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The Environmental Quarterly
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 4
This issue of Environmental Quarterly is the last for which I will be Editor in Chief. I am retiring from the FHWA this fall. It was a pleasure serving you and bringing you the latest in Environmental news from FHWA through this publication. The Environmental Quarterly will continue to be published on the same schedule as before, only under new leadership. As always, if you have comments about a story or story ideas, please let us know. Sincerely, Don Cot
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 3
This issue of Environmental Quarterly was held up a bit so that we could bring
you a wrap up of the very recent FHWA National Environmental Conference. We also
feature an interview with FHWA’s outgoing Director of the Office of Project Development and Environmental Review, Fred Skaer.
As always, if you have comments about a story or story ideas, please let us know. Sincerely, Don Cote
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 2
Dear Environmental Colleague,
In this issue of EQ we bring you information from the staff of the U.S. Institute for Environmental Conflict Resolution about a new collaboration training class. In addition, in honor of Earth Day 2008, we are featuring several articles about the topic of reuse and recycling, including some interesting information about some work the professionals in the paving and materials industry are doing to preserve the environment.
As always, if you have comments about a story or story ideas, please let us know. Sincerely, Don Cote
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 1
Happy New Year! In this issue, we feature articles that highlight the fact that Environmental issues touch many areas of highway transportation. Guest authors Steve Mueller and Mark Doctor, from the FHWA RC’s Pavement & Material Team and Safety & Design Team respectively, demonstrate the power of partnership to achieve our goals as transportation professionals. Sincerely,
Don Cote
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 3, Issue 4
Dear Reader, As we welcome Autumn, we have put together an issue of Environmental Quarterly that touches on several interesting topics including Design Build Contracting, Context Sensitive Solutions and the Transportation Research Board (TRB). We hope that you find this issue informative.
As always, if you have comments about a story or story ideas, please let us know. Sincerely,
Don Cote
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 3, Issue 3
Dear Environmental Colleague: We hope this newsletter finds you enjoying your summer. We hope you find time to grab a glass of lemon-aide and take time to read this month’s articles on the Supreme Court’s take on climate change (by guest author Jeff Houk from the FHWA Resource Center’s Air Quality Team), our National Emblem, the Archeology task force, and more. Sincerely, Don Cote Environment Technical Service Team (TST) Leader & Editor–in-Chief
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 3, Issue 2
Dear Environmental Colleague: This month’s issue brings you an update on SAFETEA-LU, information about the FHWA Technical Advisory and news about a new grant program – Eco-Logical – which demonstrates the power of partnership among environmental agencies.
As always, if you have comments about a story or story ideas, please let us know. Sincerely, Don Cote Environment Technical Service Team (TST) Leader & Editor–in-Chief
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 3, Issue 1
Dear Environmental Colleague: Happy 2007! We are kicking off the year with a feature article by guest author, Matt Fuller from the Illinois Division Office that reviews the IL MSAT peer exchange. We’ll also explore American Indian best practices in an article penned by our very own Stephanie Stoermer.
As always, we welcome your story ideas and submissions. On behalf of the Environment Technical Service Team, I wish you the very best 2007 possible. Sincerely, Don Cote Environment Technical Service Team (TST) Leader & Editor–in-Chief
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 2, Issue 4
Dear Environmental Colleague: Fall is upon us and Daylight Saving Time will end soon (October 29). Next year, DST will be a month longer – thanks to the Energy Policy Act of 2005. I like to think you’ll use the extra hour you’ll get back from the return to Standard Time to read Environmental Quarterly. In this edition, we introduce a new tool for Indirect Effects Analysis (IEA) and Cumulative Effects Analysis (CEA) and share some photos in the Wetlands Scanning Tour results announcement. As always, we welcome your story ideas and submissions. Sincerely, Don Cote Environment Technical Service Team (TST) Leader &
Editor–in-Chief
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 2, Issue 3
Dear Environmental Colleague:
I was pleased to have the opportunity to interact with many of you during the recent National Environmental Conference in Arlington, VA.
