Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Useful Items - You may want to see:
- Which Depreciation System (GDS or ADS) Applies?
- Which Property Class Applies Under GDS?
- What Is the Placed-in-Service Date?
- What Is the Basis for Depreciation?
- Which Recovery Period Applies?
- Which Convention Applies?
- Which Depreciation Method Applies?
- How Is the Depreciation Deduction Figured?
- How Do You Use General Asset Accounts?
- When Do You Recapture MACRS Depreciation?
The Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) is used to recover the basis of most business and investment property placed in service after 1986. MACRS consists of two depreciation systems, the General Depreciation System (GDS) and the Alternative Depreciation System (ADS). Generally, these systems provide different methods and recovery periods to use in figuring depreciation deductions.
chapter 1.
This chapter explains how to determine which MACRS depreciation system applies to your property. It also discusses other information you need to know before you can figure depreciation under MACRS. This information includes the property's recovery class, placed-in-service date, and basis, as well as the applicable recovery period, convention, and depreciation method. It explains how to use this information to figure your depreciation deduction and how to use a general asset account to depreciate a group of properties. Finally, it explains when and how to recapture MACRS depreciation.
Publication
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225 Farmer's Tax Guide
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463 Travel, Entertainment, Gift, and Car
Expenses -
544 Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets
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551 Basis of Assets
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587 Business Use of Your Home (Including Use by Daycare Providers)
Form (and Instructions)
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2106
Employee Business Expenses -
2106-EZ
Unreimbursed Employee Business Expenses -
4562
Depreciation and Amortization
See chapter 6 for information about getting publications and forms.
Listed property |
Nonresidential real property |
Placed in service |
Property class |
Recovery period |
Residential rental property |
Tangible property |
Tax exempt |
Your use of either the General Depreciation System (GDS) or the Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) to depreciate property under MACRS determines what depreciation method and recovery period you use. You generally must use GDS unless you are specifically required by law to use ADS or you elect to use ADS.
If you placed your property in service in 2007, complete Part III of Form 4562 to report depreciation using MACRS. Complete section B of Part III to report depreciation using GDS, and complete section C of Part III to report depreciation using ADS. If you placed your property in service before 2007 and are required to file Form 4562, report depreciation using either GDS or ADS on line 17 in Part III.
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Listed property used 50% or less in a qualified business use. See chapter 5 for information on listed property.
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Any tangible property used predominantly outside the United States during the year.
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Any tax-exempt use property.
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Any tax-exempt bond-financed property.
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All property used predominantly in a farming business and placed in service in any tax year during which an election not to apply the uniform capitalization rules to certain farming costs is in effect.
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Any property imported from a foreign country for which an Executive Order is in effect because the country maintains trade restrictions or engages in other discriminatory acts.
Class life |
Nonresidential real property |
Placed in service |
Property class |
Recovery period |
Residential rental property |
Section 1245 property |
Section 1250 property |
The following is a list of the nine property classifications under GDS and examples of the types of property included in each class. These property classes are also listed under column (a) in section B, Part III, of Form 4562. For detailed information on property classes, see Appendix B, Table of Class Lives and Recovery Periods, in this publication.
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3-year property.
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Tractor units for over-the-road use.
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Any race horse over 2 years old when placed in service.
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Any other horse (other than a race horse) over 12 years old when placed in service.
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Qualified rent-to-own property (defined later).
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5-year property.
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Automobiles, taxis, buses, and trucks.
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Computers and peripheral equipment.
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Office machinery (such as typewriters, calculators, and copiers).
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Any property used in research and experimentation.
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Breeding cattle and dairy cattle.
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Appliances, carpets, furniture, etc., used in a residential rental real estate activity.
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Certain geothermal, solar, and wind energy property.
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7-year property.
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Office furniture and fixtures (such as desks, files, and safes).
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Agricultural machinery and equipment.
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Any property that does not have a class life and has not been designated by law as being in any other class.
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Certain motorsports entertainment complex property placed in service before January 1, 2008 (defined later).
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Any natural gas gathering line placed in service after April 11, 2005. See Natural gas gathering line, natural gas distribution line, and electric transmission property, later.
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10-year property.
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Vessels, barges, tugs, and similar water transportation equipment.
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Any single purpose agricultural or horticultural structure.
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Any tree or vine bearing fruits or nuts.
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15-year property.
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Certain improvements made directly to land or added to it (such as shrubbery, fences, roads, sidewalks, and bridges).
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Any retail motor fuels outlet (defined later), such as a convenience store.
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Any municipal wastewater treatment plant.
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Any qualified leasehold improvement property (defined later) placed in service before January 1, 2008.
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Any qualified restaurant property (defined later) placed in service before January 1, 2008.
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Initial clearing and grading land improvements for gas utility property.
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Electric transmission property (that is section 1245 property) used in the transmission at 69 or more kilovolts of electricity placed in service after April 11, 2005. See Natural gas gathering line, natural gas distribution line, and electric transmission property, later.
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Any natural gas distribution line placed in service after April 11, 2005. See Natural gas gathering line, natural gas distribution line, and electric transmission property, later.
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20-year property.
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Farm buildings (other than single purpose agricultural or horticultural structures).
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Municipal sewers not classified as 25-year property.
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Initial clearing and grading land improvements for electric utility transmission and distribution plants.
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25-year property. This class is water utility property, which is either of the following.
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Property that is an integral part of the gathering, treatment, or commercial distribution of water, and that, without regard to this provision, would be 20-year property.
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Municipal sewers other than property placed in service under a binding contract in effect at all times since June 9, 1996.
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Residential rental property. This is any building or structure, such as a rental home (including a mobile home), if 80% or more of its gross rental income for the tax year is from dwelling units. A dwelling unit is a house or apartment used to provide living accommodations in a building or structure. It does not include a unit in a hotel, motel, or other establishment where more than half the units are used on a transient basis. If you occupy any part of the building or structure for personal use, its gross rental income includes the fair rental value of the part you occupy.
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Nonresidential real property. This is section 1250 property, such as an office building, store, or warehouse, that is neither residential rental property nor property with a class life of less than 27.5 years.
If your property is not listed above, you can determine its property class from the Table of Class Lives and Recovery Periods in Appendix B. The property class is generally the same as the GDS recovery period indicated in the table.
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You regularly enter into rent-to-own contracts in the ordinary course of your business for the use of consumer property.
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A substantial portion of these contracts end with the customer returning the property before making all the payments required to transfer ownership.
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The property is tangible personal property of a type generally used within the home for personal use.
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Is titled “Rent-to-Own Agreement,” “Lease Agreement with Ownership Option,” or other similar language.
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Provides a beginning date and a maximum period of time, not to exceed 156 weeks or 36 months from the beginning date, for which the contract can be in effect (including renewals or options to extend).
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Provides for regular periodic (weekly or monthly) payments that can be either level or decreasing. If the payments are decreasing, no payment can be less than 40 percent of the largest payment.
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Provides for total payments that generally exceed the normal retail price of the property plus interest.
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Provides for total payments that do not exceed $10,000 for each item of property.
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Provides that the customer has no legal obligation to make all payments outlined in the contract and that, at the end of each weekly or monthly payment period, the customer can either continue to use the property by making the next payment or return the property in good working order with no further obligations and no entitlement to a return of any prior payments.
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Provides that legal title to the property remains with the rent-to-own dealer until the customer makes either all the required payments or the early purchase payments required under the contract to acquire legal title.
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Provides that the customer has no right to sell, sublease, mortgage, pawn, pledge, or otherwise dispose of the property until all contract payments have been made.
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It is not larger than 1,400 square feet.
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50% or more of the gross revenues generated from the property are derived from petroleum sales.
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50% or more of the floor space in the property is devoted to petroleum marketing sales.
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A transaction to which section 381(a) applies,
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A mere change in the form of conducting the trade or business so long as the property is retained in the trade or business as qualified leasehold improvement property and the taxpayer retains a substantial interest in the trade or business,
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A like-kind exchange, involuntary conversion, or reacquisition of real property to the extent that the basis in the property represents the carryover basis, or
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Certain nonrecognition transactions to the extent that your basis in the property is determined by reference to the transferor's or distributor's basis in the property. Examples include the following.
