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McPhaden, M.J., T. Delcroix, K. Hanawa, Y. Kuroda, G. Meyers, J. Picaut, and M. Swenson, 2001: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Observing System. In: Observing the Ocean in the 21st Century. Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia, 231-246.

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Nowlin, Jr., M. Briscoe, W.D., N. Smith, M.J. McPhaden, D. Roemmich, P. Chapman, and J.F. Grassle, 2001: Evolution of a sustained ocean observing system. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 1368-1376.

Perkins, M.L. and N.J. Holbrook, 2001: Can Pacific Ocean thermocline depth anomalies be simulated by a simple linear vorticity model? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1786-1806.

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Strutton, P.G., J.P. Ryan, and F.P. Chavez, 2001: Enhanced chlorophyll associated with tropical instability waves in the equatorial Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2005-2008.

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Wakata, Y., 2001: Kelvin waves excited ny intraseasonal wind forcing. J. Oceanogr., 57, 693-707.

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Wang, W. and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: What is the mean seasonal cycle of surface heat flux in the equatorial Pacific? J. Geophys. Res., 106, 837-857.

Wilson, C. and D. Adamec, 2001: Correlations between surface chlorophyll and sea surface height in the tropical Pacific during the 1997-1999 El Niño - Southern Oscillation event. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 31,175-31,188.

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Boss, S.K., 2000: Adventures in data analysis: The TAO array and the 1997-98 El Niño. Math. Geol., 32, 159-185.

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Nystuen, J.A., M.J. McPhaden, and H.P. Freitag, 2000: Surface measurements of precipitation from an ocean mooring: The underwater acoustic log from the South China Sea. J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 2182-2197.

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Zhang C. and M.J. McPhaden, 2000: Intraseasonal surface cooling in the equatorial western Pacific. J. Clim., 13, 2261-2276.

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Chavez, F.P., P.G. Strutton, G.E. Friederich, R.A. Feely, G.C. Feldman, D.G. Foley, and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-1998 El Niño. Science, 286, 2126-2131.

Cronin, M.F., and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Diurnal cycle of rainfall and surface salinity in the western Pacific warm pool. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3465-3468

Fukumori, I., R. Raghunath, L-L. Fu, and Y. Chao, 1999: Assimilation of TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data into a global ocean circulation model: How good are the results? J. Geophys. Res., 104, 25,647-25,665.

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Johnson, G.C. and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Interior pycnocline flow from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 3073-3089.

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Maes, C., 1999: A note on the vertical scales of temperature and salinity and their signature in dynamic height in the western Pacific Ocean: Implications for data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11,037-11,048.

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McPhaden, M.J., 1999: El Niño: The child prodigy of 1997-98. Nature, 398, 559-562.

McPhaden, M.J. and X. Yu, 1999: Equatorial waves and the 1997-98 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2961-2964.

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Philander, S.G.H., 1999: A review of tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions. Tellus, 51A-B, 71-90.

Schneider, E.K., B. Huang, Z. Zhu, D.G. DeWitt, J.L. Kinter III, B.P. Kirman, and J. Shukla, 1999: Ocean data assimilation, initialization, and predictions of ENSO with a coupled GCM. Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 1187-1207.

Seidel, H. and B.S. Giese, 1999: Equatorial currents in the Pacific Ocean, 1992-1997. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7849-7863.

Stoens, A., C. Menkès, M.H. Radenac, Y. Dandonneau, N. Grima, G. Eldin, L. Mémery, C. Navarette, J.M. André, T. Moutin, and P. Raimbault, 1999: The coupled physical-new production system in the equatorial Pacific during the 1992-1995 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3323-3339.

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Wang, W. and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: The surface layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Part I: Mean seasonal cycle. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1812-1831.

Wentz, F.J., and D.K. Smith, 1999: A model function for the ocean-normalized radar cross section at 14 GHz derived from NSCAT observations. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11,449-11,514.

Yu, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Dynamical analysis of seasonal and interannual variability in the Equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2350-2369

Yu, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Seasonal variability in the equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 925-947.

Zeng, X., M. Zhao, R.E. Dickinson, and Y. He, 1999: A multi-year hourly sea surface skin temperature dataset derived from the TOGA-TAO bulk temperature and wind speed over the Tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2503-2514.

Anderson, S.P. and M.F. Baumgartner, 1998: Radiative heating errors in naturally ventilated air temperature measurements made from buoys. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 157-173.