A lot of good information was shared -- information that we look forward to bringing to the environmental community as a whole. This issue is a bit sad, as it marks the retirement of one of our own -- Jerry Barkdoll. Good luck and congratulations, Jerry. We wish you all the best. Don Cote
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 2, Issue 2
Dear Environmental Colleague:
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Resource Center and the Office of Planning, Environment, & Realty in Headquarters are pleased to provide you with the Environmental Quarterly newsletter. This issue of Environmental Quarterly provides technical updates and reports on a variety of issues pertaining to our field. Specifically, you will find stories on the "Green Highways Forum", "Linking Planning and Environment -- Texas Style", "Dandelions or Kudzu?" upcoming events in "What's Going On?" as well as other articles of interest. We have attached a PDF file of the newsletter to share with your partners outside of FHWA in encouraging knowledge sharing, advancing new technologies, and promoting dialogue on state-of-the-art methodologies and innovations. We welcome your comments and any story ideas or articles you want to submit for future issues by contacting the editor or editorial board members listed on the last page of the newsletter. Our next issue will be available on July 15, 2006, with a deadline date for story submissions of June 15, 2006. Don Cote
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 2, Issue 1
Dear Environmental Colleague,
We are looking forward to bringing you a lot of good information this year -- with that in mind be sure to check out Bonnie Harper Lore's article on page 4 with an eye toward SAFETEA-LU's invasive plant requirements. Please feel free to share this issue with those you believe would find it interesting or helpful. As always, if you have comments about a story or story ideas, please let us know. Don Cote
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 1, Issue 3
Dear Environmental Colleague,
Although this newsletter greets you later than expected, we hope you find valuable information within. As always, your feedback and requests are always welcome. If you have comments about a story or story ideas you'd like to see, please let us know.
Don Cote
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 1, Issue 2
Just a quick note to say "Thank you" for your calls and emails following our first edition. The requests to be added to our mailing list have been encouraging to say the least. We are pleased you found the newsletter to be of value and that you look forward to reading more. This issue highlights the best of the best, and some new offerings as well as some seasonal news. We hope you enjoy it. Don Cote, Environment Technical Service Team (TST) Leader and Editor-in-Chief
- The Environmental Quarterly, Volume 1, Issue 1
Contained within these pages you will find information on best practices, the state-of-the-practice, and advancements in the environmental area. Don Cote, Environment Technical Service Team (TST) Leader and Editor-in-Chief
ENVIRONMENT Reading Room
Magazine Articles
Public Roads Magazine articles placed on the following technical subjects
- Erosion Control with Recycled Materials Texas produced an award-winning program for using compost to control soil erosion along roadways. (March/April 2004) by Timothy Barkley
- Glenwood Canyon 12 Years Later More than a decade after its construction, has this marvel of highway engineering in western Colorado attained its original goals? (March/April 2004) by Karen Stufflebeam Row, Eva LaDow, and Steve Moler
- A Tale of Two Canyons Colorado DOT Applies lessons learned from Glenwood project to a similar highway in the Snowmass valley, near famed Aspen ski resort (March/April 2004) by Steve Moler
- Spotlight on the South Innovative highway projects in seven southern States demonstrate environmental leadership. (March/April 2004) by Gary Strasburg
- A Study in Environmental Justice The New Orleans Regional Planning Commission developed a process to handle quality of life concerns on road projects (September/October 2003) by Gary Strasburg
- Solutions from the Sunbelt The southeastern State share strategies to protect wildlife and fragile habitats. (July/August 2003) by Alex Levy
News Articles
- Scenario Planning - Posted Monday, March 28, 2005
- Federal-aid Eligibility of Wetland and Natural Habitat Mitigation, March 10, 2005 - Posted Wednesday, March 16, 2005
- Endangered Species Act Legal Analysis, February 18, 2005 - Posted Wednesday, March 16, 2005
- FHWA TNM Version 2.5 Look-Up Program, December 16, 2004 - Posted Friday, February 4, 2005
OTHER AGENCY Publication Index
National Environmental Publications Internet Site (NEPIS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)
This electronic documents site allows you to search, view, and print, including full images of all original pages and full-text, from a collection of over 7,000 archival and current documents. The collection may include documents that are no longer available in print form.
