Youth Violence Prevention
Scientific Information: Risk and Protective Factors
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Risk Factors for
the Perpetration of Youth Violence
Research on youth violence has increased our understanding of
factors that make some populations more vulnerable to victimization
and perpetration. Risk factors increase the likelihood that a young
person will become violent. However, risk factors are not direct
causes of youth violence; instead, risk factors contribute to youth
violence (Mercy et al. 2002; DHHS 2001).
Research associates the following risk factors with perpetration of
youth violence (DHHS 2001; Lipsey and Derzon 1998; Resnick et al.
2004):
Individual Risk Factors
• History of violent victimization
• Attention deficits, hyperactivity or learning disorders
• History of early aggressive behavior
• Involvement with drugs, alcohol or tobacco
• Low IQ
• Poor behavioral control
• Deficits in social cognitive or information-processing abilities
• High emotional distress
• History of treatment for emotional problems
• Antisocial beliefs and attitudes
• Exposure to violence and conflict in the family
Family Risk Factors
• Authoritarian childrearing attitudes
• Harsh, lax or inconsistent disciplinary practices
• Low parental involvement
• Low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers
• Low parental education and income
• Parental substance abuse or criminality
• Poor family functioning
• Poor monitoring and supervision of children
Peer/School Risk Factors
• Association with delinquent peers
• Involvement in gangs
• Social rejection by peers
• Lack of involvement in conventional activities
• Poor academic performance
• Low commitment to school and school failure
Community Risk Factors
• Diminished economic opportunities
• High concentrations of poor residents
• High level of transiency
• High level of family disruption
• Low levels of community participation
• Socially disorganized neighborhoods
Protective Factors for the Perpetration of Youth Violence
Protective factors buffer young people from
the risks of becoming violent. These factors exist at various levels. To
date, protective factors have not been studied as extensively or rigorously
as risk factors. However, identifying and understanding protective factors
are equally as important as researching risk factors.
Most research is preliminary. Studies propose the following protective
factors (DHHS 2001; Resnick et al. 2004):
Individual/Family Protective Factors
• Intolerant attitude toward deviance
• High IQ
• High grade point average
• Positive social orientation
• Religiosity
• Connectedness to family or adults outside the family
• Ability to discuss problems with parents
• Perceived parental expectations about school performance are high
• Frequent shared activities with parents
• Consistent presence of parent during at least one of the following: when awakening, when arriving home from school, at evening mealtime or going to bed
• Involvement in social activities
Peer/School Protective Factors
• Commitment to school
• Involvement in social activities
Additional Resources
Healthy Passages
Healthy Passages is a multiyear longitudinal study to help families,
schools, communities, and health care providers understand how children grow
to be healthy, educated, and productive members of society. The study will
help explain why young people choose healthy or risky behaviors.
Literature Reviews
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Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Youth violence: a report of the Surgeon General [online]; 2001. Available from: URL: www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/toc.html.
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Lipsey MW, Derzon JH. Predictors of violent and serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: a synthesis of longitudinal research. In: Loeber R, Farrington DP, editors. Serious and violent juvenile offenders: risk factors and successful interventions. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; 1998. p. 86−105.
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Mercy J, Butchart A, Farrington D, Cerdá M. Youth violence. In: Krug E, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R, editors. World report on violence and health. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2002. p. 25−56. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention
/violence/global_campaign/en/chap2.pdf. -
Resnick MD, Ireland M, Borowsky I. Youth violence perpetration: what protects? What predicts? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health 2004;35:424.e1−e10.
Measuring
Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences Among Youths: A
Compendium of Assessment Tools
This compendium provides researchers and prevention specialists with a set
of tools to assess violence-related beliefs, behaviors, and influences, as
well as to evaluate programs to prevent youth violence.
Please note: Some of these publications are available for download only as *.pdf files. These files require Adobe Acrobat Reader in order to be viewed. Please review the information on downloading and using Acrobat Reader software.
Page last modified: July 11, 2008