Tables
Table 2. Rates of
substance abuse/dependence and psychiatric comorbidity in community-based
samples
|
Study
|
N
|
Age
|
Time frame
|
Pop rate of
a (%)
|
Pop rate of
b (%)
|
Rate of a in
b (%)
|
Rate of a in not
b (%)
|
Rate of b in
a (%)
|
Rate of b in not
a (%)
|
OR
|
CI
|
|
a=substance abuse/dependence,
b=depression, in females
|
|
1
|
142
|
19
|
12 mo
|
12.4
|
8.5
|
|
|
18.8
|
7.1
|
3.1
|
1.0, 6.3
|
|
4
|
363
|
14 to 16
|
lifetime
|
10.5
|
6.9
|
|
|
11.1
|
4.8
|
2.5
|
0.8, 4.2
|
|
5
|
1420
|
9 to 16
|
3 mo
|
6.3
|
|
34.7
|
1.1
|
|
|
47.7
|
32.9, 62.5
|
|
6
|
271
|
16 to 19
|
lifetime
|
7.8
|
10.3
|
17.9
|
6.6
|
23.8
|
9.2
|
3.1
|
1.1, 5.1
|
|
7
|
674
|
17
|
12 mo
|
20.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
8
|
961
|
15
|
6 mo
|
8.9
|
9.7
|
|
|
|
|
4.4
|
2.9, 5.9
|
|
12
|
190
|
14 to 17
|
6 mo
|
5.3
|
12.5
|
|
|
32
|
11.2
|
3.7
|
1.5, 5.9
|
|
13
|
810
|
15 to 19
|
lifetime
|
10
|
32.96
|
20.1
|
5.3
|
49.3
|
17.7
|
4.5
|
3.7, 5.3
|
|
14
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
9.8
|
22.7
|
22.8
|
|
52.7
|
|
4.6
|
3.5, 5.7
|
|
15
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
6.2
|
24.8
|
|
|
47.9
|
16.8
|
4.5
|
3.5, 5.5
|
|
16
|
1710
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
8.3
|
20.3
|
19.9
|
5.4
|
|
|
4.4
|
3.6, 5.2
|
|
18
|
2326
|
16 to 17
|
1 mo
|
10.4
|
15.5
|
|
6.3
|
18.9
|
|
2.2
|
1.8, 2.6
|
|
20
|
454
|
18
|
12 mo
|
12.6
|
26.4
|
22.6
|
13.8
|
29
|
18.3
|
1.8
|
1.3, 2.3
|
|
a=substance abuse/dependence,
b=depression, in males
|
|
1
|
142
|
19
|
12 mo
|
12.4
|
8.5
|
|
|
18.8
|
7.1
|
3.1
|
1.0, 6.3
|
|
4
|
411
|
14 to 16
|
lifetime
|
10.5
|
6.9
|
|
|
11.1
|
4.8
|
2.5
|
0.8, 4.2
|
|
5
|
1420
|
9 to 16
|
3 mo
|
5.7
|
|
29.9
|
1.5
|
|
|
28
|
20.2, 35.8
|
|
6
|
271
|
16 to 19
|
lifetime
|
12.4, 12.4
|
4.6
|
28.6, 42.9
|
11.6, 11.0
|
10.5, 15.8
|
3.7, 3.0
|
6.1
|
0.2, 12.0
|
|
7
|
578
|
17
|
12 mo
|
22.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
8
|
961
|
15
|
6 mo
|
6.5
|
3.4
|
|
|
|
|
4.4
|
2.9, 5.9
|
|
12
|
211
|
14 to 17
|
6 mo
|
7.1
|
12.5
|
|
|
32
|
11.2
|
3.7
|
1.5, 5.9
|
|
13
|
698
|
15 to 19
|
lifetime
|
11.75
|
16.33
|
20.1
|
5.3
|
49.3
|
17.7
|
4.5
|
3.7, 5.3
|
|
14
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
9.8
|
22.7
|
22.8
|
|
52.7
|
|
4.6
|
3.5, 5.7
|
|
15
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
6.2
|
24.8
|
|
|
47.9
|
16.8
|
4.5
|
3.5, 5.5
|
|
16
|
1710
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
8.3
|
20.3
|
19.9
|
5.4
|
|
|
4.4
|
3.6, 5.2
|
|
18
|
2181
|
16 to 17
|
1 mo
|
11
|
12
|
|
7.2
|
22.7
|
|
3.4
|
2.8, 4.0
|
|
20
|
476
|
18
|
12 mo
|
60.7
|
13.9
|
22.6
|
13.8
|
29
|
18.3
|
1.8
|
1.3, 2.3
|
|
a=substance abuse/dependence,
b=anxiety, in females
|
|
1
|
142
|
19
|
12 mo
|
12.4
|
8.1
|
|
|
33.3
|
|
10.4
|
3.5, 17.3
|
|
4
|
363
|
14 to 16
|
lifetime
|
10.5
|
4.4
|
|
|
7.4
|
3
|
3.2
|
1.0, 7.1
|
|
5
|
1420
|
9 to 16
|
3 mo
|
6.3
|
|
18.7
|
1.1
|
|
|
20
|
13.5. 26.5
|
|
6
|
271
|
16 to 19
|
lifetime
|
5.9, 7.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
7
|
674
|
17
|
12 mo
|
20.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
8
|
961
|
15
|
6 mo
|
8.9
|
18.6
|
|
|
|
|
2.4
|
1.7, 3.1
|
|
12
|
190
|
14 to 17
|
6 mo
|
5.3
|
16
|
|
|
20
|
15.7
|
1.5
|
0.5, 2.5
|
|
13
|
810
|
15 to 19
|
lifetime
|
10
|
12.35
|
15.3
|
7.6
|
16.2
|
8.1
|
2.2
|
1.4, 3.6
|
|
14
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
9.8
|
8.2
|
19.4
|
|
16.2
|
|
0.4
|
0.2, 0.6
|
|
15
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
6.2
|
8.2
|
|
|
27.1
|
9.2
|
3.7
|
2.8, 4.6
|
|
16
|
1710