Other EPA Publications: Numerous Offices and Programs provide direct access to selected full-text publications on their websites. Some of these publications may be available in paper format from the NSCEP.
Audit Policy Update Newsletters
Listing of "Audit Policy Update" Newsletters
AEIO Update Newsletter
Provides links to the AEIO newsletter.
"Enforcement Alert" Newsletter
The "Enforcement Alert" is intended to inform and educate the public and regulated community of important environmental enforcement issues.
Newsletter: Environmental Futures
A monthly news publication from the Office of Science Policy.
Environmental Justice Quarterly
quarterly newsletter on environmental justice
The Volunteer Monitor
Links to issues of the National Newsletter of Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring
Office of Water Nonpoint Source News - Notes
Issues of the Office of Water's newsletter, News-Notes, available on the Web. Issues 1 - 57
GENERAL INTEREST
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Rails-with-Trails: Lessons Learned
This report has been prepared for the purpose of examining safety, design, and liability issues associated with the development of shared use paths and other trails within or adjacent to active railroad and transit rights-of-way. This document is intended to explore lessons learned from the experience of rails-with-trails (RWTs), and suggest practices to enhance safety and security for railroads, transit, and trail users. Posted on the Internet 4/7/05.
Critter Crossings-Linking Habitats and Reducing Roadkill
The Environmental Guidebook:
Roadside Use of Native Plants
This glove-compartment size handbook is a reference for those who restore, design,
or manage native plants. Its State by State organization of information is a
beginning point in decision-making. To make site by site decisions within a
State, local expertise will be necessary. This information is aimed at
preserving the native remnants that still exist and restoring natural heritage
where necessary.
Hardcopy
of the handbook is now available only through Island Press or at (800) 828-1302 at a
cost of $25.00. Discounts are available for quantity orders.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
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Environmental Justice Case Studies
HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE
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Highway Traffic Noise Publications
Highway
Traffic Noise
This pamphlet describes some of the fundamentals of highway
traffic noise and the noise requirements in the highway program. It is intended
for the general public, elected officials, and anyone interested in learning
about the basics of highway traffic noise.
Author: FHWA, Edited by Washington State Department of Transportation, 1992
Entering the Quiet Zone: Noise
Compatible Land Use Planning
This brochure 1) summarizes the
general nature of highway traffic noise, 2) provides examples of Noise
Compatible Land Use strategies either constructed or planned, and 3) encourages
a proactive posture by local decision makers, developers and citizens to share
in and actively influence land use next to highways.
The Audible Landscape: A Manual for
Highway Noise and Land Use
This report was developed to
assist local government officials in dealing with the problems of
noise-sensitive land uses and to indicate ways in which local governments can
guide the development of undeveloped land in the vicinity of highways. It is
intended for anyone interested in addressing the problems of highway traffic
noise in local growth and development activities.
Author: FHWA,1972, reprinted 1974, 1979, 1992
Contact: The Office of Natural Environment
"Insulation of Buildings Against Highway Noise"
A Method to Determine Reasonableness and Feasibility of Noise
Abatement at Special Use Locations
Date: November 14, 1997
Abstract: The report outlines a procedure that employs a systematic approach to
the determination of reasonableness of abatement for special land uses. The
development process for a Reasonableness Matrix for special land uses is
explained and an overview of a finalized policy, along with details of the policy
development methodology, is presented.
Summary of Noise
Barriers Constructed by December 31, 2001
This paper contains a listing of all noise barriers
constructed with highway program monies since 1973, as reported by State
highway agencies. The listing is updated every three years and contains
information on length, height, cost, material, location, and year constructed
for each State. It is intended for all audiences.
