Table of Contents
You should first determine whether, for income tax purposes, you are a nonresident alien or a resident alien. Figure 1-A will help you make this determination.
If you are both a nonresident and resident in the same year, you have a dual status. Dual status is explained later. Also explained later are a choice to treat your nonresident spouse as a resident and some other special situations.
-
How to determine if you are a nonresident, resident, or dual-status alien, and
-
How to treat a nonresident spouse as a resident alien.
Form (and Instructions)
-
1040
U.S. Individual Income Tax Return -
1040A
U.S. Individual Income Tax Return -
1040NR
U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return -
8833
Treaty-Based Return Position Disclosure Under Section 6114 or 7701(b) -
8840
Closer Connection Exception Statement for Aliens -
8843
Statement for Exempt Individuals and Individuals With a Medical Condition
See chapter 12 for information about getting these forms.
If you are an alien (not a U.S. citizen), you are considered a nonresident alien unless you meet one of the two tests described next under Resident Aliens.
You are a resident alien of the United States for tax purposes if you meet either the green card test or the substantial presence test for calendar year 2007 (January 1-December 31). Even if you do not meet either of these tests, you may be able to choose to be treated as a U.S. resident for part of the year. See First-Year Choice under Dual-Status Aliens, later.
You are a resident for tax purposes if you are a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during calendar year 2007. (However, see Dual-Status Aliens, later.) This is known as the “green card” test. You are a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time if you have been given the privilege, according to the immigration laws, of residing permanently in the United States as an immigrant. You generally have this status if the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) (or its predecessor organization) has issued you an alien registration card, also known as a “green card.” You continue to have resident status under this test unless the status is taken away from you or is administratively or judicially determined to have been abandoned.
-
Your application for abandonment.
-
Your Alien Registration Receipt Card attached to a letter stating your intent to abandon your resident status.
![Caution](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080925002925im_/http://www.irs.gov/publications/images/caution.gif)
You will be considered a U.S. resident for tax purposes if you meet the substantial presence test for calendar year 2007. To meet this test, you must be physically present in the United States on at least:
-
31 days during 2007, and
-
183 days during the 3-year period that includes 2007, 2006, and 2005, counting:
-
All the days you were present in 2007, and
-
⅓ of the days you were present in 2006, and
-
⅙ of the days you were present in 2005.
-
Example.
You were physically present in the United States on 120 days in each of the years 2005, 2006, and 2007. To determine if you meet the substantial presence test for 2007, count the full 120 days of presence in 2007, 40 days in 2006 (⅓ of 120), and 20 days in 2005 (⅙ of 120). Because the total for the 3-year period is 180 days, you are not considered a resident under the substantial presence test for 2007.
The term United States includes the following areas.
-
All 50 states and the District of Columbia.
-
The territorial waters of the United States.
-
The seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas that are adjacent to U.S. territorial waters and over which the United States has exclusive rights under international law to explore and exploit natural resources.
The term does not include U.S. possessions and territories or U.S. airspace.
Figure 1-A Nonresident Alien or Resident Alien?
You are treated as present in the United States on any day you are physically present in the country at any time during the day. However, there are exceptions to this rule. Do not count the following as days of presence in the United States for the substantial presence test.
-
Days you commute to work in the United States from a residence in Canada or Mexico if you regularly commute from Canada or Mexico.
-
Days you are in the United States for less than 24 hours when you are in transit between two places outside the United States.
-
Days you are in the United States as a crew member of a foreign vessel.
-
Days you are unable to leave the United States because of a medical condition that arose while you are in the United States.
-
Days you are an exempt individual.
The specific rules that apply to each of these categories are discussed next.
Example.
Maria Perez lives in Mexico and works for Compañía ABC in its office in Mexico. She was assigned to her firm's office in the United States from February 1 through June 1. On June 2, she resumed her employment in Mexico. On 69 days, Maria commuted each morning from her home in Mexico to work in Compañía ABC's U.S. office. She returned to her home in Mexico on each of those evenings. On 7 days, she worked in her firm's Mexico office. For purposes of the substantial presence test, Maria does not count the days she commuted to work in the United States because those days equal more than 75% of the workdays during the working period (69 workdays in the United States divided by 76 workdays in the working period equals 90.8%).
-
You were initially prevented from leaving, were then able to leave, but remained in the United States beyond a reasonable period for making arrangements to leave.
-
You returned to the United States for treatment of a medical condition that arose during a prior stay.
-
The condition existed before your arrival in the United States and you were aware of the condition. It does not matter whether you needed treatment for the condition when you entered the United States.
