USGCRP Home Archives April 2005 - May 2005 | | Search |
April 2005 - May 2005 |
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Atmospheric Composition | The Global Carbon Cycle | Land-Use / Land-Cover Change | The Global Water Cycle |
For documents from the Intergovern-
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2006 NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Program. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate and Global Change Program seeks to provide an effective national climate service based on the development and application of global and regional climate forecast information.(link posted 3 June 2005) US Department of State names UCI atmospheric scientist a Jefferson Science Fellow. Press release (dtd 25 May 2005) from U.S. Dept of State. U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has announced that Michael Prather, an internationally recognized UC Irvine expert on global climate change, is one of only five 2005-06 Jefferson Science Fellows selected by the U.S. Department of State. (link posted 3 June 2005) News Tips: NASA presentations at Annual 2005 Joint Assembly Meeting. Press release (dtd 20 May 2005) from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. (link posted 3 June 2005)
Antarctica – an awakening giant?. Press release (dtd 19 May 2005) from British Antarctic Survey, discussing the "crucial role that Antarctica plays in global climate change and its future contribution to sea-level rise." (link posted 3 June 2005) Envisat making sharpest ever global Earth map. Press release (dtd 5 May 2005) from European Space Agency. (link posted 3 June 2005)
Federal Climate Change Expenditures Report to Congress [PDF]. Report (March 2005) from the White House Office of Management and Budget. (link posted 3 June 2005) Introductory geoscience enrollments in the United States. Press release (dtd 31 Mar 2005) from AGI. The American Geological Institute (AGI) has released a report on the state of introductory geoscience enrollment in the United States during the 2003-2004 academic year.(link posted 3 June 2005) Earth Science and Applications from Space: Urgent Needs and Opportunities to Serve the Nation (link to prepublication PDF file available from U.S. Congress, House, Science Committee). Report (released 28 April 2005) from Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Community Assessment and Strategy for the Future, National Research Council. The House Science Committee held a hearing on 28 April 2005 to discuss the report. See committee Web site for statements, testimony, and extensive additional material. (links posted 3 June 2005) The Future of U.S. Earth Science Space Missions. Press release (dtd 27 Apr 2005) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). (link posted 3 June 2005) AGU Journal Highlights - 27 April 2005. Press release (dtd 27 Apr 2005) from the American Geophysical Union (AGU). (link posted 3 June 2005) NOAA Highlights Details of New Polar-Orbiting Satellite. Press release (dtd 25 Apr 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA. (link posted 3 June 2005) United States Marks 35th Anniversary of Earth Day. Media note (dtd 21 Apr 2005) from the United States Department of State. (link posted 3 June 2005) Bridging the Gap Between Earth and Space. Press release (dtd 20 Apr 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (link posted 3 June 2005) NOAA’s Climate Postdoctoral Fellowship Marks 100th Appointment Milestone. Press release (dtd 19 Apr 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (link posted 3 June 2005) AGU Journal Highlights - 14 April 2005. Press release (dtd 14 Apr 2005) from the American Geophysical Union (AGU). (link posted 3 June 2005) NCAR Selects IBM Blue Gene Supercomputer. Press release (dtd 14 Apr 2005) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). (link posted 3 June 2005) NOAA Teacher at Sea Program Releases its First Children's Book. Press release (dtd 8 Apr 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (link posted 3 June 2005)
Federal Climate Change Expenditures Report to Congress [PDF]. Report (March 2005) from the White House Office of Management and Budget. (link posted 3 June 2005) Introductory geoscience enrollments in the United States. Press release (dtd 31 Mar 2005) from AGI. The American Geological Institute (AGI) has released a report on the state of introductory geoscience enrollment in the United States during the 2003-2004 academic year.(link posted 3 June 2005) Changes in the Arctic: Consequences for the World. Feature (dtd 24 Jan 2005) from NASA. (link posted 3 June 2005) Strategic Plan for the U.S. Integrated Earth Observation System. [PDF] Report (dtd April 2005) from the Interagency Working Group on Earth Observations Climate Change Assessment: Administration Did Not Meet Reporting Deadline [PDF]. Report (dtd 14 April 2005; publicly released 22 April 2005) from the U.S. Congress, Government Accountability Office. (posted 22 April 2005) Funding Opportunity Announcement: NOAA Climate and Global Change Program for FY 2006. Announcement published in the Federal Register on 22 April 2005 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Letter of Intent Due Date: May 20, 2005. See also: (links posted 22 April 2005)