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Bennett, A.F., B.S. Chua, D.E. Harrison, and M.J. McPhaden, 1998: Generalized inversion of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data and a coupled model of the tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 11, 1768-1792.

Chambers, D.P., J.C. Ries, C.K. Shum, and B.D. Tapley, 1998: On the use of tide gauges to determine altimeter drift. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12,885-12,890.

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Chavez, F.P., P.G. Strutton, and M.J. McPhaden, 1998: Biological-physical coupling the central equatorial Pacific during the onset of the 1997-98 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3543-3546.

Cronin, M.F. and M.J. McPhaden, 1998: Upper ocean salinity balance in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 27,567-27587.

Davey, M.K. and D.L.T. Anderson, 1998: A comparison of the 1997/98 El Niño with other such events. Weather, 53, 295-302.

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Gourdeau, L., 1998: Internal tides observed at 2°S-156°E by in situ and TOPEX/POSEIDON data during the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12,629-12,638.

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Cheney, B., L. Miller, R. Agreen, N. Doyle, and J. Lillibridge, 1994: TOPEX/POSEIDON: The 2-cm solution. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,555-24,564.

Delcroix, T., J.-P. Boulanger, F. Masia, and C. Menkes, 1994: GEOSAT-derived sea level and surface current anomalies in the equatorial Pacific, during the 1986-1989 El Niño and La Niña. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,093-25,107.

Deser, C., 1994: Daily surface wind variations over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23,071-23,078.

Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, C.E. Cosca, M.J. McPhaden, R.H. Byrne, F.J. Millero, F.P. Chavez, T. Clayton, D.M. Campbell, and P.P. Murphy, 1994: The effect of tropical instability wave on CO species distributions along the equator in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1992 ENSO event. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 277-280.

Giese, B.S., J.A. Carton, and L.J. Holl, 1994: Sea level variability in the eastern tropical Pacific as observed by TOPEX and Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,739-24,748.

Janowiak, J.E., P.A. Arkin, and M. Morrissey, 1994: An examination of the diurnal cycle in oceanic tropical rainfall using satellite and in situ data. Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 2298-2311.

Köberle, C. and S.G.H. Philander, 1994: On the processes that control seasonal variations of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Tellus, 46A, 481-496.

Konda, M., N. Imasato, and Shibata, 1994: The variation of the air-sea heat flux evaluated by the stellite data. Umi to Sora (Sea and Sky), 70, 139-160. (in Japanese with English abstract)

Lien, R.-C., M.J. McPhaden, and D. Hebert, 1994: Intercomparison of ADCP measurements at 0°,140°W. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1334-1349.

McPhaden, M.J., 1994: The eleven-year El Niño? Nature, 370, 326-327.

Morrissey, M., W.F. Krajewski, and M.J. McPhaden, 1994: Estimating rainfall in the tropics using the fractional time raining. J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 387-393.

Murray, J.W., R.T. Barber, M.R. Roman, M.P. Bacon, and R.A. Feely, 1994: Physical and biological controls on carbon cycling in the equatorial Pacific. Science, 266, 58-65.

Nakamoto, S, Z. Fang, T. Matsuura, T. Kawano, Y. Kashino, K. Muneyama, and T. Nakanishi, 1994: Spatial sampling requirements for tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,363-18,370.

Reverdin, G., C. Frankignoul, E. Kestenare, and M.J. McPhaden, 1994: Seasonal variability in the surface currents of the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20,323-20,344.

Skylingstad, E.D. and D.W. Denbo, 1994: The role of internal gravity waves in the equatorial current system. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2072-2083.

Sprintall, J. and M.J. McPhaden, 1994: Surface layer variations observed in multiyear time series measurements from the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 963-979.

Xie, S.-P., 1994: On the genesis of the equatorial annual cycle. J. Clim., 7, 2008-2013.

Zhang, R.-H. and E. Masahiro, 1994: Simulation of the 1986-1987 El Niño and 1988 La Niña events with a free surface tropical Pacific Ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7743-7760.

Boyd, T.J., S.D. Luther, R.A. Knox, and M.C. Hendershott, 1993: High frequency internal waves in the strongly sheared currents of the upper equatorial Pacific: Observations and a simple spectral model. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18,089-18,108.

Delcroix, T., G. Eldin, M.J. McPhaden, and A. Morliere, 1993: Effects of westerly wind bursts upon the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, February-April 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,379-16,386.

Deser, C., J.J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on Stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 6, 1172-1180.

