Chapter 4

The Effects of Physical Activity on Health and Disease

• Introduction
• Conclusions

Contents

• Introduction

• Overall Mortality
  Conclusions

• Cardiovascular Diseases
  Cardiovascular Diseases Combined
  Coronary Heart Disease
  CVD Risk Factors in Children
  Stroke
  High Blood Pressure
  Biologic Plausibility
  Atherosclerosis
  Plasma Lipid/Lipoprotein Profile
  Blood Pressure
  Ischemia
  Thrombosis
  Arrhythmia
  Conclusions

• Cancer
  Colorectal Cancer
  Colon Cancer
  Rectal Cancer
  Hormone-Dependent Cancers in Women
  Breast Cancer
  Other Hormone-Dependent Cancers in Women
  Cancers in Men
  Prostate Cancer
  Testicular Cancer
  Other Site-Specific Cancers
  Biologic Plausibility
  Conclusions

• Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
  Physical Activity and NIDDM
  Biologic Plausibility
  Conclusions

• Osteoarthritis
  Physical Activity in Persons with Arthritis
  Biologic Plausibility
  Conclusions

• Osteoporosis
  Biologic Plausibility
  Physical Activity and the Prevention of Fractures and Falling
  Conclusions

• Obesity
  Physical Activity and Obesity
  Biologic Plausibility
  Conclusions

• Mental Health
  Physical Activity and Mental Health
  Biologic Plausibility
  Conclusions

• Health-Related Quality of Life
  Conclusions

• Adverse Effects of Physical Activity
  Types of Adverse Effects
  Musculoskeletal Injuries
  Metabolic Abnormalities
  Hematologic and Body Organ Abnormalities
  Hazards
  Infectious, Allergic, and Inflammatory Conditions
  Cardiac Events
  Occurrence of Adverse Effects
  Conclusions

• Nature of the Activity/Health Relationship
  Causality
  Population Burden of Sedentary Living
  Dose
  Conclusions

• Chapter Summary

• Conclusions
  Research Needs

• References

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