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Study Reveals Smog Clearing Properties Of Atmosphere. Press release (12 May 2005) from University of California, San Diego. See also Atmosphere may cleanse itself better than previously thought. press release (dtd 12 May 2005 ) from Purdue University. (link posted 3 June 2005) Large Ozone Losses Over the Arctic. Press release (26 Apr 2005) from the University of Cambridge. See also Low temperatures in the Arctic stratosphere has led to severe ozone loss during the spring of 2005 [PDF], press release (25 April 2005) from European Geophysical Union (EGU). (links posted 3 June 2005) NASA, EPA, NOAA Monitor Air Quality For Earth Day, Every Day. Feature article (dtd 22 April 2005) from NASA. (link posted 3 June 2005) Reduced Oxygen Contributed to “Great Dying”. Article (dtd 14 Apr 2005) from the National Science Foundation (NSF) News. (link posted 3 June 2005) |
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(See also Carbon Cycle section)
Shift of Weather Patterns Necessitates Rethinking of Reforestation Methods. Press release (dtd 27 May 2005) from Texas A & M Univ. System Agriculture Program. (link posted 3 June 2005) Marshes Tell Story of Medieval Drought, Little Ice Age, and European Settlers near New York City. Feature article (dtd 18 May 2005) from NASA. (link posted 3 June 2005) Human-modified temperatures induce species changes: Joint attribution. Article by Terry L. Root, Dena P MacMynowski, Michael D. Mastrandrea, and Stephen H. Schneider in the 17 May 2005 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. (link posted 3 June 2005) Fish get hooked on cooler waters. "North Sea species are moving towards the Arctic to dodge climate change." Article (dtd 12 May 2005) from news@nature.com. (link posted 3 June 2005) As world warms, vegetation changes may influence extreme weather. Press release (9 May 2005) from Purdue University. (link posted 3 June 2005) Earth & Sky. Daily science radio series, currently funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Both transcripts & audio files are provided. (link posted 3 June 2005)
Study Offers Clues on Forest Response to Climate Change. Press Release (dtd 28 Apr 2005) from the United States Department of State. (link posted 3 June 2005) Royal Society Study on Adaptability of Fish to Warming Oceans. Press release (dtd 26 Apr 2005) from Royal Society. (link posted 3 June 2005) Biosphere is Source, Not Sink, for Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Study Shows. Press release (dtd 25 Apr 2005) from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (link posted 3 June 2005) Low Level of Extinction During Ice Age Linked to Adaptability. Press release (dtd 25 Apr 2005) from Johns Hopkins University. (link posted 3 June 2005) When Snow Melts, Ocean Plants Bloom. News article (dtd 21 Apr 2005) from NASA's Earth Observatory. (link posted 3 June 2005) Even Slight Warming Harms Some Species, Experts Say. Article (dtd 20 Apr 2005) from National Geographic News. (link posted 3 June 2005) Earth & Sky. Daily science radio series, currently funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Both transcripts & audio files are provided. (link posted 3 June 2005)
Reduced Oxygen Contributed to “Great Dying”. Article (dtd 14 Apr 2005) from the National Science Foundation (NSF) News. (link posted 3 June 2005) Evidence of Short-Term Changes in Sea Level Found in Coral Record. Press release (dtd 14 Apr 2005) from the Earth Institute at Columbia University. (link posted 2 June 2005) Arctic Lakes Track Warming Since 1850. News article (dtd 13 Apr 2005) from Environmental Science & Technology. (link posted 3 June 2005) The Academy of Natural Sciences Investigates Effects of Climate Change on Delaware Tidal Marshes. Press release (dtd 13 Apr 2005) from the National Academy of Natural Sciences (NAS). (link posted 3 June 2005) Currents Could Disrupt Ocean Food Chain. Press release (dtd 12 Apr 2005) from Oregon State University. (link posted 3 June 2005) Study Indicates Thirsty Plants Keep Deserts' Subsurface Dry. Press release (dtd 11 Apr 2005) from the University of Texas, Austin. (link posted 3 June 2005) Climate-Driven Regime Shifts in the Biological Communities of Arctic Lakes. Research article (dtd 28 Feb 2005) from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PANS) of the United States of America. (link posted 3 June 2005) Niño Forecasting Could Aid Fisheries Management, Disease Control, Marine Species Protection. Press release (dtd 20 Feb 2005) from Duke University. (link posted 3 June 2005) For Sardine and Anchovy, El Niño Events Do Not Always Have the Same Effects. Scientific bulletin (dtd Jan 2005) from l'Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD). (link posted 3 June 2005) |
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Research Experience in Carbon Sequestration. "First of-its-kind, high-level summer research program on carbon sequestration." To be held on 17-29 July 2005 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Sponsored by the Los Alamos National Laboratory branch of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California. (link posted 3 June 2005) United States Submits Greenhouse Gas Inventory to United Nations. Press Release (dtd 2 May 2005) from the United States Department of State. (link posted 3 June 2005) Biosphere is Source, Not Sink, for Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Study Shows. Press release (dtd 25 Apr 2005) from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (link posted 3 June 2005) Carbon Dioxide Role in Past Climate Revealed. Press Releases (dtd 11 Apr 2005) from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). (link posted 3 June 2005) Mystery On the Hudson. Press release (dtd 5 Apr 2005) from the Ecological Society of America (ESA). Discussion of "Increased carbon transport in the Hudson River: unexpected consequence of nitrogen deposition?" published in the April issue of Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. (link posted 3 June 2005) Meeting report: IPCC Expert Meeting on Emission Scenarios. [PDF] Report (dated March 2005) of meeting sponsored by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) held in Washington D.C., 12-14 January 2005.(link posted 3 June 2005) |