Halpern, D., 1993: Validation of special sensor microwave imager monthly-mean wind speed from July 1987 to December 1989. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 31, 692-699.

Halpern, D. and M. Ji, 1993: An evaluation of the National Meteorological Center weekly hindcast of upper-ocean temperature along the eastern Pacific equator in January 1992. J. Clim., 6, 1221-1226.

Hartmann, D.L. and M.L. Michelson, 1993: Large scale effects on the regulation of tropical sea surface temperatures. J. Clim., 6, 2049-2062.

Johnson, E.S. and M.J. McPhaden, 1993: On the structure of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 608-625.

Johnson, E.S. and M.J. McPhaden, 1993: Effects of a three-dimensional mean flow on intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,185-10,194.

Kuroda, Y. and M.J. McPhaden, 1993: Variability in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean during JAPACS cruises in 1989 and 1990. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4747-4759.

McPhaden, M.J., 1993: TOGA-TAO and the 1991-93 El Niño-Southern Oscillation Event. Oceanogr., 6, 36-44.

Bond, N.A., 1992: Observations of planetary boundary-layer structure in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Clim., 5, 699-706.

Delcroix T., G. Eldin, M.H. Radenac, J. Toole, and E. Firing, 1992: Variations of the western equatorial Pacific ocean, 1986-1988. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5423-5445.

Mangum, L.J., S.P. Hayes, and L.D. Stratton, 1992: Sampling requirements for the surface wind field over the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 9, 668-679.

McPhaden, M.J., F. Bahr, Y. du Penhoat, E. Firing, S.P. Hayes, P.P. Niiler, P.L. Richardson, and J.M. Toole, 1992: The response of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean to westerly wind bursts during November 1989-January 1990. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14,289-14,303.

McPhaden, M.J. and H. Peters, 1992: Diurnal cycle of internal wave variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Results from moored observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1317-1329.

Moum, J.N., M.J. McPhaden, D. Hebert, H. Peters, C.A. Paulson, and D.R. Caldwell, 1992: Internal waves, dynamic instabilities and turbulence in the equatorial thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1357-1359.

Trenberth, K.E. and G.W. Branstator, 1992: Issues in establishing causes of the 1988 drought over North America. J. Clim., 5, 159-172.

Webster, P.J. and R. Lukas, 1992: TOGA-COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1377-1416.

Atlas, R., S.C. Bloom, R.N. Hoffman, J.V. Ardizzone, and G. Brin, 1991: Space-based surface wind vectors to aid understanding of air-sea interactions. Eos Trans. AGU, 72, 201-208.

Bates, J., 1991: High-frequency variability of special sensor microwave/imager derived wind speed and moisture during an intraseasonal oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 3411-3423.

Delcroix T. and C. Henin, 1991: Seasonal and interannual variations of sea-surface salinity in the tropical Pacific ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22,135-22,150.

Delcroix, T., J. Picaut, and G. Eldin, 1991: Equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves evidenced in the Pacific Ocean through GEOSAT sea level and surface current anomalies. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3249-3262.

Hayes, S.P., P. Chang, and M.J. McPhaden, 1991: Variability of the sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific during 1986-88. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10,553-10,566.

Hayes, S.P., L.J. Mangum, J. Picaut, A. Sumi, and K. Takeuchi, 1991: TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 339-347.

Hebert, D., J.N. Moum, C.A. Paulson, D.R. Caldwell, T.K. Chereskin, and M.J. McPhaden, 1991: Detailed structure of the upper ocean in the central equatorial Pacific during April 1987. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7127-7136.

McPhaden, M.J., D.V. Hansen, and P.L. Richardson, 1991: A comparison of ship drift, drifting buoy and current meter mooring velocities in the Pacific South Equatorial Current. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 775-782.

McPhaden, M.J. and S.P. Hayes, 1991: On the variability of winds, sea surface temperature and surface layer heat content in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3331-3342.

Bender, M.L. and M.J. McPhaden, 1990: Anomalous nutrient distribution in the equatorial Pacific in April 1988: evidence for rapid biological uptake. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1075-1084.

Latif M., J. Biercamp, H. von Storch, M.J. McPhaden, and E. Kirk, 1990: Analyses of tropical anomalies simulated by an AGCM. J. Clim., 3, 509-521.

Mangum, L.J., S.P. Hayes, J.M. Toole, Z. Wang, S. Pu, and D. Hu, 1990: Thermohaline structure and zonal pressure gradient in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7279-7288.