Author: FHWA, 2003
Highway Traffic Noise Barrier
Construction Trends
Through the end of 2001, forty-four
State DOTs and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico have constructed over 1,831
linear miles of barriers at a cost of over $1.9 billion ($2.5 billion in 2001
dollars) This paper presents a brief analysis of the data on these barriers.
(For the data please consult the detailed barrier listing, Summary of Noise Barriers Constructed by December 31,
2001)
Author: FHWA, 2003
Highway Traffic Noise Barrier Materials and Cost By State
State DOTs have constructed noise barriers from earth,
masonry block, brick, concrete, metal, wood, other materials (e.g.,
polyurethane), and combinations of materials. This paper contains an analysis
of data on noise barrier materials, listed by each state that has utilized a
specific material type. (For the data please consult the detailed barrier
listing, Summary of Noise Barriers Constructed by December 31,
2001)
Author: FHWA, 2003
Keeping the Noise Down,
Highway Traffic Noise Barriers HTML or Keeping the Noise Down,
Highway Traffic Noise Barriers PDF (1.3 MB)
This brochure, intended for all audiences, presents very basic information
on noise barriers, i.e., it discusses the questions a person might normally ask
about noise barriers.
Highway Noise Barrier Design Package
-
a noise barrier design manual entitled "FHWA Highway
Noise Barrier Design Handbook;"
-
an accompanying 40-minute videotape, which highlights all
the facets of barrier design included in the manual; and
-
a CD-Rom, which contains an extensive noise barrier design
photographic library and an electronic copy of the noise barrier design manual.
Access the
CD-ROM online.
The package addresses both
acoustical and non-acoustical considerations associated with highway noise
barrier design. The package provides guidance on how to design a highway noise
barrier, which fits its surroundings and performs its intended acoustical and
structural functions, with a reasonable life-cycle cost. The package also
provides a state-of-the-art reference of common concepts, designs, materials,
and installation techniques for professional highway engineers and acoustical
designers and planners, as well as non-professional community members.
Author: FHWA, 2000
Media: Report, videotape, CD-ROM
Ordering Information:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000
E-Mail orders may be made at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
Highway Noise Barriers:
Performance, Maintenance, and Safety
This videotape illustrates different aspects of highway traffic noise
barriers.
It is intended for small
audiences interested in the details of traffic noise barriers.
Author: FHWA, 996 - Media: Videotape
Ordering Information:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000
E-Mail orders may be made at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
A Guide to Visual Quality in Noise
Barrier Design
This document introduces the basic principles of visual quality in general
terms and illustrates the application of these principles to the design of
highway noise barriers. It shows how visual design principles can be
incorporated into the design process of highway noise barriers. It is intended
for highway designers and others who are concerned with blending the highway
into the environment.
Author: FHWA, 1979
Ordering
Information:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000
E-Mail orders may be made at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
NOISE BARRIER RESEARCH
Parallel Noise Barrier Effectiveness
This report presents the results of testing on experimental parallel noise
barriers constructed at a site at Dulles International Airport in Chantilly,
Virginia. The study focused on the use of absorptive treatment and tilting as a
means of improving the insertion loss of two parallel barriers. It also
evaluated the feasibility of modeling a moving point source with an artificial
fixed-point source. The report is intended for highway traffic noise analysts.
Author: Gregg Fleming, Edward Rickley, 1990
Ordering
Information:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000
E-Mail orders may be made at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
Parallel Barrier Effectiveness Under Free-Flowing Traffic
Conditions
This report presents the results of a measurement study performed at a
highway noise barrier site located along I-495 in Montgomery County, Maryland.
The report is intended for highway
traffic noise analysts.
