R
RAA-
(See REMOTE AIRPORT
ADVISORY.)
RADAR- A device which, by
measuring the time interval between transmission and reception of radio pulses
and correlating the angular orientation of the radiated antenna beam or beams in
azimuth and/or elevation, provides information on range, azimuth, and/or
elevation of objects in the path of the transmitted pulses.
a. Primary Radar- A
radar system in which a minute portion of a radio pulse transmitted from a site
is reflected by an object and then received back at that site for processing and
display at an air traffic control facility.
b. Secondary
Radar/Radar Beacon (ATCRBS)- A radar system in which the object to be detected
is fitted with cooperative equipment in the form of a radio receiver/transmitter
(transponder). Radar pulses transmitted from the searching transmitter/receiver
(interrogator) site are received in the cooperative equipment and used to
trigger a distinctive transmission from the transponder. This reply
transmission, rather than a reflected signal, is then received back at the
transmitter/receiver site for processing and display at an air traffic control
facility.
(See INTERROGATOR.)
(See TRANSPONDER.)
(See ICAO term RADAR.)
(Refer to AIM.)
RADAR [ICAO]- A radio
detection device which provides information on range, azimuth and/or elevation
of objects.
a. Primary Radar-
Radar system which uses reflected radio signals.
b. Secondary Radar-
Radar system wherein a radio signal transmitted from a radar station initiates
the transmission of a radio signal from another station.
RADAR ADVISORY- The
provision of advice and information based on radar observations.
(See ADVISORY SERVICE.)
RADAR ALTIMETER-
(See RADIO ALTIMETER.)
RADAR APPROACH- An
instrument approach procedure which utilizes Precision Approach Radar (PAR) or
Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR).
(See AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE
RADAR.)
(See INSTRUMENT APPROACH
PROCEDURE.)
(See PRECISION APPROACH
RADAR.)
(See SURVEILLANCE APPROACH.)
(See ICAO term RADAR
APPROACH.)
(Refer to AIM.)
RADAR APPROACH [ICAO]- An
approach, executed by an aircraft, under the direction of a radar controller.
RADAR APPROACH CONTROL
FACILITY- A terminal ATC facility that uses radar and nonradar capabilities to
provide approach control services to aircraft arriving, departing, or transiting
airspace controlled by the facility.
(See APPROACH CONTROL
SERVICE.)
a. Provides radar
ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of one or more civil and/or
military airports in a terminal area. The facility may provide services of a
ground controlled approach (GCA); i.e., ASR and PAR approaches. A radar approach
control facility may be operated by FAA, USAF, US Army, USN, USMC, or jointly by
FAA and a military service. Specific facility nomenclatures are used for
administrative purposes only and are related to the physical location of the
facility and the operating service generally as follows:
1. Army Radar
Approach Control (ARAC) (Army).
2. Radar Air
Traffic Control Facility (RATCF) (Navy/FAA).
3. Radar Approach
Control (RAPCON) (Air Force/FAA).
4. Terminal Radar
Approach Control (TRACON) (FAA).
5. Air Traffic
Control Tower (ATCT) (FAA). (Only those towers delegated approach control
authority.)
RADAR ARRIVAL- An aircraft
arriving at an airport served by a radar facility and in radar contact with the
facility.
(See NONRADAR.)
RADAR
BEACON-
(See RADAR.)
RADAR CLUTTER [ICAO]- The
visual indication on a radar display of unwanted signals.
RADAR CONTACT-
a. Used by ATC to
inform an aircraft that it is identified on the radar display and radar flight
following will be provided until radar identification is terminated. Radar
service may also be provided within the limits of necessity and capability. When
a pilot is informed of "radar contact," he/she automatically discontinues
reporting over compulsory reporting points.
(See RADAR CONTACT LOST.)
(See RADAR FLIGHT FOLLOWING.)
(See RADAR SERVICE.)
(See RADAR SERVICE
TERMINATED.)
(Refer to AIM.)
b. The term used to
inform the controller that the aircraft is identified and approval is granted
for the aircraft to enter the receiving controllers airspace.