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A complete liquidation of a subsidiary.
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A transfer to a corporation controlled by the transferor.
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An exchange of property by a corporation solely for stock or securities in another corporation in a reorganization.
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The improvement is placed in service more than 3 years after the date the building was first placed in service, and
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More than 50% of the building's square footage is devoted to preparation of meals and seating for on-premise consumption of prepared meals.
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The original use of the property must have begun with you after April 11, 2005. Original use means the first use to which the property is put, whether or not by you. Therefore, property used by any person before April 12, 2005, is not original use. Original use includes additional capital expenditures you incurred to recondition or rebuild your property. However, original use does not include the cost of reconditioned or rebuilt property you acquired. Property containing used parts will not be treated as reconditioned or rebuilt if the cost of the used parts is not more than 20 percent of the total cost of the property.
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The property must not be placed in service under a binding contract in effect before April 12, 2005.
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The property must not be self-constructed property (property you manufacture, construct, or produce for your own use), if you began the manufacture, construction, or production of the property before April 12, 2005. Property that is manufactured, constructed, or produced for your use by another person under a written binding contract entered into by you or a related party before the manufacture, construction, or production of the property, is considered to be manufactured, constructed, or produced by you.
You begin to claim depreciation when your property is placed in service for either use in a trade or business or the production of income. The placed-in-service date for your property is the date the property is ready and available for a specific use. It is therefore not necessarily the date it is first used. If you converted property held for personal use to use in a trade or business or for the production of income, treat the property as being placed in service on the conversion date. See Placed in Service under When Does Depreciation Begin and End in chapter 1 for examples illustrating when property is placed in service.
The basis for depreciation of MACRS property is the property's cost or other basis multiplied by the percentage of business/investment use. For a discussion of business/investment use, see Partial business or investment use under Property Used in Your Business or Income-Producing Activity in chapter 1. Reduce that amount by any credits and deductions allocable to the property. The following are examples of some credits and deductions that reduce basis.
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Any deduction for section 179 property.
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Any deduction under section 179B of the Internal Revenue Code for capital costs to comply with Environmental Protection Agency sulfur regulations.
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Any deduction under section 179C of the Internal Revenue Code for certain qualified refinery property placed in service after August 8, 2005.
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Any deduction under section 179D of the Internal Revenue Code for certain energy efficient commercial building property placed in service after December 31, 2005.
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Any deduction under section 179E of the Internal Revenue Code for qualified advanced mine safety equipment property placed in service after December 20, 2006.
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Any deduction for removal of barriers to the disabled and the elderly.
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Any disabled access credit, enhanced oil recovery credit, and credit for employer-provided childcare facilities and services.
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Any special depreciation allowance.
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Basis adjustment for investment credit property under section 50(c) of the Internal Revenue Code.
For additional credits and deductions that affect basis, see section 1016 of the Internal Revenue Code.
Enter the basis for depreciation under column (c) in Part III of Form 4562. For information about how to determine the cost or other basis of property, see What Is the Basis of Your Depreciable Property in chapter 1.
Active conduct of a trade or business |
Basis |
Improvement |
Listed property |
Nonresidential real property |
Placed in service |
Property class |
Recovery period |
Residential rental property |
Section 1245 property |
The recovery period of property is the number of years over which you recover its cost or other basis. It is determined based on the depreciation system (GDS or ADS) used.
Under GDS, property that is not qualified Indian reservation property is depreciated over one of the following recovery periods.
Property Class | Recovery Period | |||
3-year property | 3 years | 1 | ||
5-year property | 5 years | |||
7-year property | 7 years | |||
10-year property | 10 years | |||
15-year property | 15 years | 2 | ||
20-year property | 20 years | |||
25-year property | 25 years | 3 | ||
Residential rental property | 27.5 years | |||
Nonresidential real property | 39 years | 4 | ||
15 years for qualified rent-to-own property placed in service before August 6, 1997. | ||||
239 years for property that is a retail motor fuels outlet placed in service before August 20, 1996 (31.5 years if placed in service before May 13, 1993), unless you elected to depreciate it over 15 years. | ||||
320 years for property placed in service before June 13, 1996, or under a binding contract in effect before June 10, 1996. | ||||
431.5 years for property placed in service before May 13, 1993 (or before January 1, 1994, if the purchase or construction of the property is under a binding contract in effect before May 13, 1993, or if construction began before May 13, 1993). |
The GDS recovery periods for property not listed above can be found in Appendix B, Table of Class Lives and Recovery Periods. Residential rental property and nonresidential real property are defined earlier under Which Property Class Applies Under GDS.
Enter the appropriate recovery period on Form 4562 under column (d) in section B of Part III, unless already shown (for 25-year property, residential rental property, and nonresidential real property).
The recovery periods for qualified property you placed in service on an Indian reservation after 1993 and before 2008 are shorter than those listed earlier. The following table shows these shorter recovery periods.
Property Class | Recovery Period |
3-year property | 2 years |
5-year property | 3 years |
7-year property | 4 years |
10-year property | 6 years |
15-year property | 9 years |
20-year property | 12 years |
Nonresidential real property | 22 years |
Nonresidential real property is defined earlier under Which Property Class Applies Under GDS.
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Property used or located outside an Indian reservation on a regular basis, other than qualified infrastructure property.
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Property acquired directly or indirectly from a related person.
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Property placed in service for purposes of conducting or housing class I, II, or III gaming activities. These activities are defined in section 4 of the Indian Regulatory Act (25 U.S.C. 2703).
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Any property you must depreciate under ADS. Determine whether property is qualified without regard to the election to use ADS and after applying the special rules for listed property not used predominantly for qualified business use (discussed in chapter 5).
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It is qualified property, as defined earlier, except that it is outside the reservation.
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It benefits the tribal infrastructure.
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It is available to the general public.
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It is placed in service in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business within a reservation.
The recovery periods for most property generally are longer under ADS than they are under GDS. The following table shows some of the ADS recovery periods.
Property | Recovery Period |
Rent-to-own property | 4 years |
Automobiles and light duty trucks | 5 years |
Computers and peripheral equipment | 5 years |
High technology telephone station equipment installed on customer premises | 5 years |
High technology medical equipment | 5 years |
Personal property with no class life | 12 years |
Natural gas gathering lines | 14 years |
Single purpose agricultural and horticultural
structures |
15 years |
Any tree or vine bearing fruit or nuts | 20 years |
Initial clearing and grading land
improvements for gas utility property |
20 years |
Initial clearing and grading land
improvements for electric utility transmission and distribution plants |
25 years |
Electric transmission property used in the transmission at 69 or more kilovolts of electricity | 30 years |
Natural gas distribution lines | 35 years |
Any qualified leasehold improvement property | 39 years |
Any qualified restaurant property | 39 years |
Nonresidential real property | 40 years |
Residential rental property | 40 years |
Section 1245 real property not listed in Appendix B | 40 years |
Railroad grading and tunnel bore | 50 years |
The ADS recovery periods for property not listed above can be found in the tables in Appendix B. Rent-to-own property, qualified leasehold improvement property, qualified restaurant property, residential rental property, and nonresidential real property are defined earlier under Which Property Class Applies Under GDS.
An addition or improvement you make to depreciable property is treated as separate depreciable property. See How Do You Treat Repairs and Improvements in chapter 1 for a definition of improvements. Its property class and recovery period are the same as those that would apply to the original property if you had placed it in service at the same time you placed the addition or improvement in service. The recovery period begins on the later of the following dates.
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The date you place the addition or improvement in service.
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The date you place in service the property to which you made the addition or improvement.
Example.
You own a rental home that you have been renting out since 1981. If you put an addition on the home and place the addition in service this year, you would use MACRS to figure your depreciation deduction for the addition. Under GDS, the property class for the addition is residential rental property and its recovery period is 27.5 years because the home to which the addition is made would be residential rental property if you had placed it in service this year.
