References and Figures
References
Burnett, R. T.; Dales, R. E.; Raizenne, M. E.; Krewski, D.; Summers, P. W.; Roberts, G. R.; Raad-Young, M.; Dann, T.; Brook, J. (1994) Effects of low ambient levels of ozone and sulfates on the frequency of respiratory admissions to Ontario hospitals. Environ. Res. 65: 172-194. [44876]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998) Forecasted state-specific estimates of self-reported asthma prevalence--United States, 1998. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47: 1022-1025. [17134]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003) Asthma Prevalence, Health Care Use and Mortality, 2000-2001.
Devlin, R. B.; Raub, J. A.; Folinsbee, L. J. (1997) Health effects of ozone. Sci. Med. (May/June): 8-17.
Folinsbee et al. (1988) Pulmonary function and symptom response after 6.6-hour exposure to 0.12 ppm ozone with moderate exercise. JAPCA 38: 28-35.
Friedman, M.S.; Powell, K.E.; Hutwagner, L.; Graham, L.M.; Teague, W.G. (2001) Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviors during the 1996 Olympic games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma. JAMA. 285(7): 897-905
Homa, D. M.; Mannino, D. M.; Redd, S. C. (2002) Regional differences in hospitalizations for asthma in the United States, 1988-1996. J. Asthma 39: 449-455. [35205]
Horstman et al. (1990) Ozone concentration and pulmonary response relationships for 6.6-hour exposures with five hours of moderate exercise to 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 ppm. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142: 1158-1163.
Kehrl, H. R.; Peden, D. B.; Ball, B. A.; Folinsbee, L. J.; Horstman, D. H. (1999) Increased specific airway reactivity of persons with mild allergic asthma after 7.6 hours of exposure to 0.16 ppm ozone. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 104: 1198-1204. [22101]
Mannino, D. M.; Homa, D. M.; Pertowski, C. A.; Ashizawa, A.; Nixon, L. L.; Johnson, C. A.; Ball, L. B.; Jack, E.; Kang, D. S. (1998) Surveillance for asthma--United States, 1960-1995. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47(SS-1): 1-28.
Mannino, D. M.; Homa, D. M.; Akinbami, L. J.; Moorman, J. E.; Gwynn, C.; Redd, S. C. (2002) Surveillance for asthma--United States, 1980-1999. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51(SS-1): 1-13.
McDonnell et al. (1991) Respiratory response of humans exposed to low levels of ozone for 6.6 hours. Arch. Environ. Health 46: 145-150.
Neidell, M. Essays on the impact of Environmental Factors on Children's Health and Human Capital", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 2002
Roper ASW (2002)
Thurston, G.D.; Bates, D.V. (2003) Air Pollution as an Underappreciated Cause of Asthma Symptoms. JAMA. 290: 1915-1917.
Thurston, G. D.; Lippmann, M.; Scott, M. B.; Fine, J. M. (1997) Summertime haze air pollution and children with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155: 654-660. [77645]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1996) Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants, v. I-III. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Research and Development; report no. EPA/600/P-93/004aF-cF. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB96-185582. PB96-185590, and PB96-185608.
U.S. EPA (1996) Review of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone: Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information, OAQPS Staff Paper. EPA-452/R-96-007. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Weisel, C. P.; Cody, R. P.; Lioy, P. J. (1995) Relationship between summertime ambient ozone levels and emergency department visits for asthma in central New Jersey. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(suppl. 2): 97-102. [42438]
White, M. C.; Etzel, R. A.; Wilcox, W. D.; Lloyd, C. (1994) Exacerbations of childhood asthma and ozone pollution in Atlanta. Environ. Res. 65: 56-68. [39302]
Whitfield, R.G.; Biller, W.F.; Jusko, M.J.; Keisler, J.M. (1996) A Probabilistic Assessment of Health Risks Associated with Short-term Exposure to Tropospheric Ozone. Report prepared for U.S. EPA, OAQPS. Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne, IL.
Figures and Tables
What is Ozone?
Figure 1: U.S. counties with high ozone concentrations
in 2002
General Population Effects
Figure 2: Ozone is highly reactive in the
respiratory tract
Figure 3: Ozone induces neurally mediated responses in the bronchial airways
Figure 4: Effects of ozone on lung function
Figure 6: Variability of response to ozone exposure
Figure 7: Sensitivity to ozone exposure is age related
Effects on Patients with Asthma
Figure 8: Factors involved in induction and
exacerbation of asthma
Air Quality Index
Table 1: Gradation of Individual Responses
to Short-Term Ozone Exposure in Healthy People
Table 2: Gradation of Individual Responses to Short-Term Ozone Exposure in People with Lung Disease
Figure 12: Air Quality Index (AQI) levels of health concern
Figure 13: The AQI Guide for Ozone
Figure 14: Nick Walker of The Weather Channel giving an air quality forecast
![]() |
![]() |
|