(See ICAO term RADAR
CONTACT.)
RADAR CONTACT [ICAO]- The
situation which exists when the radar blip or radar position symbol of a
particular aircraft is seen and identified on a radar display.
RADAR CONTACT LOST-
Used by ATC to inform a pilot that radar data used to determine the
aircraft's position is no longer being received, or is no longer reliable and
radar service is no longer being provided. The loss may be attributed to several
factors including the aircraft merging with weather or ground clutter, the
aircraft operating below radar line of sight coverage, the aircraft entering an
area of poor radar return, failure of the aircraft transponder, or failure of
the ground radar equipment.
(See CLUTTER.)
(See RADAR CONTACT.)
RADAR ENVIRONMENT- An area
in which radar service may be provided.
(See ADDITIONAL SERVICES.)
(See RADAR CONTACT.)
(See RADAR SERVICE.)
(See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
RADAR FLIGHT FOLLOWING-
The observation of the progress of radar identified aircraft, whose primary
navigation is being provided by the pilot, wherein the controller retains and
correlates the aircraft identity with the appropriate target or target symbol
displayed on the radar scope.
(See RADAR CONTACT.)
(See RADAR SERVICE.)
(Refer to AIM.)
RADAR IDENTIFICATION- The
process of ascertaining that an observed radar target is the radar return from a
particular aircraft.
(See RADAR CONTACT.)
(See RADAR SERVICE.)
(See ICAO term RADAR
IDENTIFICATION.)
RADAR IDENTIFICATION [ICAO]-
The process of correlating a particular radar blip or radar position symbol with
a specific aircraft.
RADAR IDENTIFIED AIRCRAFT-
An aircraft, the position of which has been correlated with an observed target
or symbol on the radar display.
(See RADAR CONTACT.)
(See RADAR CONTACT LOST.)
RADAR MONITORING-
(See RADAR SERVICE.)
RADAR NAVIGATIONAL
GUIDANCE-
(See RADAR SERVICE.)
RADAR POINT OUT- An action
taken by a controller to transfer the radar identification of an aircraft to
another controller if the aircraft will or may enter the airspace or protected
airspace of another controller and radio communications will not be transferred.
RADAR REQUIRED- A term
displayed on charts and approach plates and included in FDC NOTAMs to alert
pilots that segments of either an instrument approach procedure or a route are
not navigable because of either the absence or unusability of a NAVAID. The
pilot can expect to be provided radar navigational guidance while transiting
segments labeled with this term.
(See RADAR ROUTE.)
(See RADAR SERVICE.)
RADAR ROUTE- A flight path
or route over which an aircraft is vectored. Navigational guidance and altitude
assignments are provided by ATC.
(See FLIGHT PATH.)
(See ROUTE.)
RADAR SEPARATION-
(See RADAR SERVICE.)
RADAR
SERVICE- A term which encompasses one or more of the following services based on
the use of radar which can be provided by a controller to a pilot of a radar
identified aircraft.
a. Radar
Monitoring- The radar flight-following of aircraft, whose primary navigation is
being performed by the pilot, to observe and note deviations from its authorized
flight path, airway, or route. When being applied specifically to radar
monitoring of instrument approaches; i.e., with precision approach radar (PAR)
or radar monitoring of simultaneous ILS/MLS approaches, it includes advice and
instructions whenever an aircraft nears or exceeds the prescribed PAR safety
limit or simultaneous ILS/MLS no transgression zone.
(See ADDITIONAL SERVICES.)
(See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
b. Radar
Navigational Guidance- Vectoring aircraft to provide course guidance.
c. Radar
Separation- Radar spacing of aircraft in accordance with established minima.
(See ICAO term RADAR
SERVICE.)
RADAR SERVICE [ICAO]- Term
used to indicate a service provided directly by means of radar.
a. Monitoring- The
use of radar for the purpose of providing aircraft with information and advice
relative to significant deviations from nominal flight path.
b. Separation- The
separation used when aircraft position information is derived from radar
sources.