Basis |
Convention |
Disposition |
Nonresidential real property |
Placed in service |
Recovery period |
Residential rental property |
Under MACRS, averaging conventions establish when the recovery period begins and ends. The convention you use determines the number of months for which you can claim depreciation in the year you place property in service and in the year you dispose of the property.
![Caution](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20081004163648im_/http://www.irs.ustreas.gov/publications/images/caution.gif)
Declining balance method |
Listed property |
Nonresidential real property |
Placed in service |
Property class |
Recovery period |
Residential rental property |
Straight line method |
Tax exempt |
MACRS provides three depreciation methods under GDS and one depreciation method under ADS.
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The 200% declining balance method over a GDS recovery period.
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The 150% declining balance method over a GDS recovery period.
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The straight line method over a GDS recovery period.
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The straight line method over an ADS recovery period.
Table 4-1 lists the types of property you can depreciate under each method. It also gives a brief explanation of the method, including any benefits that may apply.
If you place personal property in service in a farming business after 1988, you generally must depreciate it under GDS using the 150% declining balance method unless you are a farmer who must depreciate the property under ADS using the straight line method or you elect to depreciate the property under GDS or ADS using the straight line method. You can depreciate real property using the straight line method under either GDS or ADS.
As shown in Table 4-1, you can elect a different method for depreciation for certain types of property. You must make the election by the due date of the return (including extensions) for the year you placed the property in service. However, if you timely filed your return for the year without making the election, you still can make the election by filing an amended return within 6 months of the due date of the return (excluding extensions). Attach the election to the amended return and write “Filed pursuant to section 301.9100-2” on the election statement. File the amended return at the same address you filed the original return. Once you make the election, you cannot change it.
“S/L” under column (f) in Part III of Form 4562.
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The straight line method over a GDS recovery period.
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The straight line method over an ADS recovery period.
Table 4-1. Depreciation Methods
Note. The declining balance method is abbreviated as DB and the straight line method is abbreviated as SL. | ||
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Method | Type of Property | Benefit |
GDS using 200% DB | • Nonfarm 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year property |
• Provides a greater deduction during the earlier recovery years
• Changes to SL when that method provides an equal or greater deduction |
GDS using 150% DB |
• All farm property (except real property)
• All 15- and 20-year property (except qualified leasehold improvement property and qualified restaurant property placed in service before January 1, 2008) • Nonfarm 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year property |
• Provides a greater deduction during the earlier recovery years
• Changes to SL when that method provides an equal or greater deduction 1 |
GDS using SL |
• Nonresidential real property
• Qualified leasehold improvement property placed in service before January 1, 2008 • Qualified restaurant property placed in service before January 1, 2008 • Residential rental property • Trees or vines bearing fruit or nuts • Water utility property • All 3-, 5-, 7-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year property 2 |
• Provides for equal yearly deductions (except for the first and last years) |
ADS using SL |
• Listed property used 50% or less for business
• Property used predominantly outside the U.S. • Qualified leasehold improvement property placed in service before January 1, 2008 • Qualified restaurant property placed in service before January 1, 2008 • Tax-exempt property • Tax-exempt bond-financed property • Farm property used when an election not to apply the uniform capitalization rules is in effect • Imported property 3 • Any property for which you elect to use this method 2 |
• Provides for equal yearly deductions |
1The MACRS percentage tables in Appendix A have the switch to the straight line method built into their rates | ||
2Elective method | ||
3See section 168(g)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code |
Adjusted basis |
Amortization |
Basis |
Business/investment use |
Convention |
Declining balance method |
Disposition |
Exchange |
Nonresidential real property |
Placed in service |
Property class |
Recovery period |
Straight line method |
To figure your depreciation deduction under MACRS, you first determine the depreciation system, property class, placed-in-service date, basis amount, recovery period, convention, and depreciation method that applies to your property. Then, you are ready to figure your depreciation deduction. You can figure it using a percentage table provided by the IRS, or you can figure it yourself without using the table.
To help you figure your deduction under MACRS, the IRS has established percentage tables that incorporate the applicable convention and depreciation method. These percentage tables are in Appendix A near the end of this publication.
The following rules cover the use of the percentage tables.
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You must apply the rates in the percentage tables to your property's unadjusted basis.
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You cannot use the percentage tables for a short tax year. See Figuring the Deduction for a Short Tax Year, later, for information on the short tax year rules.
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Once you start using the percentage tables for any item of property, you generally must continue to use them for the entire recovery period of the property.
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You must stop using the tables if you adjust the basis of the property for any reason other than—
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Depreciation allowed or allowable, or
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An addition or improvement to that property that is depreciated as a separate item of property.
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Basis adjustments other than those made due to the items listed in (4) include an increase in basis for the recapture of a clean-fuel deduction or credit and a reduction in basis for a casualty loss.
Example.
On October 26, 2006, Sandra Elm, a calendar year taxpayer, bought and placed in service in her business a new item of 7-year property. It cost $39,000 and she elected a section 179 deduction of $24,000. She also took a special depreciation allowance of $7,500 [50% of $15,000 ($39,000 - $24,000)]. Her unadjusted basis after the section 179 deduction and special depreciation allowance was $7,500 ($15,000 - $7,500). She figured her MACRS depreciation deduction using the percentage tables. For 2006, her MACRS depreciation deduction was $268.
In July 2007, the property was vandalized and Sandra had a deductible casualty loss of $3,000. She must adjust the property's basis for the casualty loss, so she can no longer use the percentage tables. Her adjusted basis at the end of 2007, before figuring her 2007 depreciation, is $4,232. She figures that amount by subtracting the 2006 MACRS depreciation of $268 and the casualty loss of $3,000 from the unadjusted basis of $7,500. She must now figure her depreciation for 2007 without using the percentage tables.
You must apply the table rates to your property's unadjusted basis each year of the recovery period. Unadjusted basis is the same basis amount you would use to figure gain on a sale, but you figure it without reducing your original basis by any MACRS depreciation taken in earlier years. However, you do reduce your original basis by other amounts, including the following.
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Any amortization taken on the property.
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Any section 179 deduction claimed.
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Any special depreciation allowance taken on the property.
For business property you purchase during the year, the unadjusted basis is its cost minus these and other applicable adjustments. If you trade property, your unadjusted basis in the property received is the cash paid plus the adjusted basis of the property traded minus these adjustments.
You can use this worksheet to help you figure your depreciation deduction using the percentage tables. Use a separate worksheet for each item of property. Then, use the information from this worksheet to prepare Form 4562.
MACRS Worksheet
Part I | ||||
1. | MACRS system (GDS or ADS) | |||
2. | Property class | |||
3. | Date placed in service | |||
4. | Recovery period | |||
5. | Method and convention | |||
6. | Depreciation rate (from tables) | |||
Part II | ||||
7. | Cost or other basis* | $ | ||
8. | Business/investment use | % | ||
9. | Multiply line 7 by line 8 | $ | ||
10. | Total claimed for section 179 deduction and other items | $ | ||
11. | Subtract line 10 from line 9. This is your tentative basis for depreciation | $ | ||
12. | Multiply line 11 by .30 if the 30% special depreciation allowance applies. Multiply line 11 by .50 if the 50% special depreciation allowance applies. This is your special depreciation allowance. Enter -0- if this is not the year you placed the property in service, the property is not qualified property, or you elected not to claim a special allowance | $ | ||
13. | Subtract line 12 from line 11. This is your basis for depreciation | |||
14. | Depreciation rate (from line 6) | |||
15. | Multiply line 13 by line 14. This is your MACRS depreciation deduction | $ | ||
*If real estate, do not include cost (basis) of land. |
The following example shows how to figure your MACRS depreciation deduction using the percentage tables and the MACRS worksheet.
Example.
