1.1 History
This guidance is offered to assist state and local health
department human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention
cooperative agreement grantees and directly funded
community-based organization (CBO) grantees in planning,
implementing, and evaluating HIV prevention case management
(PCM). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
provides funding for individual-level, health education and
risk-reduction activities, which include PCM. Previous guidelines
for PCM are published in Guidelines
for Health Education and Risk-Reduction Activities, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, April 1995. This revised
guidance supersedes the 1995 PCM guidelines by further detailing
essential components and protocols for PCM programs. (A glossary
of terms is provided in Appendix A to assist the reader.)
HIV PCM is a client-centered prevention activity, which
assists HIV seropositive and seronegative persons in adopting
risk-reduction behaviors. PCM is intended for persons having or
likely to have difficulty initiating or sustaining practices that
reduce or prevent HIV transmission and acquisition. PCM provides
intensive one-on-one prevention counseling and support. In
addition, PCM provides assistance in accessing needed medical,
psychological, and social services that affect clients' health
and ability to change HIV-related risk-taking behavior.
Important issues have emerged from the experiences of those
implementing the first PCM programs. As a result of questions
about the range of services appropriate for PCM, the type and
extent of counseling, and staffing qualifications, CDC staff
believe revising programmatic guidance for this activity is
important. This guidance provides minimum standards for PCM
programs. Individual jurisdictions may develop more specific PCM
standards for their own locale that go beyond the minimum
standards specified in this document.
These standards and guidance for PCM were established after
consultation among experts from HIV prevention programs,
academia, and CDC. This revised guidance is also based on a
literature review of the existing research (CDC 1997) and a
systematic review of PCM programs [Purcell, DeGroff, and
Wolitski, Submitted for Publication]. The experiences of
organizations implementing PCM over the past three to five years
have provided valuable information on which to base this revised
guidance. Little outcome evaluation of PCM has been conducted;
therefore, CDC bases this guidance, in part, on the review of
research of other case management models.
Go to 1.2 Tenets of PCM
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