2007 Annual Report 1a.Objectives (from AD-416) To enhance current objectives by collecting updated analytical data on foods commonly consumed that contribute to the increased prevalence of obesity in the United States. To compile analytical information in appropriate databases and release these to the public. To enhance timely updating of nutrient databases. To assay key contributors of energy and other nutrients affecting obesity and to monitor these nutrient changes in foods consumed by the U.S. population, including low-income minority populations, especially those of Hispanic, African American, and Native American heritage. To compile and release changes to the food composition data in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR) and its related subset of more than 3,000 foods and 65 components which supports the NHANES: What We Eat in America Survey. 1b.Approach (from AD-416) This project will identify and rank foods which are key contributors of energy and other dietary components for the U.S. population including minority populations. Where nutrient data are inadequate for high priority foods and nutrients, nationally representative values will be generated by analytical determination. A probability-based approach for nationwide sampling unique to various population groups will be used to select samples of foods to be analyzed. Valid chemical methods including rigorous analytical quality control will be employed. Final estimates will be disseminated to the scientific community and the U.S. population via NDL's website www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl and directly to the NHANES: What We Eat in America Survey. 3.Progress Report USDA is the primary provider of current, accurate, unbiased, and representative food composition data for up to 140 nutrients and other components (e.g., flavonoids) which may be bioactive. These data for approximately 7,300 foods are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases and related applications in the U.S. and worldwide to monitor food and nutrient intake, to conduct human nutrition research, to label foods under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, and to provide a safe and adequate food supply. In particular, data for newly recognized food components (e.g., choline) are used to test important health hypotheses (e.g., relationship of choline intake to incidence of Neural Tube Defects in infants). This project supports the research to develop and maintain the National Nutrient Databank System (NNDB). The following food composition database products were released on the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) Website in 2007, providing current and accurate estimates for numerous U.S. and international food and nutrition applications in nutrition monitoring and research, policy, and education: Gebhardt, S.E., Pehrsson, P.R., Cutrufelli, R.L., Lemar, L.E., Howe, J.C., Haytowitz, D.B., Nickle, M., Holcomb, G.T., Showell, B.A., Thomas, R.G., Exler, J., Holden, J.M. 2007. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20. Home Page. Available: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. Holcomb, G., Showell, B., Lemar, L. Howe, J. 2007. USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6. Home Page. Available: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. Haytowitz, D.B., Bhagwat, S., Prior, R.L., Wu, X., Gebhardt, S.E., Holden, J.M. 2007. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Food – 2007. Home Page. Available: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. Gebhardt, S.E., Cutrufelli, R.L., Howe, J.C., Haytowitz, D.B., Pehrsson, P.R., Lemar, L.E., Holcomb, G.T., Stup, M.A., Thomas, R.G., Exler, J., Showell, B.A., Holden, J.M. 2006. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19. Home Page. Available: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. Howe, J.C., Trainer, D., Holden, J.M., Williams, J., Synder, C., Boillot, K., Lofgren, P. 2006. The revised USDA nutrient data set for fresh pork. Home Page. Available: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. Bhagwat, S.A., Gebhardt, S.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Holden, J.M., Harnly, J.M. 2006. USDA Dtabase for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Home Page. AvailableL: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. Howe, J.C., Holden, J.M., Trainer, D., Buege, D.R., Douglass, L., Lofgren, P. 2006. The USDA Ground Beef Calculator - an augmentation to the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Home Page. Available: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. 4.Accomplishments National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20: Given the magnitude and diversity of the U.S. food supply, developing and maintaining accurate and representative data for nutrients and other bioactive components in U.S. foods is a major undertaking. To address this problem the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) developed and periodically updates the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference(SR). SR is the major product of the National Nutrient Databank System and is available on the NDL Website (www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata). Release 20 was released in August 2007. SR20 provides estimates of composition for up to 140 components in about 7,500 foods. This release also includes data for selected foods analyzed under the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). Major changes made to the SR database since the last release include the expansion of nutrient values for total choline to all 2,800 foods used in the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Surveys (FNDDS) to assess intake of choline in the NHANES: What We Eat in America. Also, many nutrient values in all food groups were updated with new data from NFNAP, food companies, and the scientific literature. Using data submitted by the food industry or generated by USDA through NFNAP,the following new foods have been added to the database: 19 traditional or subsistence foods collected for development of the American Indian/Alaska Native