Supply, Demand, and Use of Licensed Practical Nurses

HRSA - U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Service Administration

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Supply, Demand, and Use of Licensed Practical Nurses

Appendix E

E1. Means of Variables, 1994-2001 – Supply of Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurses

	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Male	4.8%	5.0%	4.8%	6.5%	3.2%	5.0%	6.5%	4.7%
Age	41.03	42.28	41.65	41.22	40.91	41.58	42.38	42.10
Age Squared	1,798	1,914	1,849	1,820	1,804	1,863	1,922	1,899
White	74.8%	75.2%	77.5%	75.0%	75.6%	74.2%	69.8%	69.9%
Black	17.9%	19.5%	15.9%	17.1%	18.1%	17.1%	21.3%	25.2%
Hispanic	4.2%	3.2%	3.8%	5.2%	4.0%	5.6%	5.3%	2.3%
Native American	0.6%	0.3%	0.7%	0.7%	0.5%	0.9%	0.7%	1.1%
Asian	2.2%	1.5%	2.2%	1.9%	1.8%	2.2%	2.9%	1.6%
Other Race	0.3%	0.4%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
U.S. Born	94.4%	96.0%	95.3%	94.3%	93.6%	93.9%	93.2%	95.0%
Citizen by Naturalization	3.0%	2.5%	1.8%	2.6%	3.8%	3.7%	4.2%	2.2%
Not a U.S. Citizen	2.7%	1.5%	2.9%	3.1%	2.6%	2.4%	2.6%	2.8%
No More Than a High School Education	24.6%	20.2%	17.5%	19.5%	21.0%	20.9%	19.6%	15.4%
Some College	31.2%	33.2%	36.1%	35.0%	36.1%	38.8%	30.0%	35.0%
AA Degree	40.1%	41.4%	39.8%	40.3%	36.3%	36.7%	44.1%	44.9%
Bachelor, Master, PhD, or Professional School Degree	4.1%	5.1%	6.6%	5.2%	6.6%	3.6%	6.3%	4.7%
Employed/Working	94.1%	94.8%	94.9%	93.7%	92.9%	95.6%	95.4%	93.7%
Full-time (30+ hours per week)	88.1%	87.6%	86.4%	87.1%	88.2%	89.0%	87.7%	91.0%
Usual Hours Worked Per Week	36.95	36.76	37.08	37.29	37.19	37.03	37.26	37.79
Usual Weekly Earnings before Deductions (Year 2001 Dollars)	$496.20	$478.96	$484.60	$480.62	$487.46	$500.54	$504.22	$515.73
Wage=usual weekly earnings/usual hours worked per week (Year 2001 Dollars)	$13.64	$13.48	$13.36	$13.00	$13.37	$13.77	$13.67	$13.97
Predicted Wage	$13.50	$13.50	$13.33	$13.00	$13.42	$13.79	$13.70	$14.03
Own Wage if Working; Else Predicted Wage	$13.62	$13.49	$13.38	$13.01	$13.40	$13.82	$13.66	$13.99
Family Characteristics
Household Earnings (Weekly earnings of all household members except LPN)	$451.22	$432.79	$433.27	$485.21	$455.48	$457.17	$466.89	$513.81
Married	59.9%	55.9%	61.9%	62.9%	60.4%	61.3%	63.3%	60.7%
Previously Married	27.1%	32.0%	27.2%	25.4%	28.8%	25.0%	23.6%	25.9%
