayashi, K., eds. ACS Symposium Series 889; Lignocellulose biodegradation. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society: Chapter 7: 126-138. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_kenealy002.pdf
- Light-Induced Yellowing of Selectively 13C-Enriched Dehydrogentation Polymers (DHPs). Part 1. Side-Chain 13C-Enriched DHP (a, �, and ?-13C) (PDF 154 KB) Park�s, Jim; Paulsson, Magnus; Terashima, Noritsugu; Ralph, Sally. 2004. Nord. Pulp & Pap. Re. J. 19(1): 29-36.http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_parkas001.pdf
- Light-Induced Yellowing of Selectively 13C-Enriched Dehydrogentation Polymers (DHPs). Part 2. NMR Assignments and Photoyellowing of Aromatic Ring 1-, 3-, 4-, and 5-13C DHPs (PDF 190 KB) Park�s, Jim; Paulsson, Magnus; Terashima, Noritsugu; Ralph, Sally. 2004. Nord. Pulp & Pap. Re. J. 19(1): 44-52. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_parkas002.pdf
- Some Recent Developments in Headspace Gas Chromatography (PDF 119 KB) Zhu, J.Y.; Chair, X.-S. 2005. Current Analytical Chemistry 1: 79-83. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_zhu002.pdf
- Drainage and Fractionation of Wood Fibers in a Flotation Froth (PDF 176 KB) Zhu, J.Y.; Tan, Freya. 2005. Progress in Pap. Recycl. 14(4): 13-20.http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_zhu004.pdf
- Dynamic Drainage of Froth with Wood Fibers (PDF 252 KB) Zhu, J.Y.; Tan, Freya. 2005. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44: 3336-3342. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_zhu003.pdf
- Monitoring Liquid and Solid Content in Froth Using Conductivity (PDF 204 KB) Zhu, J.Y., Tan, F., Gleisner, R. 2005. Progress in Pap. Recycl. 14(4): 21-29. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_zhu005.pdf
- On Fiber Rejection Loss in Flotation Deinking (PDF 175 KB) Zhu, J.Y., Tan, Freya. 2005. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 83 (April 2005): 377-382. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_zhu006.pdf
- Structural Lumber from Dense Stands of Small-Diameter Douglas-fir Trees (PDF 243 KB) Green, David W.; Lowell, Eini C.; Hernandez, Roland. 2005. Forest Prod. J. 55(7/8): 42-50. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_green001.pdf
- Two Dimensional Finite Element Heat Transfer Models for Softwood (PDF 235 KB) Gu, Hongmei; Hunt, John F. 2004. In: Proceedings: 7th Pacific Rim Bio-Based Composites Symposium, Nanjing, China, October 31-November 2, 2004, Volume 1. Nanjing Forestry University: Science & Technique Literature Press: 344-353. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_gu001.pdf
- Evaluation of a Reduced Section Modulus Model for Determining Effects of Incising on Bending Strength and Stiffness of Structural Lumber (PDF 1.0 MB) Hernandez, Roland; Winandy, Jerrold E. 2005. Forest Prod. J. 55(9): 77-83. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_hernandez001.pdf
- Finite Element Analyses of Wood Laminated Composite Poles (PDF 133 KB) Piao, Cheng; Shupe, Todd F.; Tang, R.C.; Hse, Chung Y. 2005. Wood Fiber Sci. 37(3): 535-541. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_piao001.pdf
- Hardwoods for Timber Bridges: A National Program Emphasis by the US Forest Service (PDF 901 KB) Wacker, James P.; Cesa, Ed. 2005. Wood Design Focus 15(2), Summer 2005: 7-10.http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_wacker001.pdf
- Designated Fiber Stress for Wood Poles (PDF 933 KB) Wolfe, Ronald W.; Kluge, Robert O. 2005. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL--GTR-158. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 39 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr158.pdf
Wood poles have been used to support utility distribution lines for well over 100 years. Over that time, specifications for a "wood utility pole" have evolved from the closest available tree stem more than 15 ft in length to straight, durable timbers of lengths ranging up 125 ft and base diameters of as much as 27 in. The continued success of wood poles in this application is due in part to the development of consensus standards. These standards define the phrase "minimum acceptable" to the satisfaction of both users and producers. They also encourage more competitive pricing by relaxing species as well as quality limitations, opening the market to a broader range of available timber resources. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard ANSI O5.1 is an internationally recognized standard that has served as a guide for selecting the quality and size of wood utility poles for more than 70 years. From its inception, this standard has addressed issues of relative load capacity as well as physical quality to allow for species substitutions. In 2002, the relative strength evaluations previously published as a designated fiber stress took on added meaning when they were defined to represent the mean of the distribution of pole groundline strength values for various species. The change in meaning was accompanied by a more rigorous evaluation recognizing a change in strength with height and notation that pole strength distributions have a coefficient of variation of 20%. This paper reviews the history and philosophy of the ANSI designated fiber stress to help the reader more fully understand and appreciate the significance of changes adopted by the American Standards Committee O5 (ASC O5) in 2002.