RADAR SERVICE
TERMINATED- Used by ATC to inform a pilot that he/she will no longer be
provided any of the services that could be received while in radar contact.
Radar service is automatically terminated, and the pilot is not advised in the
following cases:
a. An aircraft
cancels its IFR flight plan, except within Class B airspace, Class C airspace, a
TRSA, or where Basic Radar service is provided.
b. An aircraft
conducting an instrument, visual, or contact approach has landed or has been
instructed to change to advisory frequency.
c. An arriving VFR
aircraft, receiving radar service to a tower-controlled airport within Class B
airspace, Class C airspace, a TRSA, or where sequencing service is provided, has
landed; or to all other airports, is instructed to change to tower or advisory
frequency.
d. An aircraft
completes a radar approach.
RADAR SURVEILLANCE- The
radar observation of a given geographical area for the purpose of performing
some radar function.
RADAR TRAFFIC ADVISORIES-
Advisories issued to alert pilots to known or observed radar traffic which may
affect the intended route of flight of their aircraft.
(See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
RADAR TRAFFIC INFORMATION
SERVICE-
(See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
RADAR VECTORING [ICAO]-
Provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific headings,
based on the use of radar.
RADIAL- A magnetic bearing
extending from a VOR/VORTAC/TACAN navigation facility.
RADIO-
a. A device used
for communication.
b. Used to refer to
a flight service station; e.g., "Seattle Radio" is used to call Seattle FSS.
RADIO ALTIMETER- Aircraft
equipment which makes use of the reflection of radio waves from the ground to
determine the height of the aircraft above the surface.
RADIO BEACON-
(See NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON.)
RADIO DETECTION AND
RANGING-
(See RADAR.)
RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR-
An aircraft navigational instrument coupled with a gyro compass or similar
compass that indicates the direction of a selected NAVAID and indicates bearing
with respect to the heading of the aircraft.
RAIS-
(See REMOTE AIRPORT
INFORMATION SERVICE.)
RAMP-
(See APRON.)
RANDOM ALTITUDE- An
altitude inappropriate for direction of flight and/or not in accordance with
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 4-5-1, VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA.
RANDOM
ROUTE- Any route not established or charted/published or not otherwise available
to all users.
RC-
(See ROAD RECONNAISSANCE.)
RCAG-
(See REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS
AIR/GROUND FACILITY.)
RCC-
(See RESCUE COORDINATION
CENTER.)
RCO-
(See REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS
OUTLET.)
RCR-
(See RUNWAY CONDITION
READING.)
READ BACK-
Repeat my message back to me.
RECEIVER AUTONOMOUS
INTEGRITY MONITORING (RAIM)- A technique whereby a civil GNSS receiver/processor
determines the integrity of the GNSS navigation signals without reference to
sensors or non-DoD integrity systems other than the receiver itself. This
determination is achieved by a consistency check among redundant pseudorange
measurements.
RECEIVING CONTROLLER- A
controller/facility receiving control of an aircraft from another
controller/facility.
RECEIVING FACILITY-
(See RECEIVING CONTROLLER.)
RECONFORMANCE- The
automated process of bringing an aircraft's Current Plan Trajectory into
conformance with its track.
REDUCE SPEED TO
(SPEED)-
(See SPEED ADJUSTMENT.)
REIL-
(See RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER
LIGHTS.)
RELEASE TIME- A departure
time restriction issued to a pilot by ATC (either directly or through an
authorized relay) when necessary to separate a departing aircraft from other
traffic.
(See ICAO term RELEASE TIME.)
RELEASE TIME [ICAO]- Time
prior to which an aircraft should be given further clearance or prior to which
it should not proceed in case of radio failure.
REMOTE AIRPORT ADVISORY (RAA)-
A remote service which may be provided by facilities, which are not located on
the landing airport, but have a discrete ground-to-air communication frequency
or tower frequency when the tower is closed, automated weather reporting with
voice available to the pilot at the landing airport, and a continuous ASOS/AWOS
data display, other direct reading instruments, or manual observation is
available to the AFSS specialist.