You bought office furniture (7-year property) for $10,000 and placed it in service on August 11, 2007. You use the furniture only for business. This is the only property you placed in service this year. You did not elect a section 179 deduction and the property is not qualified property for purposes of claiming a special depreciation allowance so your property's unadjusted basis is its cost, $10,000. You use GDS and the half-year convention to figure your depreciation. You refer to the MACRS Percentage Table Guide in Appendix A and find that you should use Table A-1. Multiply your property's unadjusted basis each year by the percentage for 7-year property given in Table A-1. You figure your depreciation deduction using the MACRS worksheet as follows.
MACRS Worksheet
Part I | ||||
1. | MACRS system (GDS or ADS) | GDS | ||
2. | Property class | 7-year | ||
3. | Date placed in service | 8/11/07 | ||
4. | Recovery period | 7-Year | ||
5. | Method and convention | 200%DB/Half-Year | ||
6. | Depreciation rate (from tables) | .1429 | ||
Part II | ||||
7. | Cost or other basis* | $10,000 | ||
8. | Business/investment use | 100 | % | |
9. | Multiply line 7 by line 8 | $10,000 | ||
10. | Total claimed for section 179 deduction and other items | -0- | ||
11. | Subtract line 10 from line 9. This is your tentative basis for depreciation | $10,000 | ||
12. | Multiply line 11 by .30 if the 30% special depreciation allowance applies. Multiply line 11 by .50 if the 50% special depreciation allowance applies. This is your special depreciation allowance. Enter -0- if this is not the year you placed the property in service, the property is not qualified property, or you elected not to claim a special allowance | -0- | ||
13. | Subtract line 12 from line 11. This is your basis for depreciation | $10,000 | ||
14. | Depreciation rate (from line 6) | .1429 | ||
15. | Multiply line 13 by line 14. This is your MACRS depreciation deduction | $1,429 | ||
*If real estate, do not include cost (basis) of land. |
If there are no adjustments to the basis of the property other than depreciation, your depreciation deduction for each subsequent year of the recovery period will be as follows.
Year | Basis | Percentage | Deduction | |||
2008 | $ | 10,000 | 24.49% | $2,449 | ||
2009 | 10,000 | 17.49 | 1,749 | |||
2010 | 10,000 | 12.49 | 1,249 | |||
2011 | 10,000 | 8.93 | 893 | |||
2012 | 10,000 | 8.92 | 892 | |||
2013 | 10,000 | 8.93 | 893 | |||
2014 | 10,000 | 4.46 | 446 |
The following examples are provided to show you how to use the percentage tables. In both examples, assume the following.
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You use the property only for business.
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You use the calendar year as your tax year.
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You use GDS for all the properties.
Example 1.
You bought a building and land for $120,000 and placed it in service on March 8. The sales contract showed that the building cost $100,000 and the land cost $20,000. It is nonresidential real property. The building's unadjusted basis is its original cost, $100,000.
You refer to the MACRS Percentage Table Guide in Appendix A and find that you should use Table A-7a. March is the third month of your tax year, so multiply the building's unadjusted basis, $100,000, by the percentages for the third month in Table A-7a. Your depreciation deduction for each of the first 3 years is as follows:
Year | Basis | Percentage | Deduction | |||
1st | $ | 100,000 | 2.033% | $2,033 | ||
2nd | 100,000 | 2.564 | 2,564 | |||
3rd | 100,000 | 2.564 | 2,564 |
Example 2.
During the year, you bought a machine (7-year property) for $4,000, office furniture (7-year property) for $1,000, and a computer (5-year property) for $5,000. You placed the machine in service in January, the furniture in September, and the computer in October. You do not elect a section 179 deduction and none of these items is qualified property for purposes of claiming a special depreciation allowance.
You placed property in service during the last three months of the year, so you must first determine if you have to use the mid-quarter convention. The total bases of all property you placed in service during the year is $10,000. The $5,000 basis of the computer, which you placed in service during the last 3 months (the fourth quarter) of your tax year, is more than 40% of the total bases of all property ($10,000) you placed in service during the year. Therefore, you must use the mid-quarter convention for all three items.
You refer to the MACRS Percentage Table Guide in Appendix A to determine which table you should use under the mid-quarter convention. The machine is 7-year property placed in service in the first quarter, so you use Table A-2. The furniture is 7-year property placed in service in the third quarter, so you use Table A-4. Finally, because the computer is 5-year property placed in service in the fourth quarter, you use Table A-5. Knowing what table to use for each property, you figure the depreciation for the first 2 years as follows.
Year | Property | Basis | Percentage | Deduction | |
1st | Machine | $4,000 | 25.00 | $1,000 | |
2nd | Machine | 4,000 | 21.43 | 857 | |
1st | Furniture | 1,000 | 10.71 | 107 | |
2nd | Furniture | 1,000 | 25.51 | 255 | |
1st | Computer | 5,000 | 5.00 | 250 | |
2nd | Computer | 5,000 | 38.00 | 1,900 |
If you sell or otherwise dispose of your property before the end of its recovery period, your depreciation deduction for the year of the disposition will be only part of the depreciation amount for the full year. You have disposed of your property if you have permanently withdrawn it from use in your business or income-producing activity because of its sale, exchange, retirement, abandonment, involuntary conversion, or destruction. After you figure the full-year depreciation amount, figure the deductible part using the convention that applies to the property.
Quarter | Percentage |
First | 12.5% |
Second | 37.5 |
Third | 62.5 |
Fourth | 87.5 |
Example.
On December 2, 2004, you placed in service an item of 5-year property costing $10,000. You did not claim a section 179 deduction and the property does not qualify for a special depreciation allowance. Your unadjusted basis for the property was $10,000. You used the mid-quarter convention because this was the only item of business property you placed in service in 2004 and it was placed in service during the last 3 months of your tax year. Your property is in the 5-year property class, so you used Table A-5 to figure your depreciation deduction. Your deductions for 2004, 2005, and 2006 were $500 (5% of $10,000), $3,800 (38% of $10,000), and $2,280 (22.80% of $10,000). You disposed of the property on April 6, 2007. To determine your depreciation deduction for 2007, first figure the deduction for the full year. This is $1,368 (13.68% of $10,000). April is in the second quarter of the year, so you multiply $1,368 by 37.5% to get your depreciation deduction of $513 for 2007.
Example.
On July 2, 2005, you purchased and placed in service residential rental property. The property cost $100,000, not including the cost of land. You used Table A-6 to figure your MACRS depreciation for this property. You sold the property on March 2, 2007. You file your tax return based on the calendar year.
A full year of depreciation for 2007 is $3,636. This is $100,000 multiplied by .03636 (the percentage for the seventh month of the third recovery year) from Table A-6. You then apply the mid-month convention for the 2½ months of use in 2007. Treat the month of disposition as one-half month of use. Multiply $3,636 by the fraction, 2.5 over 12, to get your 2007 depreciation deduction of $757.50.
Instead of using the rates in the percentage tables to figure your depreciation deduction, you can figure it yourself. Before making the computation each year, you must reduce your adjusted basis in the property by the depreciation claimed the previous year.
When using a declining balance method, you apply the same depreciation rate each year to the adjusted basis of your property. You must use the applicable convention for the first tax year and you must switch to the straight line method beginning in the first year for which it will give an equal or greater deduction. The straight line method is explained later.
You figure depreciation for the year you place property in service as follows.
-
Multiply your adjusted basis in the property by the declining balance rate.
-
Apply the applicable convention.
You figure depreciation for all other years (before the year you switch to the straight line method) as follows.
-
Reduce your adjusted basis in the property by the depreciation allowed or allowable in earlier years.
-
Multiply this new adjusted basis by the same declining balance rate used in earlier years.
If you dispose of property before the end of its recovery period, see Using the Applicable Convention, later, for information on how to figure depreciation for the year you dispose of it.
Figuring depreciation under the declining balance method and switching to the straight line method is illustrated in Example 1, later, under Examples.
Property Class | Method | Declining Balance Rate | Year |
---|---|---|---|
3-year | 200% DB | 66.667% | 3rd |
5-year | 200% DB | 40.0 | 4th |
7-year | 200% DB | 28.571 | 5th |
10-year | 200% DB | 20.0 | 7th |
15-year | 150% DB | 10.0 | 7th |
20-year | 150% DB | 7.5 | 9th |
When using the straight line method, you apply a different depreciation rate each year to the adjusted basis of your property. You must use the applicable convention in the year you place the property in service and the year you dispose of the property.