-
An individual temporarily present in the United States as a foreign government-related individual.
-
A teacher or trainee temporarily present in the United States under a “J” or “Q” visa, who substantially complies with the requirements of the visa.
-
A student temporarily present in the United States under an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa, who substantially complies with the requirements of the visa.
-
A professional athlete temporarily in the United States to compete in a charitable sports event.
-
As a full-time employee of an international organization,
-
By reason of diplomatic status, or
-
By reason of a visa (other than a visa that grants lawful permanent residence) that the Secretary of the Treasury determines represents full-time diplomatic or consular status.
-
Has been accredited by a foreign government that is recognized by the United States,
-
Intends to engage primarily in official activities for that foreign government while in the United States, and
-
Has been recognized by the President, Secretary of State, or a consular officer as being entitled to that status.
-
Are under 21 years of age,
-
Reside regularly in the exempt individual's household, and
-
Are not members of another household.
-
A foreign employer paid all of your compensation during the current year, and
-
A foreign employer paid all of your compensation during each of the preceding 6 years you were present in the United States as a teacher or trainee.
Example.
Carla was temporarily in the United States during the year as a teacher on a “J” visa. Her compensation for the year was paid by a foreign employer. Carla was treated as an exempt teacher for the past 2 years but her compensation was not paid by a foreign employer. She will not be considered an exempt individual for the current year because she was exempt as a teacher for at least 2 of the past 6 years.
If her compensation for the past 2 years had been paid by a foreign employer, she would be an exempt individual for the current year.
-
Whether you have maintained a closer connection to a foreign country (discussed later).
-
Whether you have taken affirmative steps to change your status from nonimmigrant to lawful permanent resident as discussed later under Closer Connection to a Foreign Country.
-
The main purpose is to benefit a qualified charitable organization.
-
The entire net proceeds go to charity.
-
Volunteers perform substantially all the work.
-
You were unable to leave the United States as planned because of a medical condition or problem.
-
You were temporarily in the United States as a teacher or trainee on a “J” or “Q” visa.
-
You were temporarily in the United States as a student on an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa.
-
You were a professional athlete competing in a charitable sports event.
Attach Form 8843 to your 2007 income tax return. If you do not have to file a return, send Form 8843 to the Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service Center, Austin TX 73301-0215, by the due date for filing Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR-EZ. The due date for filing is discussed in chapter 7.
If you do not timely file Form 8843, you cannot exclude the days you were present in the United States as a professional athlete or because of a medical condition that arose while you were in the United States. This does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the filing requirements and significant steps to comply with those requirements.
Even if you meet the substantial presence test, you can be treated as a nonresident alien if you:
-
Are present in the United States for less than 183 days during the year,
-
Maintain a tax home in a foreign country during the year, and
-
Have a closer connection during the year to one foreign country in which you have a tax home than to the United States (unless you have a closer connection to two foreign countries, discussed next).
-
You maintained a tax home beginning on the first day of the year in one foreign country.
-
You changed your tax home during the year to a second foreign country.
-
You continued to maintain your tax home in the second foreign country for the rest of the year.
-
You had a closer connection to each foreign country than to the United States for the period during which you maintained a tax home in that foreign country.
-
You are subject to tax as a resident under the tax laws of either foreign country for the entire year or subject to tax as a resident in both foreign countries for the period during which you maintained a tax home in each foreign country.
-
Any territory under the sovereignty of the United Nations or a government other than that of the United States,
-
The territorial waters of the foreign country (determined under U.S. law),
-
The seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas which are adjacent to the territorial waters of the foreign country and over which the foreign country has exclusive rights under international law to explore and exploit natural resources, and
-
Possessions and territories of the United States.
-
The country of residence you designate on forms and documents.
-
The types of official forms and documents you file, such as Form W-9, Form W-8BEN, or Form W-8ECI.
-
The location of:
-
Your permanent home,
-
Your family,
-
Your personal belongings, such as cars, furniture, clothing, and jewelry,
-
Your current social, political, cultural, professional, or religious affiliations,
-
Your business activities (other than those that constitute your tax home),
-
The jurisdiction in which you hold a driver's license,
-
The jurisdiction in which you vote, and
-
Charitable organizations to which you contribute.
-
-
You personally applied, or took other steps during the year, to change your status to that of a permanent resident, or
-
You had an application pending for adjustment of status during the current year.