Author: Gregg Fleming, Edward Rickley, 1992
Ordering
Information:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000
E-Mail orders may be made at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
Performance Evaluation of Experimental Highway Noise Barriers
Publication No. FHWA-RD-94-093
This is the third and final publication supporting the national pooled-fund
study, HP&R 0002-136, Evaluation of Performance of Experimental Highway
Noise Barriers. This report summarizes the findings of the multiyear study and
presents some additional analyses of previously collected data. The other two
reports in the study are FHWA-RD-90-105, Parallel Barrier Effectiveness, Dulles
Noise Barrier Project, and FHWA-RD-92-068, Parallel Barrier Effectiveness Under
Free Flowing Traffic Conditions. The NTIS number for this publication is PB95-216909)
Ordering
Information:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000
E-Mail orders may be made at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
PRODUCTS OF OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
Guide on Evaluation and Attenuation of Traffic Noise
This brochure contains guidelines for the abatement of traffic-generated
noise through highway design procedures and techniques. It discusses (1) the
nature of noise, (2) a systems approach for addressing noise, (3) the highway
noise study, (4) noise attenuation measures, and (5) noise barrier design
considerations. It is intended for all audiences.
Author: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO), Publication Year: 1993
Ordering
Information:
AASHTO
444 North Capitol Street, N.W.
Suite 225
Washington, D.C. 20001
RECREATIONAL TRAILS
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Recreational Trails
Publications
Recreational
Trails Program and Project Information
Fuel Used for
Off-Road Recreation: A Reassessment of the Fuel Use Model, July 1999
A
report for FHWA by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, provides estimates of the
relative amount of off-road recreational fuel use by State. The model developed
in this report provides the base for the apportionments under the Recreational
Trails Program for FY 2000 - 2004.
Recreational Trails
Program Project Database
This
database of projects funded under the Recreational Trails Program has been
compiled by the Coalition for Recreational Trails from reports supplied by
State trail administrators.
Recreational Trails
Program: Report on State Trail Projects
A
report for FHWA by the Coalition for Recreational Trails, documents
accomplishments of the Recreational Trails Program on projects from 1993
through September 2004.
U.S. FOREST SERVICE TRAIL PUBLICATIONS
The Federal Highway Administration is cooperating with the
U.S. Forest Service to provide Forest Service publications and videos to the
public. Please see the Trail Publications Order Form for hard
copies of publications and for videos.
- Technology &
Development Program Trail Publications
Available
in HTML and PDF formats
- Technology &
Development Program Recreation Publications
Available
in PDF format; some available in HTML format
Trail Accessibility
Guidelines
National Trail
Drawings and Specifications
Trail Planning, Design, Construction
and Maintenance Guides
Accessibility
Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access
A
two-part report on pedestrian accessibility, produced for FHWA by Beneficial Designs Inc.
o
Part 1, Review of Existing Guidelines and Practices HTML
Part 1, Review of Existing Guidelines and Practices PDF, lays out the history and the
practices of applying accessibility concepts to sidewalks and pedestrian
trails. (Out of print, available online only)
o
Part 2, Best Practices Design Guide HTML
Part 2, Best Practices Design Guide PDF), provides recommendations on how to
design sidewalks, street crossings, intersections, shared use paths, and
recreational pedestrian trails. (Order here) See also Transmittal Memorandum, Detectable Warnings Memorandum (July 2004),
Detectable Warnings Memorandum (May 2002),
and Errata Sheet.
The Final Report of
the Regulatory Negotiation Committee on Accessibility Guidelines for Outdoor
Developed Areas
Proposes
accessibility guidelines under the Americans with Disabilities Act for trails,
outdoor recreation access routes, beach access routes, and picnic and camping
facilities.
Building a True
Community: Final Report, Public Rights-of-Way Access Advisory Committee
Recommends
accessibility guidelines for sidewalks, street crossings, and intersections.
Other Guides
Conflicts on Multiple
Use Trails
A
synthesis of research on trail conflicts, produced in 1994 for FHWA by Roger L.
Moore, North Carolina State University. It has 12 principles to minimize trail
conflict. (Out of print)
National Trails
Training Partnership
Other Recommended Publications
A Citizen's Guide to Transportation
Decision making
Explains
how transportation projects are developed.
