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Great Depression
 
Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of seven children.
Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of seven children.
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But with the slow menace of a glacier, depression came on. No one had any measure of its progress; no one had any plan for stopping it. Everyone tried to get out of its way.~ Frances Perkins (1880-1965) US educator, government official, People at Work, Sec.IV, 1934.

True individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made. ~ Franklin Roosevelt

If I'd gotten the job I wanted at Montgomery Ward, I suppose I would never have left Illinois. I've often wondered at how lives are shaped by what seem like small and inconsequential events, how an apparently random turn in the road can lead you a long way from where you intended to go and a long way from wherever you expected to go. For me, the first of these turns occurred in the summer of 1932, in the abyss of the Depression. ~Ronald Reagan, An American Life

primary source set

This Primary Source Set includes images, sound files and a map to help teach about the ravages of the Dust Bowl.

online resources
Especially for Teachers...

15 Popular Requests from the FSA-OWI Collection - (Prints and Photographs) View 15 of the most frequently requested images from the FSA Collection. View an additional 15 staff selections.

African American Mosaic: WPA - (Exhibition) Learn how WPA helped black artists during the Great Depression.

African American Odyssey: The Depression, The New Deal, and World War II, - (Exhibition) Learn about the effect of the Depression and World War II on African Americans.

American Memory Timeline: Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945 - (Feature) These timeline articles are filled with primary source materials related to the Great Depression.

American Memory Timeline: Labor Unions During the Great Depression and New Deal - (Feature) This timeline section focuses on the status of labor unions in the 1930s.

American Memory Timeline: Photographing People of the Great Depression - (Feature) View a sampling of photographs by FSA photographers Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans.

Books and Beyond: Children of the Depression - (Cybercast) Kathleen Thompson and Hilary Mac Austin discuss their book Children of the Depression which highlights FSA photographs from the LOC Collection.

Bound for Glory: 1939-1943 - (Exhibition) Color images document the effects of the Depression on America's rural and small town populations, the nation's subsequent economic recovery and industrial growth, and the country's great mobilization for World War II.

Charles Todd’s Scrapbook - (Document) Explore this online scrapbook filled with articles and ephemera relating to the migrant farm issue in California.

Children of the Great Depression - (Cybercast) Authors Kathleen Thompson and Hilary Austin discuss their book illustrated with photographs of children taken during the Great Depression.

Documenting America: Photographic Series - (Special Presentation) This series of annotated portfolios highlights the work of 7 FSA photographers.

Dorothea Lange's "Migrant Mother" Photographs in the Farm Security Administration Collection: An Overview - (Prints and Photographs) Link to photographs from Lange's “Migrant Mother” series.

Ethnographic Experience: Sidney Robertson Cowell in Northern California, The - (Special Presentation) From 1938 to 1940 Sidney Robertson directed a California Work Projects Administration project designed to survey musical traditions in Northern California.

Exploring Contexts: Migrant Mother - (Special Presentation) Read about the context in which Lange's famous photographs were taken.

Found Poetry and the American Life Histories Collection - (The Source) Middle school teachers find the interviews in the American Life Histories to be rich resources for creating found poetry.

Immigration: Mexico – Depression and the Struggle for Survival - (Feature) The Great Depression hit Mexican immigrants especially hard.

Life of the People: Realist Prints and Drawings from the Ben and Beatrice Goldstein Collection, 1912-1948 - (Exhibition) The City Life and Capital and Labor sections of this exhibit contain drawings depicting the 1920s and 1930s.

Lyrical Legacy: 400 Years of American Song and Poetry - (Special Presentation) Explore eighteen songs and poems representing each of the nine eras of American history. The song - "Sunny California" - and poem - "Textile Life" - document the hardships of life during the Depression.

Migrant Experience, The - (Special Presentation) Read about the complex set of economic and ecological forces that brought migrant workers to California during the Depression.

New Deal Stage: Four Illustrated Articles, The - (Special Presentation) Learn about the Federal Theatre Project - an effort of the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to provide work for unemployed theater professionals during the Great Depression.

New Deal Web Guide - (Library of Congress Bibliography) Link to selected Library of Congress resources documenting the New Deal era.

Photographers of the FSA: Selected Portraits - (Special Presentation) This sampler of portraits depicts photographers who worked for the Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information.

Posters from the WPA: Collection Highlights - (Special Presentation) These posters, selected by Library staff, demonstrate the breadth and depth of the collection and the styles and content used by the WPA to advertise varied programs and campaigns.

Posters from the WPA: Tony Velonis - (Special Presentation ) Link to a 1994 interview with WPA Silkscreen Artist Tony Velonis.

Scoring with Voices from the Dust Bowl - (The Source) Students use American roots music to score a retelling of Cinderella set in a migrant labor camp in 1940.

Voices from the Thirties: Life Histories from the Federal Writer’s Project - (Special Presentation) Learn about the formation and history of this WPA program.


  Especially for your Students...

American Treasures: America Eats - (Exhibition) View Federal Writer’s Project photographs of this 1930s project

American Treasures: Federal Theater - (Exhibition) This WPA project was intended to provide employment for theater professionals during the Great Depression.

American Treasures: No Work - (Exhibition) This 1935 Blanchs Grambs lithograph reflects the rawness of life during the Depression.

American Treasures: Our Good Earth - (Exhibition) John Steuart Curry, along with other American Regionalist artists, presented visions of America that found beauty and dignity in the lives of ordinary citizens.

American Treasures: The Bonus Army March - (Exhibition) World War I veterans marched on the Capitol in June 1932 to request early payment of cash bonuses due to them in 1945.

American Treasures: The Forgotten People - (Exhibition) Explore pages from FSA reports compiled by Dorothea Lange and Paul Taylor documenting migrant worker conditions in California.