Form I-508, Waiver of Rights, Privileges, Exemptions and Immunities |
Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status |
Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, on your behalf |
Form I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker, on your behalf |
Form ETA-750, Application for Alien Employment Certification, on your behalf |
Form DS-230, Application for Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration |
The rules given here to determine if you are a U.S. resident do not override tax treaty definitions of residency. If you are a dual-resident taxpayer, you can still claim the benefits under an income tax treaty. A dual-resident taxpayer is one who is a resident of both the United States and another country under each country's tax laws. The income tax treaty between the two countries must contain a provision that provides for resolution of conflicting claims of residence (tie-breaker rule). If you are treated as a resident of a foreign country under a tax treaty, you are treated as a nonresident alien in figuring your U.S. income tax. For purposes other than figuring your tax, you will be treated as a U.S. resident. For example, the rules discussed here do not affect your residency time periods as discussed later under Dual-Status Aliens.
You can be both a nonresident alien and a resident alien during the same tax year. This usually occurs in the year you arrive in or depart from the United States. Aliens who have dual status should see chapter 6 for information on filing a return for a dual-status tax year.
If you are a U.S. resident for the calendar year, but you were not a U.S. resident at any time during the preceding calendar year, you are a U.S. resident only for the part of the calendar year that begins on the residency starting date. You are a nonresident alien for the part of the year before that date.
-
You had a closer connection to a foreign country than to the United States, and
-
Your tax home was in that foreign country.
-
You can exclude days from more than one period of presence as long as the total days in all periods are not more than 10.
-
You cannot exclude any days in a period of consecutive days of presence if all the days in that period cannot be excluded.
-
Although you can exclude up to 10 days of presence in determining your residency starting date, you must include those days when determining whether you meet the substantial presence test.
Example.
Ivan Ivanovich is a citizen of Russia. He came to the United States for the first time on January 6, 2007, to attend a business meeting and returned to Russia on January 10, 2007. His tax home remained in Russia. On March 1, 2007, he moved to the United States and resided here for the rest of the year. Ivan is able to establish a closer connection to Russia for the period January 6-10. Thus, his residency starting date is March 1.
-
Your name, address, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), and U.S. visa number (if any).
-
Your passport number and the name of the country that issued your passport.
-
The tax year for which the statement applies.
-
The first day that you were present in the United States during the year.
-
The dates of the days you are excluding in figuring your first day of residency.
-
Sufficient facts to establish that you have maintained your tax home in and a closer connection to a foreign country during the period you are excluding.
Example.
Robert Bach is a citizen of Switzerland. He came to the United States as a U.S. resident for the first time on May 1, 2006, and remained until November 5, 2006, when he returned to Switzerland. Robert came back to the United States on March 5, 2007, as a lawful permanent resident and still resides here. In calendar year 2007, Robert's U.S. residency is deemed to begin on January 1, 2007, because he qualified as a resident in calendar year 2006.
If you do not meet either the green card test or the substantial presence test for 2006 or 2007 and you did not choose to be treated as a resident for part of 2006, but you meet the substantial presence test for 2008, you can choose to be treated as a U.S. resident for part of 2007. To make this choice, you must:
-
Be present in the United States for at least 31 days in a row in 2007, and
-
Be present in the United States for at least 75% of the number of days beginning with the first day of the 31-day period and ending with the last day of 2007. For purposes of this 75% requirement, you can treat up to 5 days of absence from the United States as days of presence in the United States.
When counting the days of presence in (1) and (2) above, do not count the days you were in the United States under any of the exceptions discussed earlier under Days of Presence in the United States.
If you make the first-year choice, your residency starting date for 2007 is the first day of the earliest 31-day period (described in (1) above) that you use to qualify for the choice. You are treated as a U.S. resident for the rest of the year. If you are present for more than one 31-day period and you satisfy condition (2) above for each of those periods, your residency starting date is the first day of the first 31-day period. If you are present for more than one 31-day period but you satisfy condition (2) above only for a later 31-day period, your residency starting date is the first day of the later 31-day period.
Note.
You do not have to be married to make this choice.
Example 1.
Juan DaSilva is a citizen of the Philippines. He came to the United States for the first time on November 1, 2007, and was here on 31 consecutive days (from November 1 through December 1, 2007). Juan returned to the Philippines on December 1 and came back to the United States on December 17, 2007. He stayed in the United States for the rest of the year. During 2008, Juan was a resident of the United States under the substantial presence test. Juan can make the first-year choice for 2007 because he was in the United States in 2007 for a period of 31 days in a row (November 1 through December 1) and for at least 75% of the days following (and including) the first day of his 31-day period (46 total days of presence in the United States divided by 61 days in the period from November 1 through December 31 equals 75.4%). If Juan makes the first-year choice, his residency starting date will be November 1, 2007.