REMOTE AIRPORT INFORMATION
SERVICE (RAIS)- A temporary service provided by facilities, which are not
located on the landing airport, but have communication capability and automated
weather reporting available to the pilot at the landing airport.
REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS
AIR/GROUND FACILITY- An unmanned VHF/UHF transmitter/receiver facility which is
used to expand ARTCC air/ground communications coverage and to facilitate direct
contact between pilots and controllers. RCAG facilities are sometimes not
equipped with emergency frequencies 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz.
(Refer to AIM.)
REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS
OUTLET- An unmanned communications facility remotely controlled by air traffic
personnel. RCOs serve FSSs. RTRs serve terminal ATC facilities. An RCO or RTR
may be UHF or VHF and will extend the communication range of the air traffic
facility. There are several classes of RCOs and RTRs. The class is determined by
the number of transmitters or receivers. Classes A through G are used primarily
for air/ground purposes. RCO and RTR class O facilities are nonprotected outlets
subject to undetected and prolonged outages. RCO (O's) and RTR (O's) were
established for the express purpose of providing ground-to-ground communications
between air traffic control specialists and pilots located at a satellite
airport for delivering en route clearances, issuing departure authorizations,
and acknowledging instrument flight rules cancellations or departure/landing
times. As a secondary function, they may be used for advisory purposes whenever
the aircraft is below the coverage of the primary air/ground frequency.
REMOTE
TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER-
(See REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS
OUTLET.)
REPORT- Used to instruct pilots to advise ATC of specified information;
e.g., "Report passing Hamilton VOR."
REPORTING POINT- A
geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft is
reported.
(See COMPULSORY REPORTING
POINTS.)
(See ICAO term REPORTING
POINT.)
(Refer to AIM.)
REPORTING POINT [ICAO]- A
specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft
can be reported.
REQUEST FULL ROUTE
CLEARANCE- Used by pilots to request that the entire route of flight be
read verbatim in an ATC clearance. Such request should be made to preclude
receiving an ATC clearance based on the original filed flight plan when a filed
IFR flight plan has been revised by the pilot, company, or operations prior to
departure.
REQUIRED NAVIGATION
PERFORMANCE (RNP)– A statement of the navigational performance necessary for
operation within a defined airspace. The following terms are commonly associated
with RNP:
a. Required
Navigation Performance Level or Type (RNP-X). A value, in nautical miles (NM),
from the intended horizontal position within which an aircraft would be at least
95-percent of the total flying time.
b. Required
Navigation Performance (RNP) Airspace. A generic term designating airspace,
route (s), leg (s), operation (s), or procedure (s) where minimum required
navigational performance (RNP) have been established.
c. Actual
Navigation Performance (ANP). A measure of the current estimated navigational
performance. Also referred to as Estimated Position Error (EPE).
d. Estimated
Position Error (EPE). A measure of the current estimated navigational
performance. Also referred to as Actual Navigation Performance (ANP).
e. Lateral
Navigation (LNAV). A function of area navigation (RNAV) equipment which
calculates, displays, and provides lateral guidance to a profile or path.
f. Vertical
Navigation (VNAV). A function of area navigation (RNAV) equipment which
calculates, displays, and provides vertical guidance to a profile or path.
RESCUE COORDINATION
CENTER- A search and rescue (SAR) facility equipped and manned to coordinate and
control SAR operations in an area designated by the SAR plan. The U.S. Coast
Guard and the U.S. Air Force have responsibility for the operation of RCCs.
(See ICAO term RESCUE
CO-ORDINATION CENTRE.)
RESCUE CO-ORDINATION
CENTRE [ICAO]- A unit responsible for promoting efficient organization of search
and rescue service and for coordinating the conduct of search and rescue
operations within a search and rescue region.