American Treasures: The Grapes of Wrath - (Exhibition) Steinbeck’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel traces one family's exodus from Oklahoma because of the Dust Bowl.

American Treasures: Tuberculosis Tests - (Exhibition) Elizabeth Olds created this lithograph as part of a series of prints about the Roosevelt administration's assistance to the unemployed during the Depression in Omaha.

Explore the States: Oklahoma Dust Bowl - (America's Library) Learn about the Oklahoma dust storms of the 1930s.

Explore the States: Tennessee - (America's Library) Read about the Tennessee Valley Authority - one of the most famous and successful projects begun by the federal government during the Great Depression.

Jump Back in Time: Depression and WWII - (America’s Library) Read stories from this period in America’s history.

Jump Back in Time: July 8, 1932 - (America’s Library) Learn about the stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression.

Meet Amazing Americans: Dorthea Lange - (America's Library) Read the life story of this photographer who became famous documenting the lives of migrant workers during the Great Depression.

Today in History (April 8, 1935) Works Progress Administration - (Today in History) Congress approved the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

Today in History (July 16, 1936) Let Us Now Praise Famous Men - (Today in History) Walker Evans and James Agee collaborated on this 1941 photojournalism project documenting the life of sharecropper families in Hale County, Alabama.

Today in History (July 8, 1932) The Depths of Depression - (Today in History) On this date, the stock market fell to its lowest point during the Great Depression.

Today in History (June 16, 1933) A New Deal - (Today in History) This date marked the end of the first hundred days of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.


lesson plans

Use these lesson plans (created by educators for educators) to explore the Early America with your students in your classroom:

Figuring Somepin 'Bout the Great Depression - (Grades 9-12) Students create a scrapbook from the point of view of a migrant worker.

What is an American? - (Grades 8-12) Students look at Depression era life histories to view the changing lifestyle of the average American.

To Kill a Mockingbird - (Grades 7-12) Students are guided on a journey through the Depression Era South in the 1930s.

Great Depression and the 1990s, The - (Grades 7-11) Students gain a better understanding of why the government takes care of its people and how welfare programs started.

Immigration/Migration - (Grade 11) Students compare the immigration/migration experiences of their families to those of people living through the Great Depression.

Enhancing a Poetry Unit - (Grades 7-9) Students create poetry based on the language found in Depression Era oral histories.

Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? - (Grade 10) Students investigate people who experienced the Great Depression and received relief from the New Deal.

Visions in the Dust - (Grades 5-8) Students gain an understanding of Dust Bowl history through the eyes of a child, using Karen Hesse's Out of the Dust.

Grandparent/Elder Project - (Grades 7-12) Students use primary sources and an interview with grandparent or significant elder, to provide a human face for life in the twentieth century. Lesson III focuses on Gees Bend, Alabama during the Great Depression.

Living History Project - (Grades 6-8) Students create an archival collection of oral histories, telling the stories of individuals in their community. Students will become acquainted with New Deal programs and the experiences of Depression-era Americans.


bibliography

Is there a title (or two) that you always read to (or with) your students when teaching about Early America? Are there invaluable reference books that you use when working with this theme? Staff from The Library of Congress have generously donated favorite titles for the Great Depression theme. We hope you will contribute your favorite titles to our growing bibliography!

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collection connections

Create your own collaborative lesson plans using material related to this month's theme assembled from The Learning Page Collection Connections:

America from the Great Depression to World War II: Color Photographs from the FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945" - (Summary and Teaching Resources)

America from the Great Depression to World War II: Black and White Photographs from the FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945" - (Summary and Teaching Resources)

Washington as It Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923-1959 - (Summary and Teaching Resources) In 1932, Horydczak photographed veterans of World War I who demonstrated in Washington in hopes of receiving financial assistance from the government.

American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940 - (Summary and Teaching Resources) This collection contains 2900 biographical interviews obtained during the Depression years of 1936-1940.

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project 1936-1938 - (Summary and Teaching Resources) This collection contains more than 2,300 first-person accounts of slavery and 500 black-and-white photographs of former slaves collected as part of the Federal Writers

Built in America: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record, 1933-Present - (Summary and Teaching Resources) Search this collection using the term "Civilian Conservation Corps" to locate examples of projects undertaken between 1933 and 1942.

California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties. Collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell - (Summary and Teaching Resources) This New Deal project contains more than 35 hours of recorded folk music.

Florida Folklife from the WPA Collections, 1937-1942 - (Summary and Teaching Resources) Completed as part of the Florida Works Project Administration program, this collection documents the music, history and culture of Florida.

New Deal Stage: Selections from the Federal Theatre Project, 1935-1939, The - (Summary and Teaching Resources) The Federal Theatre Project was one of five arts-related projects established during the first term of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt under the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921-1929 - (Summary and Teaching Resources) Explore the time period leading up to the Great Depression.

By the People, For the People: Posters from the WPA, 1936-1943 - (Summary and Teaching Resources) Works in this collection represent many programs from President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Voices from the Dust Bowl: the Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, 1940-1941 - (Summary and Teaching Resources) This collection documents the everyday life of residents of Farm Security Administration migrant work camps in central California in 1940 and 1941.

search terms

These terms may be useful when searching for items related to this theme in the American Memory collections.

Business panics FSA (Farm Security Administration) OWI (Office of War Information)
CCC(Civilian Conservation Corps) Great Depression Poverty
Depressions Hoover, Herbert RA (Resettlement Administration)
Dust Bowl Hooverville Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Dust Bowl era Lange, Dorothea Stock Market Crash, 1929
Federal Art Project Migrant laborers TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)
Federal Theater Project Names of FSA photographers Unemployed
Federal Writer’s Project National Industrial Recovery Act Unemployment
Food relief New Deal

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Last updated 01/01/2006