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Guidelines on Overweight and Obesity: Electronic Textbook ![]() |
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CancerColon Cancer
Other data from the Nurses' Health Study show a substantially stronger relationship between waist-to-hip ratio and the prevalence of colon polyps on sigmoidoscopy, than with BMI alone (108). Even among leaner women, a high waist-to-hip ratio is also associated with significantly increased risk of colon polyps (107).
Breast CancerEpidemiologic studies consistently show that obesity is directly related to mortality from breast cancer, predominantly in postmenopausal women (8), but inversely related to the incidence of premenopausal breast cancer (109-112).Ten or more years after menopause, the premenopausal "benefit" of obesity has dissipated (113). Among postmenopausal women, peripheral fat is the primary source of estrogens, the major modifiable risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer.
Endometrial CancerObesity increases the risk of
endometrial cancer. The risk is three times higher among obese women (BMI
Gallbladder CancerObesity is
related to the risk of gallbladder cancer, particularly among women (177). Using a weight index of 100 as the
average weight with a corresponding mortality ratio of 1.0 for the cohort,
mortality ratios were 1.16 at a weight index of 120 to 129, 1.22 at 130 to 139,
and 1.53 at
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