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Volume
3:
No. 2, April 2006
EDITORIAL
Results of Coordinated Investigations of a National Colorectal Cancer Education Campaign in Appalachia
Eugene J. Lengerich, VMD, MS, Angel Rubio, MA, Pamela K. Brown, MPA, Evelyn
A. Knight, PhD, Stephen W. Wyatt, DMD, MPH
Suggested citation for this article: Lengerich EJ, Rubio A, Brown PK,
Knight EA, Wyatt SW. Results of coordinated investigations of a national colorectal
cancer education campaign in Appalachia. Prev Chronic Dis [serial online] 2006 Apr [date cited]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/
apr/05_0160.htm.
Appalachia is largely rural, and residents have less contact with physicians, lower levels of preventive care, and less health insurance coverage for the nonelderly
than the general U.S. population. The incidence of colorectal cancer in
Appalachian areas of Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia has been found to
be greater than the incidence in other areas of the United States. To investigate community-based methods to
address this health disparity, the Appalachia Cancer Network (ACN) developed and
implemented three coordinated investigations of Screen for Life: National
Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign, a national, multiyear, multimedia
campaign to promote colorectal cancer education and screening among men and
women aged 50 years and older. Together, these three investigations represent
coordinated research from a network of investigators working with state and
national partners in largely rural regions. The investigations provide important
insights into the perceived effectiveness and methods for dissemination of
Screen for Life messages in rural Appalachia.
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Colorectal Cancer and Appalachia
From 1994 through 1998, the incidence rates of colon cancer in the Appalachian counties of Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia were 13% greater than the incidence rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results population of the United States, and
incidence rates of rectal cancer in those counties were 19% greater (1). Incidence rates for each of the invasive cancer stages — local,
regional, and distant — were generally higher as well. Appalachia also has been found to have
a higher colorectal cancer mortality rate (2,3).
The incidence and mortality data suggest low use of colorectal cancer screening in rural Appalachia,
because screening has been shown to reduce
colorectal cancer incidence and mortality (4-8). Indeed, use of colorectal cancer screening has been found to be low in rural areas of the United States (9). Unfortunately, the prevalence of screening for colorectal cancer in Appalachia has not been reported
previously. However, in 2002, fewer than half of adults aged 50 years and older in Kentucky (43.9%), Pennsylvania (48.0%), and West Virginia (40.4%) reported ever having had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy; the nationwide estimate was 48.1% (10).
The level of awareness and knowledge of clinical guidelines and recommendations for regular screening for colorectal cancer among the general population in Appalachia is also unknown. However,
because Appalachia is largely rural, cancer care is disconnected (11),
meaning that residents of rural areas generally have less contact with physicians, lower levels of preventive care, less health insurance
coverage for the nonelderly, and less access to clinical trials than the general
U.S. population. Also contributing to less-than-optimal preventive and clinical care are systemic factors related to rural life, including
longer distances to health care facilities and providers, lack of public transportation, few
community services, and high rates of poverty and unemployment.
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The ACN and Screen for Life
Funded by the National Cancer Institute and centered in three academic
institutions, the ACN brings new cancer prevention and control information to mobilized communities within Appalachian counties in eight states. From 1992 to 2000, more than 1800 community and professional leaders were mobilized to develop more than 40 community coalitions that have implemented
at least 1000 local cancer control activities in 71 Applachian counties (12). The Markey Cancer Center at the University of Kentucky is the
administrative core and directs ACN’s Central Highlands region in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. Working with
cooperative extension agents and the Penn State Cancer Institute, the Pennsylvania State University leads the Northern ACN in Pennsylvania and
New York. Finally, the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center at West Virginia University directs the North Central ACN, including West Virginia, Ohio, and Maryland.
Screen for Life is a national, multiyear, multimedia campaign to educate men and women aged 50 years and older about the importance of having regular colorectal cancer screening tests (13). Launched in 1999,
Screen for Life was designed, developed, and implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration), with technical support from the National Cancer Institute.
Screen for Life campaign messages and materials, including brochures, posters, and public service announcements for radio and television (14), were developed after formative research, which included
an extensive review of published communication and
behavioral science literature and more than 100 focus groups of men and women aged 50 years and older conducted in more than 40 U.S. cities.