WATER QUALITY AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
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STREAM RESTORATION
Stream Restoration Case Studies: The Effect of Highways
on Streams
Six
case histories from across the Nation (Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North
Carolina, Oregon, and Washington). These projects successfully protected stream
habitats and natural characteristics by careful design and restoration of
natural features in the stream channels that had to be relocated due to road
construction.
DVD available from the Office of
Natural and Human Environment
Restoration
of Fish Habitat in Relocated Streams
Manual provides guidelines for the design and construction of relocated
channels, and describes measures that will lead to rapid recovery of new
channels by natural processes.
Author: Dr. James R. Barton and Mr. Frederick W. Cron, 1979
Stormwater Runoff
Guidance Manual for Monitoring
Highway Runoff Water Quality
This document provides guidance for selecting and using stormwater runoff
monitoring equipment for monitoring of highway runoff. The guidance provided is
intended to help achieve stormwater monitoring program goals through the
collection of more useful and representative rainfall, flow, and water quality
information. Ultimately it is intended to improve monitoring information that
will lead to better highway runoff management decision making.
Author: Eric Strecker, Lynn Mayo, Marcus Quigley, Jim Howell, 2001
Contact: The Office of Natural Environment
Evaluation and Management of Highway Runoff Water Quality (Water Quality Synthesis)
The
objective of this manual is to gather and to synthesize the results of past
documentation and research on highway stormwater runoff into a single-volume
user's manual on water quality assessment and mitigation. The manual will be
useful to highway designers and environmental professionals by presenting the
available and appropriate impact prediction and mitigation tools for use during
highway project planning and development activities. This manual is a
self-contained desk reference for highway practitioners with an extensive
bibliography.
Author: G. Kenneth Young, Stuart Stein, Pamela Cole, Traci Kammer, Frank Graziano,
Fred Bank, 1996
Contact: The Office of Natural Environment
Is Highway Runoff a Serious Problem? (FHWA Technical Brief)
Retention, Detention, and Overland Flow for Pollutant
Removal from Highway Stormwater Runoff
Provides
guidelines for the design of management measures for the removal of pollutants
from highway stormwater runoff. Three general types of management measures have
been determined to be effective in treating runoff: vegetative controls,
detention basins, and retention measures. The guidelines are based on review of
other available studies and the results of field and laboratory studies under
this study to verify design procedures and assumptions.
Author: Dorman, M. E., Hartigan, J., and Maestri, B., 1996
Media: Research Report
Contact: The Office of Natural Environment
Stormwater Best Management Practices
in an Ultra-Urban Setting: Selection and Monitoring
The research will compile available literature on
ultra-urban best management practices (BMPs) and develop a searchable database
on runoff pollution reduction methods suited to limited space application.
Included with the database will be a BMP selection criteria and decision
support system and appropriate monitoring design and implementation
recommendations.
Texas Aquifer Study
Offers Clues to Controlling Highway Runoff
Article describes
a stormwater runoff and water quality study conducted by the Texas Department
of Transportation. The study examines runoff pollutants under simulated
rainfall conditions. Results used to formulate monitoring and mitigation
strategies for potential highway impacts on the Edwards aquifer in the Austin /
San Antonio region.
Author: Ginny Finch, Supporting Organization: FHWA , EPA, 1994
Water Quality
-
National Evaluation of Water Quality Issues for Highway Planning
-
Water Quality Research Needs in Transportation
Water
Quality
National Evaluation of Water Quality
Issues for Highway Planning
Results of past research on
highway stormwater runoff are gathered and synthesized into a single-volume
user's manual on water quality impact assessment and mitigation. Paper
describes the process by which the synthesis was produced and highlights some
preliminary results.
Author: Fred G. Bank, et al
Supporting Organization: FHWA, TRB, 1995
Water Quality Research Needs in
Transportation
Paper
highlights a multi-year program of research envisioned by the FHWA to continue
the study of water quality associated with highway stormwater runoff. Paper
lists proposed studies to examine runoff constituents, monitoring equipment,
best management practices, effects on receiving waters, and area-wide impact
assessment.
Author: Fred G. Bank, 1993