You figure depreciation for the year you place property in service as follows.
-
Multiply your adjusted basis in the property by the straight line rate.
-
Apply the applicable convention.
You figure depreciation for all other years (including the year you switch from the declining balance method to the straight line method) as follows.
-
Reduce your adjusted basis in the property by the depreciation allowed or allowable in earlier years (under any method).
-
Determine the depreciation rate for the year.
-
Multiply the adjusted basis figured in (1) by the depreciation rate figured in (2).
If you dispose of property before the end of its recovery period, see Using the Applicable Convention, later, for information on how to figure depreciation for the year you dispose of it.
The applicable convention (discussed earlier under Which Convention Applies) affects how you figure your depreciation deduction for the year you place your property in service and for the year you dispose of it. It determines how much of the recovery period remains at the beginning of each year, so it also affects the depreciation rate for property you depreciate under the straight line method. See Straight line rate in the previous discussion. Use the applicable convention as explained in the following discussions.
Quarter | Months |
First | January, February, March |
Second | April, May, June |
Third | July, August, September |
Fourth | October, November, December |
Quarter | Percentage |
---|---|
First | 87.5% |
Second | 62.5 |
Third | 37.5 |
Fourth | 12.5 |
Quarter | Percentage |
---|---|
First | 12.5% |
Second | 37.5 |
Third | 62.5 |
Fourth | 87.5 |
The following examples show how to figure depreciation under MACRS without using the percentage tables. Figures are rounded for purposes of the examples. Assume for all the examples that you use a calendar year as your tax year.
Example 1—200% DB method and half-year convention.
In February, you placed in service depreciable property with a 5-year recovery period and a basis of $1,000. You do not elect to take the section 179 deduction and the property does not qualify for a special depreciation allowance. You use GDS and the 200% declining balance (DB) method to figure your depreciation. When the straight line (SL) method results in an equal or larger deduction, you switch to the SL method. You did not place any property in service in the last 3 months of the year, so you must use the half-year convention.
First year. You figure the depreciation rate under the 200% DB method by dividing 2 (200%) by 5 (the number of years in the recovery period). The result is 40%. You multiply the adjusted basis of the property ($1,000) by the 40% DB rate. You apply the half-year convention by dividing the result ($400) by 2. Depreciation for the first year under the 200% DB method is $200.
You figure the depreciation rate under the straight line (SL) method by dividing 1 by 5, the number of years in the recovery period. The result is 20%.You multiply the adjusted basis of the property ($1,000) by the 20% SL rate. You apply the half-year convention by dividing the result ($200) by 2. Depreciation for the first year under the SL method is $100.
The DB method provides a larger deduction, so you deduct the $200 figured under the 200% DB method.
Second year. You reduce the adjusted basis ($1,000) by the depreciation claimed in the first year ($200). You multiply the result ($800) by the DB rate (40%). Depreciation for the second year under the 200% DB method is $320.
You figure the SL depreciation rate by dividing 1 by 4.5, the number of years remaining in the recovery period. (Based on the half-year convention, you used only half a year of the recovery period in the first year.) You multiply the reduced adjusted basis ($800) by the result (22.22%). Depreciation under the SL method for the second year is $178.
The DB method provides a larger deduction, so you deduct the $320 figured under the 200% DB method.
Third year. You reduce the adjusted basis ($800) by the depreciation claimed in the second year ($320). You multiply the result ($480) by the DB rate (40%). Depreciation for the third year under the 200% DB method is $192.
You figure the SL depreciation rate by dividing 1 by 3.5. You multiply the reduced adjusted basis ($480) by the result (28.57%). Depreciation under the SL method for the third year is $137.
The DB method provides a larger deduction, so you deduct the $192 figured under the 200% DB method.
Fourth year. You reduce the adjusted basis ($480) by the depreciation claimed in the third year ($192). You multiply the result ($288) by the DB rate (40%). Depreciation for the fourth year under the 200% DB method is $115.
You figure the SL depreciation rate by dividing 1 by 2.5. You multiply the reduced adjusted basis ($288) by the result (40%). Depreciation under the SL method for the fourth year is $115.
The SL method provides an equal deduction, so you switch to the SL method and deduct the $115.
Fifth year. You reduce the adjusted basis ($288) by the depreciation claimed in the fourth year ($115) to get the reduced adjusted basis of $173. You figure the SL depreciation rate by dividing 1 by 1.5. You multiply the reduced adjusted basis ($173) by the result (66.67%). Depreciation under the SL method for the fifth year is $115.
Sixth year. You reduce the adjusted basis ($173) by the depreciation claimed in the fifth year ($115) to get the reduced adjusted basis of $58. There is less than one year remaining in the recovery period, so the SL depreciation rate for the sixth year is 100%. You multiply the reduced adjusted basis ($58) by 100% to arrive at the depreciation deduction for the sixth year ($58).
Example 2—SL method and mid-month convention.
In January, you bought and placed in service a building for $100,000 that is nonresidential real property with a recovery period of 39 years. The adjusted basis of the building is its cost of $100,000. You use GDS, the straight line (SL) method, and the mid-month convention to figure your depreciation.
First year. You figure the SL depreciation rate for the building by dividing 1 by 39 years. The result is .02564. The depreciation for a full year is $2,564 ($100,000 × .02564). Under the mid-month convention, you treat the property as placed in service in the middle of January. You get 11.5 months of depreciation for the year. Expressed as a decimal, the fraction of 11.5 months divided by 12 months is .958. Your first-year depreciation for the building is $2,456 ($2,564 × .958).
Second year. You subtract $2,456 from $100,000 to get your adjusted basis of $97,544 for the second year. The SL rate is .02629. This is 1 divided by the remaining recovery period of 38.042 years (39 years reduced by 11.5 months or .958 year). Your depreciation for the building for the second year is $2,564 ($97,544 × .02629).
Third year. The adjusted basis is $94,980 ($97,544 - $2,564). The SL rate is .027 (1 divided by 37.042 remaining years). Your depreciation for the third year is $2,564 ($94,980 × .027).
Example 3—200% DB method and mid-quarter convention.
During the year, you bought and placed in service in your business the following items.
Item | Month Placed
in Service |
Cost |
Safe | January | $4,000 |
Office furniture | September | 1,000 |
Computer (not listed property) | October | 5,000 |
You do not elect a section 179 deduction and these items do not qualify for a special depreciation allowance. You use GDS and the 200% declining balance (DB) method to figure the depreciation. The total bases of all property you placed in service this year is $10,000. The basis of the computer ($5,000) is more than 40% of the total bases of all property placed in service during the year ($10,000), so you must use the mid-quarter convention. This convention applies to all three items of property. The safe and office furniture are 7-year property and the computer is 5-year property.
First and second year depreciation for safe. The 200% DB rate for 7-year property is .28571. You determine this by dividing 2.00 (200%) by 7 years. The depreciation for the safe for a full year is $1,143 ($4,000 × .28571). You placed the safe in service in the first quarter of your tax year, so you multiply $1,143 by 87.5% (the mid-quarter percentage for the first quarter). The result, $1,000, is your deduction for depreciation on the safe for the first year.
For the second year, the adjusted basis of the safe is $3,000. You figure this by subtracting the first year's depreciation
($1,000) from the basis
of the safe ($4,000). Your depreciation deduction for the second year is $857
($3,000 × .28571).
First and second year depreciation for furniture. The furniture is also 7-year property, so you use the same 200% DB rate of .28571. You multiply the basis of the furniture ($1,000) by .28571 to get the depreciation of $286 for the full year. You placed the furniture in service in the third quarter of your tax year, so you multiply $286 by 37.5% (the mid-quarter percentage for the third quarter). The result, $107, is your deduction for depreciation on the furniture for the first year.