Single, Never Married	12.9%	12.1%	10.9%	11.7%	10.7%	13.7%	13.1%	13.4%
Presence of Kids Aged 0-5 in Household	23.3%	20.7%	22.1%	22.7%	20.4%	22.1%	21.2%	22.2%
Presence of Kids Aged 6-12 in Household	27.3%	27.7%	28.1%	30.3%	27.7%	30.7%	27.5%	31.2%
Presence of Kids Aged 13-17 in Household	26.3%	24.9%	26.3%	21.6%	25.6%	23.0%	19.8%	24.0%
Market Characteristics
LPN Market Wage (Yr 2001 Dollars)	$13.43	$13.17	$13.10	$13.05	$13.22	$13.58	$13.72	$13.60
Percentage of LPNs Unionized in State	16.3%	16.3%	15.7%	13.1%	10.9%	13.6%	11.9%	12.2%
Northeast	22.1%	23.1%	22.0%	23.3%	22.1%	21.1%	18.2%	18.0%
Midwest	25.2%	26.4%	28.5%	28.4%	23.2%	29.9%	28.2%	26.7%
South	37.8%	37.8%	36.1%	36.6%	44.5%	38.5%	41.5%	45.2%
West	15.0%	12.7%	13.4%	11.7%	10.1%	10.4%	12.0%	10.1%
No Information on MSA Size	73.9%	69.6%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Not an MSA/CMSA	8.7%	10.1%	30.2%	31.2%	34.8%	37.4%	33.7%	35.4%
MSA Population 100,000-499,999	4.9%	6.1%	18.3 %	15.4 %	14.9 %	17.4 %	16.0 %	17.5 %
MSA Population 500,000-999,999	3.2 %	2.2 %	11.4 %	12.2 %	11.2 %	8.4 %	10.5 %	10.0 %
MSA Population 1,000,000-2,499,999	4.4 %	3.8 %	15.7 %	17.2 %	18.0 %	13.8 %	14.6 %	13.2 %
MSA Population 2,500,000+	5.0 %	8.1 %	24.4 %	24.0 %	21.1 %	23.1 %	25.3 %	23.9 %
Work Setting/Industry Type
Private Employer	86.7 %	84.9 %	86.3 %	87.3 %	88.1 %	89.0 %	87.9 %	89.1 %
Government Employer	12.6 %	14.0 %	12.9 %	11.6 %	10.9 %	10.5 %	11.1 %	10.6 %
Self Employed	0.7 %	1.1 %	0.8 %	1.1 %	1.0 %	0.5 %	0.9 %	0.4 %
Personnel Supply Services	3.1 %	3.3 %	1.7 %	2.8 %	3.5 %	3.2 %	4.0 %	4.9 %
Private Households	0.3 %	0.5 %	0.3 %	0.8 %	0.3 %	0.0 %	0.3 %	0.2 %
Offices and Clinics of Physicians	8.7 %	8.4 %	9.1 %	11.5 %	11.0 %	10.9 %	10.4 %	13.1 %
Hospitals	39.2 %	36.9 %	36.5 %	35.3 %	38.9 %	36.3 %	36.6 %	31.6 %
Nursing and Personal Care Facilities	35.3 %	33.9 %	37.0 %	32.5 %	30.6 %	34.2 %	31.6 %	32.8 %
Health Services (not else where classified)	8.9 %	11.2 %	10.5 %	13.5 %	10.6 %	10.6 %	12.5 %	11.2 %
Other Industry	4.6 %	5.8 %	4.9 %	3.6 %	5.1 %	4.9 %	4.6 %	6.1 %
Instruments for Wage
Number of Physicians Per 100,000 People in State	226	238	236	243	249	250	241	244
Average Manufacturing Wage in State	$14.39	$14.29	$14.24	$14.40	$14.31	$14.67	$14.52	$14.47
Sample Size	683	659	570	579	543	498	524	560