- Tensile and Dimensional Properties of Wood Strands made from Plantation Southern Pine Lumber (PDF 116 KB) Wu, Qinglin; Cai, Zhiyong; Lee, Jong N. 2005. Forest Prod. J. 55(2): 87-92. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_wu001.pdf
- Low Frequency Vibration Approach for Assessing Performance of Wood Floor Systems (PDF 481 KB) Wang, Xiping; Ross, Robert J.; Hunt, Michael O.; Erickson, John R. 2005. Wood Fiber Sci. 37(3): 371-378. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_wang001.pdf
Recycling of Wood Products
- Remilling of Salvaged Wood Siding Coated with Lead-Based Paint Part 1. Lead Exposure (PDF 84 KB) Falk, Robert H.; Janowiak, Cosper, Stephen D.; Drozdz, Susan A. 2005. Forest Prod. J. 55(78): 76-80. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_falk001.pdf
- Remilling of Salvaged Wood Siding Coated With Lead-Based Paint, Part 2. Wood Product Yield (PDF 128 KB) Janowiak, John J.; Falk, Robert H.; Beakler, Brian W.; Lampo, Richard G.; Napier, Thomas R. 2005. Forest Prod. J. 55(7/8): 81-86. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2005/fpl_2005_janowiak001.pdf
- The Challenge of Bonding Treated Wood (PDF 78 KB) Frihart, Charles R. 2004. In: Fernanado Fernando Caldeira Jorge, Ed. Proceedings of ICECFOP1 - 1st International Conference on Environmentally-Compatible Forest Products, Fernando Pessoa University, Oporto, Portugal, 22-24 September, 2004: 351-356. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_frihart002.pdf
- Specific Adhesion Model for Bonding Hot-Melt Polyamides to Vinyl (PDF 80 KB) Frihart, Charles R. 2004. Int. J. Adhesion & Adhesives.24: 415-422. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_frihart001.pdf
- Improved Water Resistance of Bio-Based Adhesives for Wood Bonding (PDF 88 KB) Frihart, Charles R.; Wescott, James M. 2004. In: Fernando Caldeira Jorge, Ed. Proceedings of ICECFOP1 - 1st International Conference on Environmentally-Compatible Forest Products, Fernando Pessoa University, Oporto, Portugal, 22-24 September, 2004: 293-302. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_frihart003.pdf
Timber and Fiber Demand and Technology Assessment
- Fuel to Burn: Economics of Converting Forest Thinnings to Energy Using Biomax in Southern Oregon (PDF 2.2 MB) Bilek, E.M. (Ted); Skog, Kenneth E.; Fried, Jeremy; Christensen, Glenn. 2005. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-157. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 27 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr157.pdf
Small-scale gasification plants that generate electrical energy from forest health thinnings may have the potential to deliver substantial amounts of electricity to the national grid. We evaluated the economic feasibility of two sizes of BioMax, a generator manufactured by the Community Power Corporation of Littleton, Colorado. At current avoided-cost electricity prices in Oregon, it would not be economical to operate a small-scale (100-kW) BioMax without a subsidy or tax credit, even if fuel were delivered to the plant at a forest landing at no cost. Given a tax credit, a 1,000-kW system could be operated profitably. If it were possible to sell merchantable logs (removed as part of forest health treatments) for an average of $175/thousand board feet, most acres on gentle slopes in southern Oregon would provide net operating surpluses. Most steeply sloped acres would generate operating deficits. If merchantable timber were sold separately, biomass from forest health thinnings on timberland in 15 western states could potentially provide from 2.3 to 14.3 billion kWh of electricity to the national grid. Our results suggest that if a forest landing is located near an existing power line, distributed energy generation is an option that may be worth considering.