Foods Database; 40 bone-in and boneless fast-food fried chicken items; 27 infant formulas; 225 brand-name soups, sauces, and gravies; 5 less common grains, raw and cooked, e.g. quinoa; 12 new chicken products; and 3 enhanced pork cuts (raw and cooked). A number of brand-name items in baked products; beverages; meals, entrees, and sidedishes; and soups, sauces, and gravies were deleted because products were no longer on the market or nutritional information does not reflect current market data. This accomplishment addresses National Program Component 1: Composition of Foods. Composition Data for Trans Fatty Acids: The fatty acid composition of foods, and particularly the composition of trans fatty acids, continues to be of critical interest to the scientific community, including researchers in cardiovascular disease and cancer, nutrition educators, and the food industry. In 2007, all generic margarine and vegetable oil spreads were reviewed to update USDA's National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR20). New fatty acid data, including trans fatty acids, from the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program sampling and analysis were incorporated into 11 existing generic margarine/spread profiles and one generic margarine-butter blend profile. Two new profiles, one for Canola Harvest margarine (80% fat) and one for Benecol Light (37% fat), were disseminated, both on a brand name basis as unique products of interest to database users and aggregated with other products of similar fat content as part of generic profiles. New York City (NYC) contacted NDL for assistance in monitoring the impact of their recent trans-fat regulations, and NDL consulted with the NYC Health Department to share USDA's knowledge in sampling and analysis of foods for trans fatty acids. NDL met with the American Heart Association (AHA) regarding trans fat issues in general and the AHA research interests in trans fats. This accomplishment addresses National Program Component 1: Composition of Foods. Database for Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity: Antioxidants are theorized to have a role in preventing a number of chronic and degenerative diseases. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) is one measure of total antioxidant capacity in foods. A special interest database on ORAC was developed and released on the NDL Web site. This database is available to evaluate total antioxidant intake from nutrient as well as nonnutrient antioxidants and to relate to possible health outcomes. This accomplishment addresses National Program Component 1: Composition of Foods. Database Methodology: Nutrient Data Laboratory database methodologies and research products were also transferred to approximately 40 database developers representing about 25 countries during the International Postgraduate Course for Production, Management, and Use of Food Composition Data (Bratislava, Slovakia, October, 2006 and Hyderabad, India, November, 2006). The training course was supported, in part, by the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations and United Nations University. This accomplishment addresses National Program Component 1: Composition of Foods 5.Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Data for American Indian and Alaska Native Foods: American Indians and Alaska Natives are at high risk for several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. Nineteen traditional or subsistence foods were added to the American Indian/Alaska Native Foods Database. These food samples were hunted, harvested, fished, and prepared by tribal members. Data developed for this project were shared with the tribes that provided the samples. In many cases, the wild form of a plant or animal had a very different nutrient profile than its domesticated counterpart (e.g., berries, fish). In almost all cases, these data were generated from a limited sampling. Therefore, they are subject to revision as additional samples are analyzed. Vitamin K values for samples of produce consumed by African Americans living in rural areas were generated in collaboration with scientists at Tuskegee University. A manuscript is being prepared to report these findings. 6.Technology Transfer Number of web sites managed 1 Number of non-peer reviewed presentations and proceedings 18 Number of newspaper articles and other presentations for non-science audiences 4 Review Publications Phillips, K., Ruggio, D., Ashraf-Khorassani, M., Haytowitz, D.B. 2006. Difference in Folate Content of green and red sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54(26):9998-10002. Harnly, J.M., Bhagwat, S.A., Lin, L. 2007. Profiling methods for the determination of phenolic compounds in foods and dietary supplements. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Available: doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1424-7. Phillips, K., Wolf, W.R., Sharpless, K., Holden, J.M. 2007. Reference materials for determination of the nutrient composition of foods: Results from USDA's National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Available: doi:10.2007/s00216-007-1366-0. Phillips, K.M., Wolf, W.R., Patterson, K.K., Sharpless, K.E., Amanna, K.R., Holden, J.M. 2007. Quality and performance evaluation of reference materials for the determination of nutrients in foods. Accreditation and Quality Assurance: Journal for Quality, Comparability and Reliability in Chemical Measurement. 12(3-4):126-133. Harnly, J.M., Doherty, R.F., Beecher, G.R., Holden, J.M., Haytowitz, D.B., Bhagwat, S.A., Gebhardt, S.E. 2006. Flavonoid content of U.S. fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54:966-9977. Heilman, J., Levy, S., Wefel, J., Patterson, K.K., Cutrufelli, R.L., Pehrsson, P.R., Holden, J.M. 2006. Fluoride assay methodology for carbonated beverages. Journal of Denistry of Children. 73:(3):136-139. Haytowitz, D.B., Pehrsson, P.R., Holden, J.M. 2007. The National Food and Analysis Program: A decade of progress. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 21(Supp. 1):S94-S102. Available: doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2007.07.006.