Example 2.
The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that Juan was also absent from the United States on December 24, 25, 29, 30, and 31. He can make the first-year choice for 2007 because up to 5 days of absence are considered days of presence for purposes of the 75% requirement.
-
That you are making the first-year choice.
-
That you were not a resident in 2006.
-
That you are a resident under the substantial presence test in 2008.
-
The number of days of presence in the United States during 2008.
-
The date or dates of your 31-day period of presence and the period of continuous presence in the United States during 2007.
-
The date or dates of absence from the United States during 2007 that you are treating as days of presence.
If you are a dual-status alien, you can choose to be treated as a U.S. resident for the entire year if all of the following apply.
-
You were a nonresident alien at the beginning of the year.
-
You are a resident alien or U.S. citizen at the end of the year.
-
You are married to a U.S. citizen or resident alien at the end of the year.
-
Your spouse joins you in making the choice.
This includes situations in which both you and your spouse were nonresident aliens at the beginning of the tax year and both of you are resident aliens at the end of the tax year.
Note.
If you are single at the end of the year, you cannot make this choice.
If you make this choice, the following rules apply.
-
You and your spouse are treated as U.S. residents for the entire year for income tax purposes.
-
You and your spouse are taxed on worldwide income.
-
You and your spouse must file a joint return for the year of the choice.
-
Neither you nor your spouse can make this choice for any later tax year, even if you are separated, divorced, or remarried.
-
The special instructions and restrictions for dual-status taxpayers in chapter 6 do not apply to you.
Note.
A similar choice is available if, at the end of the tax year, one spouse is a nonresident alien and the other spouse is a U.S. citizen or resident. See Nonresident Spouse Treated as a Resident, later. If you previously made that choice and it is still in effect, you do not need to make the choice explained here.
-
A declaration that you both qualify to make the choice and that you choose to be treated as U.S. residents for the entire tax year.
-
The name, address, and taxpayer identification number (SSN or ITIN) of each spouse. (If one spouse died, include the name and address of the person who makes the choice for the deceased spouse.)
If you were a U.S. resident in 2007 but are not a U.S. resident during any part of 2008, you cease to be a U.S. resident on your residency termination date. Your residency termination date is December 31, 2007, unless you qualify for an earlier date as discussed next.
-
The last day in 2007 that you are physically present in the United States, if you met the substantial presence test,
-
The first day in 2007 that you are no longer a lawful permanent resident of the United States, if you met the green card test, or
-
The later of (1) or (2), if you met both tests.
![Caution](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080925002925im_/http://www.irs.gov/publications/images/caution.gif)
-
You can exclude days from more than one period of presence as long as the total days in all periods are not more than 10.
-
You cannot exclude any days in a period of consecutive days of presence if all the days in that period cannot be excluded.
-
Although you can exclude up to 10 days of presence in determining your residency termination date, you must include those days when determining whether you meet the substantial presence test.
Example.
Lola Bovary is a citizen of Malta. She came to the United States for the first time on March 1, 2007, and resided here until August 25, 2007. On December 12, 2007, Lola came to the United States for vacation and stayed here until December 16, 2007, when she returned to Malta. She is able to establish a closer connection to Malta for the period December 12-16. Lola is not a U.S. resident for tax purposes during 2007 and can establish a closer connection to Malta for the rest of calendar year 2007. Lola is a U.S. resident under the substantial presence test for 2007 because she was present in the United States for 183 days (178 days for the period March 1 to August 25 plus 5 days in December). Lola's residency termination date is August 25, 2007.
-
Your name, address, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), and U.S. visa number (if any).
-
Your passport number and the name of the country that issued your passport.
-
The tax year for which the statement applies.
-
The last day that you were present in the United States during the year.
-
Sufficient facts to establish that you have maintained your tax home in and that you have a closer connection to a foreign country following your last day of presence in the United States during the year or following the abandonment or rescission of your status as a lawful permanent resident during the year.
-
The date that your status as a lawful permanent resident was abandoned or rescinded.
-
Sufficient facts (including copies of relevant documents) to establish that your status as a lawful permanent resident has been abandoned or rescinded.
-
If you can exclude days under the de minimis presence rule, discussed earlier, include the dates of the days you are excluding and sufficient facts to establish that you have maintained your tax home in and that you have a closer connection to a foreign country during the period you are excluding.
If, at the end of your tax year, you are married and one spouse is a U.S. citizen or a resident alien and the other spouse is a nonresident alien, you can choose to treat the nonresident spouse as a U.S. resident. This includes situations in which one spouse is a nonresident alien at the beginning of the tax year, but a resident alien at the end of the year, and the other spouse is a nonresident alien at the end of the year.