- U.S. Forest Products Annual Market Review and Prospects, 2001-2005 (PDF 586 KB) Howard, James L. 2005. Research Note FPL-RN-0299. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 11 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fpl_rn299.pdf
This report provides general and statistical information on forest products markets in terms of production, trade, consumption, and prices. The current state of the United States economy is described. Market developments are described for sawn softwood, sawn hardwood, softwood log trade, wood-based panels, paper and paperboard, fuelwood, and forest products prices. Policy initiatives that can impact domestic markets and international trade in wood products are also discussed in some detail. Projections for the year 2005 are also presented.
- Hampton Mill Maintains Title: Top Twelve Producer Mills Are in Northwest (PDF 43 KB) Spelter, Henry. 2004. Timber Processing, July/August 2004: 67. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_spelter002.pdf
- Profile 2005: Softwood Sawmills in the United States and Canada (PDF 5.5 MB) Spelter, Henry. 2005. Research Paper FPL-RP-630. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest
Products Laboratory. 85 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp630.pdf
The softwood lumber industry in the United States and Canada consists of about 1,068 sawmills. In 2005 these sawmills had a combined capacity of 189 million m3 (79.9 � 109 board feet) and employed about 99,000 people. In 2004 they produced 172 million m3 (nominal) (73.0 � 109 board feet) of lumber and, in the process, consumed about 280 million m3 (9.9 � 109 ft3) of timber. Employee productivity was near 2,125 m3 (900,000 board feet) per worker per year for dimension and stud mills but about half that for board, timber, and specialty mills. Average saw log size varied from 48 cm (19 in.) in British Columbia to 15 cm (6 in.) in the boreal region of eastern Canada. Average lumber recovery factors varied from 274 board feet per cubic meter (7.75 board feet per cubic foot) for timber mills to 234 (6.6 board feet per cubic foot) for specialty mills. The average for dimension mills was 266 (7.5 board feet per cubic foot). Strong underlying demand for housing, supported by demographic growth among young adults, and by generational low interest rates are strong positives for the industry's prospects. Low interest rates, however, are threatened by rising inflation, the measurement of which depends on whether new home prices are included or not.
- Review of Alternative Measures of Softwood Sawtimber Prices in the United States (PDF 1.2 MB) Spelter, Henry. 2005. Research Paper FPL-RP-629. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 16 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp629.pdf T
his study compares prices from various timber market reports and an estimate of timber value derived from product-selling prices and manufacturing costs. In the South, two primary sources of timber price information are Forest2Market (F2M) and Timber Mart-South (TMS). Comparisons showed that F2M prices are generally higher than TMS prices for both stumpage and delivered timber. Residual value (RV) estimates tended to vary from these at any given time. Over 5 years, however, the negative and positive deviations largely offset each other, resulting in roughly the same average price levels, at least compared with TMS. The RV estimates also tended to lead the direction of reported prices and were useful as leading indicators of reported market price directions.
Comparison of various price reports from public and private agencies in the West showed that Forest Service prices were substantially lower than those recorded by other agencies and RV calculations. The discounts appear to reflect lower quality offerings and more restrictive harvest regulations that increase harvest costs.
This report proposes a method of pricing timber based on RV calculations as one means to reduce the variability in lumber sawmilling profits.
Wood Chemistry
- Time- and Cost-Saving Apparatus for Analytical Sample Filtration (PDF 263 KB) Kenealy, William R.; Destree, Joseph C. 2005. Research Note FPL-RN-0298. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 2 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fpl_rn298.pdf
Simple and cost-effective protocols were developed for removing particulates from samples prior to analysis by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. A filter and vial holder were developed for use with a 96-well filtration plate. The device saves preparation time and costs.
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