McPhaden, M.J., H.P. Freitag, and A.J. Shepherd, 1990: Moored salinity time series measurements at 0°,140°W. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 568-575.

McPhaden, M.J. and S.P. Hayes, 1990: Variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific during 1986-1988. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,195-13,208.

McPhaden, M.J., S.P. Hayes, L.J. Mangum, and J.M. Toole, 1990: Variability in the western equatorial Pacific during the 1986-87 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 190-208.

McPhaden, M.J. and J. Picaut, 1990: El Niño-Southern Oscillation displacements of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool. Science, 250, 1385-1388.

Miller, R.N., 1990: Tropical data assimilation experiments with simulated data: The impact of the TOGA-TAO array. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,461-11,482.

Picaut, J., A.J. Busalacchi, M.J. McPhaden, and B. Camusat, 1990: Validation of the geostrophic method for estimating zonal currents at the equator from GEOSAT altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3015-3024.

Cheney, R.E., B.C. Douglas, and L. Miller, 1989: Evaluation of GEOSAT altimeter data with application to tropical Pacific sea level variability. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4737-4747.

Chereskin, T.K., E. Firing, and J.A. Gast, 1989: On identifying and screening filter skew and noise bias in acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 1040-1054.

Freitag, H.P., M.J. McPhaden, and A.J. Shepherd, 1989: Comparison of equatorial winds as measured by cup and propeller anemometers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 327-332.

Halpern, D., 1989: Detection of 17.5 day period meridional current oscillations in the equatorial western Pacific Ocean during 1985. Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 499-503.

Halpern, D. and R.H. Weisberg, 1989: Upper ocean thermal and flow fields at 0°, 28°W (Atlantic) and 0°, 140°W (Pacific) during 1983-1985. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 407-418.

Harrison, D.E. and B.S. Giese, 1989: Comment on "Response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to a westerly wind burst in May 1986" by McPhaden et al. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5024-5026.

Hayes, S.P., M.J. McPhaden, and A. Leetmaa, 1989: Observational verification of a quasi real-time simulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2147-2157.

Hayes, S.P., M.J. McPhaden, and J.M. Wallace, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Weekly to monthly variability. J. Clim., 2, 1500-1506.

Leetmaa, A. and M. Ji, 1989: Operational hindcasting of the tropical Pacific. Dyn. Oceans Atmos., 13, 465-490.

McPhaden, M.J., H.P. Freitag, S.P. Hayes, B.A. Taft, Z. Chen, and K. Wyrtki, 1989: Reply to comment by Harrison and Giese. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5027-5028.

Picaut, J., S.P. Hayes, and M.J. McPhaden, 1989: Use of the geostrophic approximation to estimate time-varying zonal currents at the equator. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3228-3236.

Reynolds, R.W., K. Arpe, C. Gordon, S.P. Hayes, A. Leetmaa, and M.J. McPhaden, 1989: A comparison of tropical Pacific surface wind analyses. J. Clim., 2, 105-111.

Halpern, D., R.A. Knox, and D.S. Luther, 1988: Observations of 20-day period meridional current oscillations in the upper ocean along the Pacific equator. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1514-1534.

Halpern, D., 1988: Moored surface wind observations at four sites along the Pacific equator between 140°W and 95°W. J. Clim., 1, 1251-1260.

Imawaki, S., P.P. Niiler, C.H. Gautier, D. Halpern, R.A. Knox, W.G. Large, D.S. Luther, J.C. McWilliams, J.N. Moum, and C.A. Paulson, 1988: A new method for estimating the turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the diurnal mixed layer. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14,005-14,012.

McPhaden, M.J., H.P. Freitag, S.P. Hayes, B.A. Taft, Z. Chen, and K. Wyrtki, 1988: The response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to a westerly wind burst in May 1986. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,589-10,603.

McPhaden, M.J. and B.A. Taft, 1988: On the dynamics of seasonal and intraseasonal variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1713-1732.

Halpern, D., 1987: Observations of annual and El Niño flow variations at 0°, 110°W and 0°, 95°W during 1980-85. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8197-8212.

Hayes, S.P., D.W. Behringer, M. Blackmon, D.V. Hansen, N.-C. Lau, A. Leetmaa, S.G.H. Philander, E.J. Pitcher, C.S. Ramage, E.M. Rasmusson, E.S. Sarachik, and B.A. Taft, 1986: The Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) Plans: 1986-1988. Eos Trans. AGU, 67, 442-444.

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