For the second year, the adjusted basis of the furniture is $893. You figure this by subtracting the first year's depreciation ($107) from the basis of the furniture ($1,000). Your depreciation for the second year is $255 ($893 × .28571).
First and second year depreciation for computer. The 200% DB rate for 5-year property is .40. You determine this by dividing 2.00 (200%) by 5 years. The depreciation for the computer for a full year is $2,000 ($5,000 × .40). You placed the computer in service in the fourth quarter of your tax year, so you multiply the $2,000 by 12.5% (the mid-quarter percentage for the fourth quarter). The result, $250, is your deduction for depreciation on the computer for the first year.
For the second year, the adjusted basis of the computer is $4,750. You figure this by subtracting the first year's depreciation ($250) from the basis of the computer ($5,000). Your depreciation deduction for the second year is $1,900 ($4,750 × .40).
Example 4—200% DB method and half-year convention.
Last year, in July, you bought and placed in service in your business a new item of 7-year property. This was the only item of property you placed in service last year. The property cost $39,000 and you elected a $24,000 section 179 deduction. You also took a special depreciation allowance of $7,500. Your unadjusted basis for the property is $7,500. Because you did not place any property in service in the last 3 months of your tax year, you used the half-year convention. You figured your deduction using the percentages in Table A-1 for 7-year property. Last year, your depreciation was $1,072 ($7,500 × 14.29%).
In July of this year, your property was vandalized. You had a deductible casualty loss of $3,000. You spent $3,500 to put the property back in operational order. Your adjusted basis at the end of this year is $6,928. You figured this by first subtracting the first year's depreciation ($1,072) and the casualty loss ($3,000) from the unadjusted basis of $7,500. To this amount ($3,428), you then added the $3,500 repair cost.
You cannot use the table percentages to figure your depreciation for this property for this year because of the adjustments to basis. You must figure the deduction yourself. You determine the DB rate by dividing 2.00 (200%) by 7 years. The result is .28571 or 28.571%. You multiply the adjusted basis of your property ($6,928) by the declining balance rate of .28571 to get your depreciation deduction of $1,979 for this year.
If your property has a carryover basis because you acquired it in a nontaxable transfer such as a like-kind exchange or involuntary conversion, you must generally figure depreciation for the property as if the transfer had not occurred. However, see Like-kind exchanges and involuntary conversions, earlier, in chapter 3 under How Much Can You Deduct and Property Acquired in a Like-kind Exchange or Involuntary Conversion, next.
You generally must depreciate the carryover basis of property acquired in a like-kind exchange or involuntary conversion over the remaining recovery period of the property exchanged or involuntarily converted. You also generally continue to use the same depreciation method and convention used for the exchanged or involuntarily converted property. This applies only to acquired property with the same or a shorter recovery period and the same or more accelerated depreciation method than the property exchanged or involuntarily converted. The excess basis (the part of the acquired property's basis that exceeds its carryover basis), if any, of the acquired property is treated as newly placed in service property.
For acquired property that has a longer recovery period or less accelerated depreciation method than the exchanged or involuntarily converted property, you generally must depreciate the carryover basis of the acquired property as if it were placed in service in the same tax year as the exchanged or involuntarily converted property. You also generally continue to use the longer recovery period and less accelerated depreciation method of the acquired property.
If the MACRS property you acquired in the exchange or involuntary conversion is qualified property, discussed earlier in chapter 3 under What Is Qualified Property, you can claim a special depreciation allowance on the carryover basis.
Special rules apply to vehicles acquired in a trade-in. For information on how to figure depreciation for a vehicle acquired in a trade-in that is subject to the passenger automobile limits, see Deductions For Passenger Automobiles Acquired in a Trade-in under Do the Passenger Automobile Limits Apply in chapter 5.
You must depreciate MACRS property acquired by a corporation or partnership in certain nontaxable transfers over the property's remaining recovery period in the transferor's hands, as if the transfer had not occurred. You must continue to use the same depreciation method and convention as the transferor. You can depreciate the part of the property's basis that exceeds its carryover basis (the transferor's adjusted basis in the property) as newly purchased MACRS property.
The nontaxable transfers covered by this rule include the following.
-
A distribution in complete liquidation of a subsidiary.
-
A transfer to a corporation controlled by the transferor.
-
An exchange of property solely for corporate stock or securities in a reorganization.
-
A contribution of property to a partnership in exchange for a partnership interest.
-
A partnership distribution of property to a partner.
You cannot use the MACRS percentage tables to determine depreciation for a short tax year. A short tax year is any tax year with less than 12 full months. This section discusses the rules for determining the depreciation deduction for property you place in service or dispose of in a short tax year. It also discusses the rules for determining depreciation when you have a short tax year during the recovery period (other than the year the property is placed in service or disposed of).
For more information on figuring depreciation for a short tax year, see Revenue Procedure 89-15, 1989-1 C.B. 816.
The applicable convention establishes the date property is treated as placed in service and disposed of. Depreciation is allowable only for that part of the tax year the property is treated as in service. The recovery period begins on the placed-in-service date determined by applying the convention. The remaining recovery period at the beginning of the next tax year is the full recovery period less the part for which depreciation was allowable in the first tax year.
The following discussions explain how to use the applicable convention in a short tax year.
Example.
Tara Corporation, a calendar year taxpayer, was incorporated on March 15. For purposes of the half-year convention, it has a short tax year of 10 months, ending on December 31, 2007. During the short tax year, Tara placed property in service for which it uses the half-year convention. Tara treats this property as placed in service on the first day of the sixth month of the short tax year, or August 1, 2007.
-
Determine the number of days in your short tax year.
-
Determine the number of days in each quarter by dividing the number of days in your short tax year
by 4. -
Determine the midpoint of each quarter by dividing the number of days in each quarter by 2.
Example.
Tara Corporation, a calendar year taxpayer, was incorporated and began business on March 15. It has a short tax year of 9½ months, ending on December 31. During December, it placed property in service for which it must use the mid-quarter convention. This is a short tax year of other than 4 or 8 full calendar months, so it must determine the midpoint of each quarter.
-
First, it determines that its short tax year beginning March 15 and ending December 31 consists of 292 days.
-
Next, it divides 292 by 4 to determine the length of each quarter, 73 days.
-
Finally, it divides 73 by 2 to determine the midpoint of each quarter, the 37th day.
The following table shows the quarters of Tara Corporation's short tax year, the midpoint of each quarter, and the date in each quarter that Tara must treat its property as placed in service.
Quarter | Midpoint | Placed in Service |
---|---|---|
3/15 - 5/26 | 4/20 | 4/15 |
5/27 - 8/07 | 7/02 | 7/01 |
8/08 - 10/19 | 9/13 | 9/01 |
10/20 - 12/31 | 11/25 | 11/15 |
The last quarter of the short tax year begins on October 20, which is 73 days from December 31, the end of the tax year. The 37th day of the last quarter is November 25, which is the midpoint of the quarter. November 25 is not the first day or the midpoint of November, so Tara Corporation must treat the property as placed in service in the middle of November (the nearest preceding first day or midpoint of that month).
To figure your MACRS depreciation deduction for the short tax year, you must first determine the depreciation for a full tax year. You do this by multiplying your basis in the property by the applicable depreciation rate. Then, determine the depreciation for the short tax year. Do this by multiplying the depreciation for a full tax year by a fraction. The numerator (top number) of the fraction is the number of months (including parts of a month) the property is treated as in service during the tax year (applying the applicable convention). The denominator (bottom number) is 12. See Depreciation After a Short Tax Year, later, for information on how to figure depreciation in later years.
Example 1—half-year convention.
Tara Corporation, with a short tax year beginning March 15 and ending December 31, placed in service on March 16 an item of 5-year property with a basis of $1,000. This is the only property the corporation placed in service during the short tax year. Tara does not elect to claim a section 179 deduction and the property does not qualify for a special depreciation allowance. The depreciation method for this property is the 200% declining balance method. The depreciation rate is 40% and Tara applies the half-year convention.