In 2002, ACN investigators began to consider the potential of Screen for
Life to address the high colorectal cancer incidence in rural Appalachia (11). The following questions were raised:
- Were the state health departments in Appalachia disseminating Screen for
Life? If so, what were the impressions of state leaders about Screen for
Life and its materials?
- Were the Screen for Life print materials well received by the Appalachian population?
- Could community coalitions complement regional and statewide media efforts by effectively disseminating
Screen for Life at the local level?
ACN developed three coordinated investigations to begin to address these questions,
and their subsequent reports are included in this issue of Preventing Chronic Disease. Together, these three reports represent planned, coordinated research from a network of investigators working with state and national partners in
a medically underserved region.
Vanderpool and Coyne (15) interviewed three state health department staff
members, three ACN regional directors, and seven community-level intermediaries to examine the perceived effectiveness and state- and region-level dissemination of
Screen for Life materials. They found that respondents reported Screen
for Life materials to be generally effective
in raising awareness of screening and that a formal evaluation of the effectiveness of
Screen for Life materials among rural Appalachians was needed. Most respondents reported state and regional dissemination; dissemination through ACN may have been greater than dissemination through state agencies. However, respondents reported
that competing priorities, a lack of funding, and absence of a plan
of action for implementing the Screen for Life media campaign as
part of a comprehensive colorectal cancer education campaign prevented more
effective dissemination of Screen for Life materials.
Davis et al (16) conducted four focus groups with residents at least 50 years of age and three
focus groups with physicians’ office staff members in rural Appalachia to assess the perceived effectiveness of
Screen for Life materials. They found that both groups preferred Screen for Life materials to other materials
about colorectal cancer screening. Both groups also similarly ranked the
importance of various concepts and facts related to colorectal cancer prevention among rural Appalachians. Although the
Screen for Life materials were developed with limited input from the Appalachian population,
and ways to improve the material were identified, the
Screen for Life materials were generally preferred and considered by
participants to effectively communicate information about colorectal
cancer screening.
Ward et al (17) used a controlled, community intervention pilot study in 18 Appalachian counties to examine whether the involvement of rural community coalitions would increase the dissemination of
Screen for Life materials. They found that the coalition arm recruited
approximately three times more community organizations to disseminate Screen
for Life materials than the noncoalition arm of the study. Representatives of community organizations reported that the presence of a coalition was an important factor in their decision to participate. This pilot study found support for the hypothesis that community coalitions may be an effective mechanism to increase the dissemination of colorectal cancer education material. In addition, the study found differences in the
participation of organizations by organization type.
The three reports in this issue of Preventing Chronic Disease provide important insights into the perceived effectiveness and methods for dissemination of
Screen for Life materials in rural Appalachia. Although these studies were not designed to demonstrate
conclusively the utility and best mechanism for dissemination of
Screen for Life in rural Appalachia, there appears to be substantial
potential for the Screen for Life materials and campaign in rural Appalachia. Two observations are warranted. First, use of
Screen for Life materials is probably limited at the local level in rural Appalachia. To begin to overcome these local shortcomings, state and regional cancer education campaigns should engage local individuals, health care practices, and organizations. Second, the impact of
Screen for Life materials and the Screen for Life campaign on the prevalence of colorectal cancer screening in rural Appalachia has not been examined. However, it appears to be a reasonable hypothesis that
Screen for Life materials disseminated at the state, regional, and community levels could
increase the number of individuals in rural Appalachia who seek colorectal cancer screening. A
multilevel approach to information dissemination may help ensure that Screen
for Life messages reach rural residents, thereby increasing the possibility
of a reduction in the colorectal cancer screening
disparity for residents of rural areas.
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Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the encouragement of the research team of the ACN. Partial support for this research was received from
CA86096-02 from the National Cancer Institute.
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Author Information
Corresponding Author: Eugene J. Lengerich, VMD, MS, Pennsylvania State University, Health Evaluation Sciences, PO Box 855, Mail Stop A210, Suite 2200, 600 Centerview Dr, Hershey, PA 17033. Telephone: 717-531-7178. E-mail: elengerich@psu.edu. Dr Lengerich is also
associated with the Penn State Cancer Institute and the Penn State College of
Medicine.
Author Affiliations: Angel Rubio, MA, Evelyn A. Knight,
PhD, and Stephen W. Wyatt, DMD, MPH, College of Public
Health and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky; Pamela K. Brown,
MPA, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WVa.
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