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American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) - www.ansi.org
A voluntary standards organization that serves
as the coordinator for national standards in the United STates
and the U.S. member body to the International Organization for
Standards. ANSI accredits standards committees and provides
an open forum for interested parties to identify, plan and agree
on standards; it does not itself develop standards. Standards
are developed by Standards Development Organizations (SDOs).
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Association
In data modeling, an association is a structural
relationship that specifies that instances of one things are
connected to instances of another. |
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Attribute
In data modeling, an attribute refers to specific
items of data that can be collected for a class. |
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Common
Information for Public Health Electronic Reporting (CIPHER)
A set of standards and guidelines for data representation
and code values which includes specifications for representing
concepts as well as standard code lists for coded elements.
The CIPHER standards can be linked directly to attributes in
the Public Health Conceptual Data Model (PHCDM) |
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Class
In data modeling, a class is a description of
a set of objects that share the same attributes, relationships
and semantics. |
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Data
Model
A framework for the development of a new or
enhances application. The purpose of data modeling is to develop
an accurate model, or graphical representation, of the client's
information needs and business process. |
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Datatype
A specification of the allowed format for the
values of an attribute. Examples include string, number, code
and text. |
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Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI)
A standard format for exchanging business data.
An EDI message contains a string of data elements, each of which
represents a singular fact, such as a price, product model number,
and so forth, separated by delimiters (a character that identifies
the beginning and end of a character string). The entire string
is called a data segment. EDI is one form of e-commerce, which
also includes e-mail and fax. |
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Electronic
Lab-based Reporting (ELR)
ELR is the transmission of data of public health
importance from clinical laboratories to public health agencies
in electronic format. Ideally, data transmitted by ELR would
be automated and would use standardized codes for tests and
results allowing for timely and complete reporting. |
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Health Level 7 (HL7) - www.hl7.org
A standards development organization formed
in 1987 to produce a standard for hospital information systems.
HL7 received ANSI accreditation as an Accredited Standards Development
Organization in 1994. The HL7 standard is an Amercian National
Standard for electronic data exchange in health care that enables
disparate computer applications to exchange key sets of clinical
and administrative information. HL7 is primarily concerned with
movement within institutions of orders; clinical observations
and data, including test results, admission, transfer and discharge
records, and charge and billing information (coordinating here
with X12). HL7 is the selected standard for the interfacing
of clinical data for most health care institutions. |
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HL7
Reference Information Model - www.hl7.org
A conceptual model that defines all the information
from which the data content of HL7 messages is drawn
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Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)
The Administrative Simplification provisions
of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of
1996 are intended to reduce the costs and administrative burdens
of health care by making possible the standardized, electronic
transmision of many administrative and financial transactions
that are currently carried out manually on paper. |
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International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) - www.iso.org
A worldwide federation of national standards
bodies from some 100 countries, one from each country. Among
the standards it fosters is Open Systems Interconnections (OSI),
a universal reference model for communication protocols. Many
countries have national standards organizations, such as the
U.S. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), that participate
in and contribute to ISO standards development. |
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Logical
Observations, Identifiers, Names and Codes (LOINC)
The LOINC database provides a set of universal
names and ID codes for identifying laboratory and clinical observations.
The purpose is to facilitate the exchange and pooling of clinical
laboratory results, such as blood hemoglobin or serum potassium,
for clinical care, outcomes management, and research. |
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National
Committee on Vital and Health Statistics (NCVHS)
External Advisory Committee to the Secretary
of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and to
the DHHS Data Council. Consists of 16 members with overlapping
four-year terms. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
serves as Executive Secretary. The NCVHS was established in
1949 in response to a recommendation by the World Health Organization
(WHO). The committee was rechartered in January 1996 to include
more direct focus on data standardization and privacy activities.
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Process
Model
A framework describing the activities, functions,
and processes of an organization. Processes in a process model
are often defined in terms of their inputs and outputs. Process
models often accompany data models; a data model does not reflect
any action or flow of information and presents only a static
view of data. |
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Public
Health Conceptual Data Model (PHCDM)
A high level conceptual model, developed as
part of the CDC NEDSS initiative, which provides the foundation
for standardization of public health data collection, management,
transmission, analysis and dissemination. |
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Secure
Data Network Standards and Procedures (SDN)
Agency standards and operating procedures for
the use of CDC/ATSDR Internet resources in the secure transmission
and processing of sensitive or critical data and the support
of sensitive or critical systems. |
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Subject
Area
A way of organizing classes into groups within
a model, where classes grouped together into higher-level units.
Within the UML, a subject area is referred to as a package.
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Subtype
A specialization of another class, which inherits
the attributes of its parent class. |
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Supertype
A generalized class that is related to subtypes
that inherit its attributes. |
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Systemized
Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) - www.snomed.org
A structured nomenclature and classification
of the terminology used in human and veterinary medicine developed
by the College of Pathologists and American Veterinary Medical
Association. Terms are applied to one of eleven independent
systematized modules. |
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Unified
Modeling Language (UML)
A graphical language for visualizing, specifying,
constructing, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive
system. |
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Unified
Modeling Language System (UMLS)
Developed by the National Library of Medicine
as a standard health vocabulary that enables cross-referencing
to other terminology and classification systems. Includes a
meta-thesaurus, a semantic network, and an information sources
map. Purpose is to help health professionals and researchers
retrieve and integrate electronic biomedical information from
a vareity of sources, irrespective of the variations in the
way similar concpets are expressed in diiferent sources and
classifications systems. Has incorporated most source vocabularies.
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World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
An industry consortium that seeks to promote
standards for the evolution of the Web and interoperability
between WWW products by producing specifications and reference
software. |
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X12
A standards development organization that develops
uniform standards for inter-industry electronic interchange
of business transactions - electronic data interchange (EDI).
X12N, a subcommittee of X12, develops standards for healthcare
insurance and claims processing. |
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eXtensible
Markup Language (XML)
A specification developed by the World Wide
Web Consortium. XML is designed especially for Web documents.
It allows designers to create their own customized tags, enabling
the definition, transmission, validation, and interpretation
of data between applications and between organizations. XML
provides a file format for representing data, a schema for describing
data structure, and a mechanism for extending and annotating
HTML with semantic information. |