Tara treats the property as placed in service on
August 1. The determination of this August 1 date is explained in the example illustrating the half-year convention under
Using the Applicable
Convention in a Short Tax Year, earlier. Tara is allowed 5 months of depreciation for the short tax year that consists of 10 months. The
corporation first multiplies the basis ($1,000) by 40% (the declining balance rate) to get the depreciation for a full tax
year of $400. The
corporation then multiplies $400 by 5/12 to get the short tax year depreciation of $167.
Example 2—mid-quarter convention.
Tara Corporation, with a short tax year beginning March 15 and ending on December 31, placed in service on October 16 an item of 5-year property with a basis of $1,000. Tara does not elect to claim a section 179 deduction and the property does not qualify for a special depreciation allowance. The depreciation method for this property is the 200% declining balance method. The depreciation rate is 40%. The corporation must apply the mid-quarter convention because the property was the only item placed in service that year and it was placed in service in the last 3 months of the tax year.
Tara treats the property as placed in service on September 1. This date is shown in the table provided in the example illustrating the mid-quarter convention under Using the Applicable Convention in a Short Tax Year, earlier, for property that Tara Corporation placed in service during the quarter that begins on August 8 and ends on October 19. Under MACRS, Tara is allowed 4 months of depreciation for the short tax year that consists of 10 months. The corporation first multiplies the basis ($1,000) by 40% to get the depreciation for a full tax year of $400. The corporation then multiplies $400 by 4/12 to get the short tax year depreciation of $133.
If you have a short tax year after the tax year in which you began depreciating property, you must change the way you figure depreciation for that property. If you were using the percentage tables, you can no longer use them. You must figure depreciation for the short tax year and each later tax year as explained next.
You can use either of the following methods to figure the depreciation for years after a short tax year.
-
The simplified method.
-
The allocation method.
You must use the method you choose consistently.
Example.
Assume the same facts as in Example 1 under Property Placed in Service in a Short Tax Year, earlier. The Tara Corporation claimed depreciation of $167 for its short tax year. The adjusted basis on January 1 of the next year is $833 ($1,000 - $167). Tara's depreciation for that next year is 40% of $833, or $333.
Example.
Assume the same facts as in Example 1 under Property Placed in Service in a Short Tax Year, earlier. The Tara Corporation's first tax year after the short tax year is a full year of 12 months, beginning January 1 and ending December 31. The first recovery year for the 5-year property placed in service during the short tax year extends from August 1 to July 31. Tara deducted 5 months of the first recovery year on its short-year tax return. Seven months of the first recovery year and 5 months of the second recovery year fall within the next tax year. The depreciation for the next tax year is $333, which is the sum of the following.
-
$233—The depreciation for the first recovery year
($400 × 7/12). -
$100—The depreciation for the second recovery year. This is figured by multiplying the adjusted basis of $600 ($1,000 - $400) by 40%, then multiplying the $240 result by 5/12.
Adjusted basis |
Amortization |
Amount realized |
Basis |
Convention |
Disposition |
Exchange |
Placed in service |
Recovery period |
Section 1245 property |
Unadjusted basis |
To make it easier to figure MACRS depreciation, you can group separate properties into one or more general asset accounts (GAAs). You then can depreciate all the properties in each account as a single item of property.
Each GAA must include only property you placed in service in the same year and that has the following in common.
-
Asset class, if any.
-
Recovery period.
-
Depreciation method.
-
Convention.
The following rules also apply when you establish a GAA.
-
No asset class. Properties without an asset class, but with the same depreciation method, recovery period, and convention, can be grouped into the same GAA.
-
Mid-quarter convention. Property subject to the mid-quarter convention can only be grouped into a GAA with property placed in service in the same quarter of the tax year.
-
Mid-month convention. Property subject to the mid-month convention can only be grouped into a GAA with property placed in service in the same month of the tax year.
-
Passenger automobiles. Passenger automobiles subject to the limits on passenger automobile depreciation must be grouped into a separate GAA.
After you have set up a GAA, you generally figure the MACRS depreciation for it by using the applicable depreciation method, recovery period, and convention for the property in the GAA. For each GAA, record the depreciation allowance in a separate depreciation reserve account.
Example.
Make & Sell, a calendar-year corporation, set up a GAA for ten machines. The machines cost a total of $10,000 and were placed in service in June 2007. One of the machines cost $8,200 and the rest cost a total of $1,800. This GAA is depreciated under the 200% declining balance method with a 5-year recovery period and a half-year convention. Make & Sell did not claim the section 179 deduction on the machines and the machines did not qualify for a special depreciation allowance. The depreciation allowance for 2007 is $2,000 [($10,000 × 40%) ÷ 2]. As of January 1, 2008, the depreciation reserve account is $2,000.
When you dispose of property included in a GAA, the following rules generally apply.
-
Neither the unadjusted depreciable basis (defined later) nor the depreciation reserve account of the GAA is affected. You continue to depreciate the account as if the disposition had not occurred.
-
The property is treated as having an adjusted basis of zero, so you cannot realize a loss on the disposition. If the property is transferred to a supplies, scrap, or similar account, its basis in that account is zero.
-
Any amount realized on the disposition is treated as ordinary income, up to the limit discussed later under Treatment of amount realized.
However, these rules do not apply to any disposition described later under Terminating GAA Treatment.
-
Permanently withdraw it from use in your trade or business or from the production of income.
-
Transfer it to a supplies, scrap, or similar account.
-
Sell, exchange, retire, physically abandon, or destroy it.
-
The unadjusted depreciable basis of the GAA plus
-
Any expensed costs for property in the GAA that are subject to recapture as depreciation (not including any expensed costs for property that you removed from the GAA under the rules discussed later under Terminating GAA Treatment), minus
-
Any amount previously recognized as ordinary income upon the disposition of other property from the GAA.
-
The section 179 deduction.
-
Amortization deductions for the following.
-
Pollution control facilities.
-
Removal of barriers for the elderly and disabled.
-
Tertiary injectants.
-
Reforestation expenses.
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Example 1.
The facts are the same as in the example under Figuring Depreciation for a GAA, earlier. In February 2008, Make & Sell sells the machine that cost $8,200 to an unrelated person for $9,000. The machine is treated as having an adjusted basis of zero.
On its 2008 tax return, Make & Sell recognizes the $9,000 amount realized as ordinary income because it is not more than the GAA's unadjusted depreciable basis ($10,000) plus any expensed cost (for example, the section 179 deduction) for property in the GAA ($0), minus any amounts previously recognized as ordinary income because of dispositions of other property from the GAA ($0).
The unadjusted depreciable basis and depreciation reserve of the GAA are not affected by the sale of the machine. The depreciation allowance for the GAA in 2008 is $3,200 [($10,000 - $2,000) × 40%].
Example 2.
Assume the same facts as in Example 1. In June 2009, Make & Sell sells seven machines to an unrelated person for a total of $1,100. These machines are treated as having an adjusted basis of zero.
On its 2009 tax return, Make & Sell recognizes $1,000 as ordinary income. This is the GAA's unadjusted depreciable basis ($10,000) plus the expensed costs ($0), minus the amount previously recognized as ordinary income ($9,000). The remaining amount realized of $100 ($1,100 - $1,000) is section 1231 gain (discussed in chapter 3 of Publication 544).
The unadjusted depreciable basis and depreciation reserve of the GAA are not affected by the disposition of the machines. The depreciation allowance for the GAA in 2009 is $1,920 [($10,000 - $5,200) × 40%].
You must remove the following property from a GAA.
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Property you dispose of in a nonrecognition transaction or an abusive transaction.
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Property you dispose of in a qualifying disposition or in a disposition of all the property in the GAA, if you choose to terminate GAA treatment.
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Property you dispose of in a like-kind exchange or an involuntary conversion.
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Property you change to personal use.
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Property for which you must recapture any allowable credit or deduction, such as the investment credit, the credit for qualified electric vehicles, the section 179 deduction, or the deduction for clean-fuel vehicles and clean-fuel vehicle refueling property placed in service before January 1, 2006.
If you remove property from a GAA, you must make the following adjustments.
