- Dry heat (55oC)
- Salmonella ? 5 days, 4 log reduction, no survivors
- E. coli O157:H7 ? 4 days, 6 log reduction, no survivors
- No effect on seed germination
- Note: Similar treatment of alfalfa seed reported to be detrimental to seed germination
- Hu, et al. 2004. J. Food Prot. 67: 1257-1260.