If you make this choice, you and your spouse are treated for income tax purposes as residents for your entire tax year. Neither you nor your spouse can claim under any tax treaty not to be a U.S. resident. You are both taxed on worldwide income. You must file a joint income tax return for the year you make the choice, but you and your spouse can file joint or separate returns in later years.
Example.
Bob and Sharon Williams are married and both are nonresident aliens at the beginning of the year. In June, Bob became a resident alien and remained a resident for the rest of the year. Bob and Sharon both choose to be treated as resident aliens by attaching a statement to their joint return. Bob and Sharon must file a joint return for the year they make the choice, but they can file either joint or separate returns for later years.
Attach a statement, signed by both spouses, to your joint return for the first tax year for which the choice applies. It should contain the following information.
-
A declaration that one spouse was a nonresident alien and the other spouse a U.S. citizen or resident alien on the last day of your tax year, and that you choose to be treated as U.S. residents for the entire tax year.
-
The name, address, and identification number of each spouse. (If one spouse died, include the name and address of the person making the choice for the deceased spouse.)
The choice to be treated as a resident alien is suspended for any tax year (after the tax year you made the choice) if neither spouse is a U.S. citizen or resident alien at any time during the tax year. This means each spouse must file a separate return as a nonresident alien for that year if either meets the filing requirements for nonresident aliens discussed in chapter 7.
Example.
Dick Brown was a resident alien on December 31, 2004, and married to Judy, a nonresident alien. They chose to treat Judy as a resident alien and filed joint 2004 and 2005 income tax returns. On January 10, 2006, Dick became a nonresident alien. Judy had remained a nonresident alien throughout the period. Dick and Judy could have filed joint or separate returns for 2006 because Dick was a resident alien for part of that year. However, because neither Dick nor Judy is a resident alien at any time during 2007, their choice is suspended for that year. If either meets the filing requirements for nonresident aliens discussed in chapter 7, they must file separate returns as nonresident aliens for 2007. If Dick becomes a resident alien again in 2008, their choice is no longer suspended.
Once made, the choice to be treated as a resident applies to all later years unless suspended (as explained earlier under Suspending the Choice) or ended in one of the following ways.
If the choice is ended in one of the following ways, neither spouse can make this choice in any later tax year.
-
Revocation. Either spouse can revoke the choice for any tax year, provided he or she makes the revocation by the due date for filing the tax return for that tax year. The spouse who revokes the choice must attach a signed statement declaring that the choice is being revoked. The statement must include the name, address, and identification number of each spouse. (If one spouse dies, include the name and address of the person who is revoking the choice for the deceased spouse.) The statement also must include a list of any states, foreign countries, and possessions that have community property laws in which either spouse is domiciled or where real property is located from which either spouse receives income. File the statement as follows.
-
If the spouse revoking the choice must file a return, attach the statement to the return for the first year the revocation applies.
-
If the spouse revoking the choice does not have to file a return, but does file a return (for example, to obtain a refund), attach the statement to the return.
-
If the spouse revoking the choice does not have to file a return and does not file a claim for refund, send the statement to the Internal Revenue Service Center where you filed the last joint return.
-
-
Death. The death of either spouse ends the choice, beginning with the first tax year following the year the spouse died. However, if the surviving spouse is a U.S. citizen or resident and is entitled to the joint tax rates as a surviving spouse, the choice will not end until the close of the last year for which these joint rates may be used. If both spouses die in the same tax year, the choice ends on the first day after the close of the tax year in which the spouses died.
-
Legal separation. A legal separation under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance ends the choice as of the beginning of the tax year in which the legal separation occurs.
-
Inadequate records. The Internal Revenue Service can end the choice for any tax year that either spouse has failed to keep adequate books, records, and other information necessary to determine the correct income tax liability, or to provide adequate access to those records.
If you are a nonresident alien from American Samoa or Puerto Rico, you may be treated as a resident alien.
If you are a nonresident alien in the United States and a bona fide resident of American Samoa or Puerto Rico during the entire tax year, you are taxed, with certain exceptions, according to the rules for resident aliens of the United States. For more information, see chapter 5.
If you are a nonresident alien from American Samoa or Puerto Rico who does not qualify as a bona fide resident of American Samoa or Puerto Rico for the entire tax year, you are taxed as a nonresident alien.
Resident aliens who formerly were bona fide residents of American Samoa or Puerto Rico are taxed according to the rules for resident aliens.
More Online Publications |