RESOLUTION ADVISORY-A
display indication given to the pilot by the traffic alert and collision
avoidance systems (TCAS II) recommending a maneuver to increase vertical
separation relative to an intruding aircraft. Positive, negative, and vertical
speed limit (VSL) advisories constitute the resolution advisories. A resolution
advisory is also classified as corrective or preventive
RESTRICTED AREA-
(See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.)
(See ICAO term RESTRICTED
AREA.)
RESTRICTED AREA [ICAO]- An
airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a
State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with
certain specified conditions.
RESUME NORMAL SPEED-
Used by ATC to advise a pilot that previously issued speed control restrictions
are deleted. An instruction to "resume normal speed" does not delete speed
restrictions that are applicable to published procedures of upcoming segments of
flight, unless specifically stated by ATC. This does not relieve the pilot of
those speed restrictions which are applicable to 14 CFR Section 91.117.
RESUME OWN
NAVIGATION- Used by ATC to advise a pilot to resume his/her own
navigational responsibility. It is issued after completion of a radar vector or
when radar contact is lost while the aircraft is being radar vectored.
(See RADAR
CONTACT LOST.)
(See RADAR SERVICE
TERMINATED.)
RMI-
(See RADIO MAGNETIC
INDICATOR.)
RNAV-
(See AREA NAVIGATION.)
(See ICAO Term AREA
NAVIGATION.)
RNAV APPROACH- An
instrument approach procedure which relies on aircraft area navigation equipment
for navigational guidance.
(See AREA NAVIGATION.)
(See INSTRUMENT APPROACH
PROCEDURE.)
ROAD RECONNAISSANCE-
Military activity requiring navigation along roads, railroads, and rivers.
Reconnaissance route/route segments are seldom along a straight line and
normally require a lateral route width of 10 NM to 30 NM and an altitude range
of 500 feet to 10,000 feet AGL.
ROGER- I
have received all of your last transmission. It should not be used to answer a
question requiring a yes or a no answer.
(See AFFIRMATIVE.)
(See NEGATIVE.)
ROLLOUT RVR-
(See VISIBILITY.)
ROUTE- A defined path,
consisting of one or more courses in a horizontal plane, which aircraft traverse
over the surface of the earth.
(See AIRWAY.)
(See JET ROUTE.)
(See PUBLISHED ROUTE.)
(See UNPUBLISHED ROUTE.)
ROUTE ACTION NOTIFICATION-
URET notification that a PAR/PDR/PDAR has been applied to the flight plan.
(See ATC PREFERRED ROUTE
NOTIFICATION.)
(See USER REQUEST EVALUATION
TOOL.)
ROUTE SEGMENT- As used in
Air Traffic Control, a part of a route that can be defined by two navigational
fixes, two NAVAIDs, or a fix and a NAVAID.
(See FIX.)
(See ROUTE.)
(See ICAO term ROUTE
SEGMENT.)
ROUTE SEGMENT [ICAO]- A
portion of a route to be flown, as defined by two consecutive significant points
specified in a flight plan.
RSA-
(See RUNWAY SAFETY AREA.)
RTR-
(See REMOTE
TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER.)
RUNWAY- A defined
rectangular area on a land airport prepared for the landing and takeoff run of
aircraft along its length. Runways are normally numbered in relation to their
magnetic direction rounded off to the nearest 10 degrees; e.g., Runway 1, Runway
25.
(See PARALLEL RUNWAYS.)
(See ICAO term RUNWAY.)
RUNWAY [ICAO]- A defined
rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of
aircraft.
RUNWAY CENTERLINE
LIGHTING-
(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
RUNWAY CONDITION READING-
Numerical decelerometer readings relayed by air traffic controllers at USAF and
certain civil bases for use by the pilot in determining runway braking action.
These readings are routinely relayed only to USAF and Air National Guard
Aircraft.
(See BRAKING ACTION.)
RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER
LIGHTS-
(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
RUNWAY GRADIENT- The
average slope, measured in percent, between two ends or points on a runway.
Runway gradient is depicted on Government aerodrome sketches when total runway
gradient exceeds 0.3%.
