Control participants, Participants with MDD, Participants with Bipolar Disorder

Inclusion Criteria:

Depressed participants:

• Right-handed
• DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD
• Score of at least 17 on the 21-item HAM-D scale
• Absence of any psychotropic medications for at least 2 weeks (6 months for dopaminergic drugs (including methylphenidate), 6 weeks for fluoxetine, and 4 weeks for neuroleptics and benzodiazepines because of longer half-lives.)
• No current or past history of MDD with psychotic features
• Absence of any other Axis I or Axis II diagnosis (Including bipolar disorder and current or lifetime history of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence.) Particularly, subjects with a history of alcoholism and substance abuse will be excluded, since dopaminergic alterations have been reported in these conditions. Exclusion of patients with comorbid Axis I or Axis II diagnoses will be necessary as evidence exists of alteration in dopamine receptor density in detached personality and social phobia. The alteration of dopamine in the brain may in turn alter behavior.
• Absence of significant medical conditions
• Absence of ECT in the previous 6 months
• Ability to provide informed consent/authorization

Bipolar participants:

• Both genders and all ethnic origins
• Age between 18 and 64
• Right-handed
• DSM-IV diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder I or II
• Score of at least 17 on the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
• Absence of any psychotropic medications for at least 2 weeks (6 months for dopaminergic drugs (including methylphenidate), 6 weeks for fluoxetine, and 4 weeks for neuroleptics and benzodiazepines because of longer half-lives.)
• No current or past history of MDD with psychotic features
• Absence of any other Axis I or Axis II diagnosis (Including current or lifetime history of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence.) Particularly, subjects with a history of alcoholism and substance abuse will be excluded.
• Absence of significant medical conditions
• Absence of ECT in the previous 6 months
• Ability to provide informed consent/authorization

Control Participants:

• Right-handed
• Absence of medical, neurological, and psychiatric illness (including alcohol and substance abuse), as assessed by the SCID
• Absence of any medications for at least 2 weeks
• Informed consent/authorization

Exclusion Criteria:

• Left-handed/ambidextrous
• Evidence of neurological illness
• Current alcohol or substance abuse
• Serious suicide or homicide risk