Source: Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Files, 1994-2001; Area Resource File (February 2003 release); and Bureau of Labor Statistics.

E2. Means of Variables, 1990-2000 – Hospital Demand for Licensed Practical Nurses

Variable	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000
Number of Full-time Equivalent LPNs	31.61	31.59	30.33	28.88	28.92	28.24	27.41	27.74	27.20	26.60	25.77
Number of Full-time Equivalent RNs	149.87	157.12	162.77	166.71	171.56	173.25	176.13	180.39	187.47	191.79	197.28
Ratio of LPNs to All Licensed Nurses	24.6%	23.9%	22.6%	21.4%	21.2%	20.7%	19.7%	19.6%	18.8%	18.5%	18.0%
Scope of Practice
Specific											2.34
Restrictive											1.95
Hospital and Patient Characteristics
Inpatient Days	42,265	42,120	42,178	41,346	39,912	38,791	38,119	38,509	38,677	39,210	39,706
Medicaid's Share of Inpatient Days	15.2%	16.3%	17.3%	18.1%	18.6%	18.7%	18.0%	18.1%	17.3%	17.6%	18.3%
Length of Stay	10.00	10.32	10.44	10.73	10.48	10.18	10.13	9.85	9.78	9.71	9.92
Case Mix	1.20	1.22	1.23	1.23	1.24	1.24	1.25	1.26	1.28	1.28	1.25
Technology (Saidin Index)	1.79	1.85	1.97	2.06	2.12	2.14	2.16	2.21	2.18	2.34	2.47
Non-profit Owner	58.6%	58.8%	59.4%	59.3%	59.3%	59.1%	58.9%	59.1%	60.0%	60.5%	61.1%
For-profit Owner	13.6%	13.4%	13.1%	13.1%	13.3%	13.8%	14.0%	14.9%	14.5%	14.1%	14.1%
Government Owner	16.5%	16.6%	16.2%	16.0%	15.9%	15.4%	15.5%	14.7%	14.1%	14.0%	13.7%
Hospital District/Authority Owner	11.3%	11.3%	11.3%	11.6%	11.5%	11.7%	11.6%	11.4%	11.4%	11.4%	11.1%
Market Characteristics
LPN Market Wage	$12.23	$12.50	$12.71	$12.77	$12.81	$12.71	$12.62	$12.57	$12.88	$13.12	$13.29
RN Market Wage	$18.85	$19.26	$19.56	$19.59	$19.58	$19.25	$19.11	$18.83	$18.96	$19.24	$19.40
Nurse Aide Market Wage	$7.51	$7.49	$7.48	$7.39	$7.36	$7.44	$7.45	$7.51	$7.62	$7.78	$7.97
Number of HMOs Operating in County	6.60	6.85	7.03	6.67	6.56	6.95	7.79	8.00	8.36	7.63	6.30
HMO Penetration	12.9%	13.9%	14.4%	14.9%	15.6%	15.8%	18.3%	20.4%	22.1%	21.7%	21.0%
No. of HMOs In County x HMO Penetration	1.33	1.41	1.44	1.40	1.47	1.65	2.06	2.26	2.42	2.48	1.90
Per Capita Income in County	$17,057	$17,375	$18,384	$18,957	$19,844	$20,908	$22,018	$22,718	$24,375	$25,506	$26,208
Percentage of LPNs Unionized in State	12.6%	12.5%	14.8%	14.6%	15.1%	14.7%	13.4%	11.1%	11.0%	12.9%	12.3%
Percentage of RNs Unionized in State	17.3%	17.0%	16.7%	15.8%	17.1%	16.5%	16.3%	15.3%	14.5%	16.3%	16.9%
Instruments for Scope of Practice
Per Capital State Debt/Per Capita Income											6.27
State Government Controlled by Democrats											9.5%
State Government Control Divided											52.3%
Governor Does Not Have Line Item Veto											9.6%
percent Democrats in Lower Legislative House											53.7%
percent Democrats in Upper Legislative House											51.1%
Instruments for LPN Wage
LPN Average Age											42.32
percent of Total Workforce Unionized in State											13.9%
Sample Size	5,220	5,152	5,076	5,042	4,991	4,943	4,888	4,810	4,772	4,703	4,661

Sources: American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals, Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Files, and Area Resource File (February 2003 release). Managed care data courtesy of Douglas R. Wholey. Political variables courtesy of Mark W. Smith, Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System.