RUNWAY HEADING-
The magnetic direction that corresponds with the runway centerline extended,
not the painted runway number. When cleared to "fly or maintain runway heading,"
pilots are expected to fly or maintain the heading that corresponds with the
extended centerline of the departure runway. Drift correction shall not be
applied; e.g., Runway 4, actual magnetic heading of the runway centerline 044,
fly 044.
RUNWAY
IN USE/ACTIVE RUNWAY/DUTY RUNWAY- Any runway or runways currently being used for
takeoff or landing. When multiple runways are used, they are all considered
active runways. In the metering sense, a selectable adapted item which specifies
the landing runway configuration or direction of traffic flow. The adapted
optimum flight plan from each transition fix to the vertex is determined by the
runway configuration for arrival metering processing purposes.
RUNWAY LIGHTS-
(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
RUNWAY MARKINGS-
(See AIRPORT MARKING AIDS.)
RUNWAY OVERRUN- In
military aviation exclusively, a stabilized or paved area beyond the end of a
runway, of the same width as the runway plus shoulders, centered on the extended
runway centerline.
RUNWAY PROFILE DESCENT- An
instrument flight rules (IFR) air traffic control arrival procedure to a runway
published for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form and may be associated
with a STAR. Runway Profile Descents provide routing and may depict crossing
altitudes, speed restrictions, and headings to be flown from the en route
structure to the point where the pilot will receive clearance for and execute an
instrument approach procedure. A Runway Profile Descent may apply to more than
one runway if so stated on the chart.
(Refer to AIM.)
RUNWAY SAFETY AREA- A
defined surface surrounding the runway prepared, or suitable, for reducing the
risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or
excursion from the runway. The dimensions of the RSA vary and can be determined
by using the criteria contained within AC 150/5300-13, Airport Design,
Chapter 3. Figure 3-1 in AC 150/5300-13 depicts the RSA. The design standards
dictate that the RSA shall be:
a. Cleared, graded,
and have no potentially hazardous ruts, humps, depressions, or other surface
variations;
b. Drained by
grading or storm sewers to prevent water accumulation;
c. Capable, under
dry conditions, of supporting snow removal equipment, aircraft rescue and
firefighting equipment, and the occasional passage of aircraft without causing
structural damage to the aircraft; and,
d. Free of objects,
except for objects that need to be located in the runway safety area because of
their function. These objects shall be constructed on low impact resistant
supports (frangible mounted structures) to the lowest practical height with the
frangible point no higher than 3 inches above grade.
(Refer to AC 150/5300-13,
Airport Design, Chapter 3.)
RUNWAY TRANSITION-
a. Conventional
STARs/SIDs. The portion of a STAR/SID that serves a particular runway or runways
at an airport.
b. RNAV STARs/SIDs. Defines
a path(s) from the common route to the final point(s) on a STAR. For a SID, the
common route that serves a particular runway or runways at an airport.
RUNWAY USE PROGRAM- A
noise abatement runway selection plan designed to enhance noise abatement
efforts with regard to airport communities for arriving and departing aircraft.
These plans are developed into runway use programs and apply to all turbojet
aircraft 12,500 pounds or heavier; turbojet aircraft less than 12,500 pounds are
included only if the airport proprietor determines that the aircraft creates a
noise problem. Runway use programs are coordinated with FAA offices, and safety
criteria used in these programs are developed by the Office of Flight
Operations. Runway use programs are administered by the Air Traffic Service as
"Formal" or "Informal" programs.
a. Formal Runway
Use Program- An approved noise abatement program which is defined and
acknowledged in a Letter of Understanding between Flight Operations, Air Traffic
Service, the airport proprietor, and the users. Once established, participation
in the program is mandatory for aircraft operators and pilots as provided for in
14 CFR Section 91.129.
b. Informal Runway
Use Program- An approved noise abatement program which does not require a Letter
of Understanding, and participation in the program is voluntary for aircraft
operators/pilots.
RUNWAY
VISIBILITY VALUE-
(See VISIBILITY.)
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE-
(See VISIBILITY.)
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