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Reduce the unadjusted depreciable basis of the GAA by the unadjusted depreciable basis of the property as of the first day of the tax year in which the disposition, change in use, or recapture event occurs. You can use any reasonable method that is consistently applied to determine the unadjusted depreciable basis of the property you remove from a GAA.
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Reduce the depreciation reserve account by the depreciation allowed or allowable for the property (computed in the same way as computed for the GAA) as of the end of the tax year immediately preceding the year in which the disposition, change in use, or recapture event occurs.
These adjustments have no effect on the recognition and character of prior dispositions subject to the rules discussed earlier under Disposing of GAA Property.
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The receipt by one corporation of property distributed in complete liquidation of another corporation.
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The transfer of property to a corporation solely in exchange for stock in that corporation if the transferor is in control of the corporation immediately after the exchange.
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The transfer of property by a corporation that is a party to a reorganization in exchange solely for stock and securities in another corporation that is also a party to the reorganization.
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The contribution of property to a partnership in exchange for an interest in the partnership.
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The distribution of property (including money) from a partnership to a partner.
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Any transaction between members of the same affiliated group during any year for which the group makes a consolidated return.
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The adjusted depreciable basis of the GAA as of the beginning of your tax year in which the transaction takes place, minus
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The depreciation allowable to you for the year of the transfer.
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A transaction with a main purpose of shifting income or deductions among taxpayers in a way that would not be possible without choosing to use a GAA to take advantage of differing effective tax rates.
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A choice to use a GAA with a main purpose of disposing of property from the GAA so that you can use an expiring net operating loss or credit. For example, if you have a net operating loss carryover or a credit carryover, the following transactions will be considered abusive transactions unless there is strong evidence to the contrary.
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A transfer of GAA property to a related person.
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A transfer of GAA property under an agreement where the property continues to be used, or is available for use, by you.
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The unadjusted depreciable basis of the property, minus
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The depreciation allowed or allowable for the property figured by using the depreciation method, recovery period, and convention that applied to the GAA in which the property was included.
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The depreciation allowed or allowable for the property, including any expensed cost (such as section 179 deductions or the additional depreciation allowed or allowable for the property).
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The result of the following:
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The original unadjusted depreciable basis of the GAA (plus, for section 1245 property originally included in the GAA, any expensed cost), minus
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The total gain previously recognized as ordinary income on the disposition of property from the GAA.
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A disposition that is a direct result of fire, storm, shipwreck, other casualty, or theft.
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A charitable contribution for which a deduction is allowed.
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A disposition that is a direct result of a cessation, termination, or disposition of a business, manufacturing or other income-producing process, operation, facility, plant, or other unit (other than by transfer to a supplies, scrap, or similar account).
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A nontaxable transaction other than a nonrecognition transaction (described earlier), a like-kind exchange or involuntary conversion, or a transaction that is nontaxable only because it is a disposition from a GAA.
Example.
Sankofa, a calendar-year corporation, maintains one GAA for 12 machines. Each machine costs $15,000 and was placed in service in 2006. Of the 12 machines, nine cost a total of $135,000 and are used in Sankofa's New York plant and three machines cost $45,000 and are used in Sankofa's New Jersey plant. Assume this GAA uses the 200% declining balance depreciation method, a 5-year recovery period, and a half-year convention. Sankofa does not claim the section 179 deduction and the machines do not qualify for a special depreciation allowance. As of January 1, 2008, the depreciation reserve account for the GAA is $93,600.
In May 2008, Sankofa sells its entire manufacturing plant in New Jersey to an unrelated person. The sales proceeds allocated to each of the three machines at the New Jersey plant is $5,000. This transaction is a qualifying disposition, so Sankofa chooses to remove the three machines from the GAA and figure the gain, loss, or other deduction by taking into account their adjusted bases.
For Sankofa's 2008 return, the depreciation allowance for the GAA is figured as follows. As of December 31, 2007, the depreciation allowed or allowable for the three machines at the New Jersey plant is $23,400. As of January 1, 2008, the unadjusted depreciable basis of the GAA is reduced from $180,000 to $135,000 ($180,000 minus the $45,000 unadjusted depreciable bases of the three machines), and the depreciation reserve account is decreased from $93,600 to $70,200 ($93,600 minus $23,400 depreciation allowed or allowable for the three machines as of December 31, 2007). The depreciation allowance for the GAA in 2008 is $25,920 [($135,000 - $70,200) × 40%].
For Sankofa's 2008 return, gain or loss for each of the three machines at the New Jersey plant is determined as follows. The depreciation allowed or allowable in 2008 for each machine is $1,440 [(($15,000 - $7,800) × 40%) ÷ 2]. The adjusted basis of each machine is $5,760 (the adjusted depreciable basis of $7,200 removed from the account less the $1,440 depreciation allowed or allowable in 2008). As a result, the loss recognized in 2008 for each machine is $760 ($5,000 - $5,760). This loss is subject to section 1231 treatment. See chapter 3 of Publication 544 for information on section 1231 losses.
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The depreciation allowed or allowable for the GAA, including any expensed cost (such as section 179 deductions or the additional depreciation allowed or allowable for the GAA), minus
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The total gain previously recognized as ordinary income on the disposition of property from the GAA.
Example.
Duforcelf, a calendar-year corporation, maintains a GAA for 1,000 calculators that cost a total of $60,000 and were placed in service in 2006. Assume this GAA is depreciated under the 200% declining balance method, has a recovery period of 5 years, and uses a half-year convention. Duforcelf does not claim the section 179 deduction and the calculators do not qualify for a special depreciation allowance. In 2007, Duforcelf sells 200 of the calculators to an unrelated person for $10,000. The $10,000 is recognized as ordinary income.
In March 2008, Duforcelf sells the remaining calculators in the GAA to an unrelated person for $35,000. Duforcelf decides to end the GAA.
On the date of the disposition, the adjusted depreciable basis of the account is $23,040 (unadjusted depreciable basis of $60,000 minus the depreciation allowed or allowable of $36,960). In 2008, Duforcelf recognizes a gain of $11,960. This is the amount realized of $35,000 minus the adjusted depreciable basis of $23,040. The gain subject to recapture as ordinary income is limited to the depreciation allowed or allowable minus the amounts previously recognized as ordinary income ($36,960 - $10,000 = $26,960). Therefore, the entire gain of $11,960 is recaptured as ordinary income.
An election to include property in a GAA is made separately by each owner of the property. This means that an election to include property in a GAA must be made by each member of a consolidated group and at the partnership or S corporation level (and not by each partner or shareholder separately).
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You include in the GAA property that generates foreign source income, both United States and foreign source income, or combined gross income of an FSC, a DISC, or a possessions corporation and its related supplier, and that inclusion results in a substantial distortion of income.
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You remove property from the GAA as described under Terminating GAA Treatment, earlier.
Disposition |
Nonresidential real property |
Recapture |
Residential rental property |
When you dispose of property that you depreciated using MACRS, any gain on the disposition generally is recaptured (included in income) as ordinary income up to the amount of the depreciation previously allowed or allowable for the property. Depreciation, for this purpose, includes the following.
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Any section 179 deduction claimed on the property.
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Any deduction under section 179B of the Internal Revenue Code for capital costs to comply with Environmental Protection Agency sulfur regulations.
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Any deduction under section 179C of the Internal Revenue Code for certain qualified refinery property placed in service after August 8, 2005.
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Any deduction under section 179D of the Internal Revenue Code for certain energy efficient commercial building property placed in service after December 31, 2005.
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Any deduction under section 179E of the Internal Revenue Code for qualified advanced mine safety equipment property placed in service after December 20, 2006.
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Any deduction under section 190 of the Internal Revenue Code for removal of barriers to the disabled and the elderly.
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Any deduction under section 193 of the Internal Revenue Code for tertiary injectants.
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Any special depreciation allowance previously allowed or allowable for the property (unless you elected not to claim it).
There is no recapture for residential rental and nonresidential real property unless that property is qualified property for which you claimed a special depreciation allowance. For more information on depreciation recapture, see Publication 544.
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