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
8.3
|
8.7
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
18
|
2326
|
16 to 17
|
1 mo
|
10.4
|
15.5
|
|
6.3
|
18.9
|
|
3
|
2.4, 3.6
|
|
20
|
454
|
18
|
12 mo
|
12.6
|
37.9
|
15.5
|
15.6
|
27.6
|
27.8
|
3.3
|
2.5, 4.1
|
|
a=substance abuse/dependence,
b=anxiety, in males
|
|
1
|
142
|
19
|
12 mo
|
12.4
|
8.1
|
|
|
33.3
|
|
10.4
|
3.5, 17.3
|
|
4
|
411
|
14 to 16
|
lifetime
|
10.5
|
4.4
|
|
|
7.4
|
3
|
3.2
|
1.0, 7.1
|
|
5
|
1420
|
9 to 16
|
3 mo
|
5.7
|
|
4.8
|
1.5
|
|
|
3.3
|
n/a
|
|
6
|
271
|
16 to 19
|
lifetime
|
12.4, 12.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
7
|
578
|
17
|
12 mo
|
22.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
8
|
961
|
15
|
6 mo
|
6.5
|
6.9
|
|
|
|
|
2.4
|
1.7, 3.1
|
|
12
|
211
|
14 to 17
|
6 mo
|
7.1
|
16
|
|
|
20
|
15.7
|
1.5
|
0.5, 2.5
|
|
13
|
698
|
15 to 19
|
lifetime
|
11.75
|
5.44
|
15.3
|
7.6
|
16.2
|
8.1
|
2.2
|
1.6, 2.8
|
|
14
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
9.8
|
8.2
|
19.4
|
|
16.2
|
|
2.5
|
1.9, 3.1
|
|
15
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
6.2
|
8.2
|
|
|
6.5
|
6.4
|
1
|
0.6, 1.4
|
|
16
|
1710
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
8.3
|
8.7
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
18
|
2181
|
16 to 17
|
1 mo
|
11
|
12
|
|
7.2
|
22.7
|
|
1.3
|
1.1, 1.5
|
|
20
|
476
|
18
|
12 mo
|
60.7
|
18.1
|
15.5
|
15.6
|
27.6
|
27.8
|
3.3
|
2.5, 4.1
|
|
a=substance abuse/dependence,
b=ADHD, in females
|
|
1
|
142
|
19
|
12 mo
|
12.4
|
8.5
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
4
|
363
|
14 to 16
|
lifetime
|
10.5
|
5.2
|
|
|
12.3
|
1.8
|
5.4
|
0.2, 10.6
|
|
5
|
1420
|
9 to 16
|
3 mo
|
6.3
|
|
26.2
|
1.1
|
|
|
31.8
|
21.4, 42.2
|
|
6
|
271
|
16 to 19
|
lifetime
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
7
|
674
|
17
|
12 mo
|
20.3
|
3.6
|
29.2
|
20
|
5.1
|
3.2
|
2.1
|
1.2, 3.0
|
|
8
|
961
|
15
|
6 mo
|
8.9
|
2.7
|
|
|
|
|
7
|
4.5, 9.5
|
|
12
|
190
|
14 to 17
|
6 mo
|
5.3
|
13.8
|
|
|
68
|
10.1
|
20.3
|
7.6, 33.0
|
|
13
|
810
|
15 to 19
|
lifetime
|
10
|
1.73
|
28.8
|
6.7
|
25.4
|
5.7
|
5.6
|
4.3, 6.9
|
|
14
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
9.8
|
6.2
|
35.1
|
|
22.3
|
|
5.9
|
4.5, 7.3
|
|
15
|
1507
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
6.2
|
6.2
|
|
|
25.5
|
2.5
|
13.9
|
9.8, 18.0
|
|
16
|
1710
|
14 to 18
|
lifetime
|
8.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
18
|
2326
|
12 to 17
|
1 mo
|
10.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
20
|
454
|
18
|
12 mo
|
12.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
Note.
|
|
Study 1. Beitchman, Douglas,
Wilson, Johnson, Young, Atkinson, Escobar, & Taback, 1999
|
|
Study 4. Chong, Chan, &
Cheng, 1999
|
|
Study 5. Costello, Erkanli,
Federman, & Angold, 1999
|
|
Study 6. Deykin, Levy, &
Wells, 1987
|
|
Study 7. Disney, Elkins, McGue,
& Iacono, 1999
|
|
Study 8. Fergusson, Horwood,
& Lynskey, 1993
|
|
Study 12. Kandel, Johnson, Bird,
Weissman, Goodman, Lahey, Regier, & Schwab-Stone, 1999
|
|
Study 13. Lewinsohn, Hops, Roberts,
Seeley, & Andrews, 1995
|
|
Study 14. Lewinsohn, Rohde,
& Seeley, 1995
|
|
Study 15. Rohde, Lewinsohn,
& Seeley, 1996
|
|
Study 16. Rohde, Lewinsohn,
& Seeley, 1991
|
|
Study 18. Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration, 1999
|
|
Study 20. Feehan, McGee, Raja,
& Williams, 1994
|
|
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder; CD = conduct disorder; CI = confidence intervals; ODD
= oppositional defiant disorder; OR = odds ratio
|
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|