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Biosphere is Source, Not Sink, for Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Study Shows. Press release (dtd 25 Apr 2005) from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (link posted 3 June 2005) NOAA Finds U.S. Coastal Areas Becoming More Densely Populated. News story (dtd 31 Mar 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) NOAA Magazine. (link posted 2 June 2005) |
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Just Wrap it in Tin Foil. Segment (originally broadcast on 11 May 2005) from National Public Radio's Morning Edition. "They may not be able to do much about global warming, but the owners of a Swiss ski resort are saving their glacier the way you might save some old food: They're wrapping it in foil." (link posted 2 June 2005) Climate Crash: Abrupt Climate Change and What it Means for Our Future. Book (dtd 2005) by John D. Cox, published by Joseph Henry Press (JHP). (link posted 3 June 2005) Background Document on Impact of Climate Change, Pests and Diseases on Food Security and Poverty Reduction [PDF]. Report for Special Event on Impact of Climate Change, Pests and Diseases, 31st Session of the Committee on World Food Security, 23-26 May 2005. See also Climate change could increase the number of hungry people, press release (dtd 26 May 2005) from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (links posted 3 June 2005) Deep Freeze and Sea Breeze: Changing Land and Weather in Florida. Press release (dtd 20 May 2005) from NASA's Earth Observatory. (link posted 3 June 2005) Web site explains how climate change affects New York City. Press release (dtd 20 May 2005) from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. "A new highly-researched Web site [Climate Change Information Resources: New York Metropolitan Region] provides scientific answers to basic questions about climate change, and how such changes might impact New York City. While the site is specifically focused on the Big Apple, some of the lessons learned here apply to other urban areas." (link posted 3 June 2005) Children at risk, says Illinois agricultural economist who helped assess the world's ecosystem. Press release (dtd 6 May 2005) from the University of Illinois. A University of Illinois agricultural economist who played a role in shaping a recent assessment of the world's ecosystem and its future believes the study indicates "our children are at risk." (link posted 3 June 2005) United States Submits Greenhouse Gas Inventory to United Nations. Press Release (dtd 2 May 2005) from the United States Department of State. (link posted 3 June 2005) Climate change and river flooding in Europe [PDF]. Four-page briefing document (dtd April 2005) from the European Environment Agency. (link posted 3 June 2005) Enhancing Decision-Making through Integrated Climate Research: Alaska Region Meeting Report. [PDF] Report (undated, circa April 2005) of workshop held 18-20 February 2004 in Anchorage, Alaska. The workshop, "Enhancing Decision-Making Through Integrated Climate Research: Alaska Region Meeting", was sponsored by the Office of Global Programs (OGP), Climate and Societal Interactions Division, Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) program.(link posted 3 June 2005) NOAA’s National Weather Service Debuts New Heat/health Watch Warning System in the Seattle Area. Press release (dtd 21 Apr 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA. (link posted 2 June 2005) At Least Part of Climate Change is Man-Made. Press release (dtd 13 Apr 2005) from the University of Bonn. (links posted 3 June 2005) Web Site Provides Insight on NOAA’S Ultimate Goal: Meeting Social and Economic Needs. News story (dtd 15 Apr 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) NOAA Magazine. Announces new NOAA Economics & Social Science Web site (link posted 3 June 2005) Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis:Synthesis Report. Report (dtd March 2005) from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and Columbia University. (link posted 3 June 2005) Meeting report: IPCC Expert Meeting on Emission Scenarios. [PDF] Report (dated March 2005) of meeting sponsored by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) held in Washington D.C., 12-14 January 2005.(link posted 3 June 2005) NOAA’S Flood Forecasting Helps Save Lives And Property. News story (dtd 31 Mar 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) NOAA Magazine. (link posted 3 June 2005) NOAA Finds U.S. Coastal Areas Becoming More Densely Populated. News story (dtd 31 Mar 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) NOAA Magazine. (link posted 3 June 2005) The Rising Cost of Natural Hazards. Feature (dtd 28 March 2005) from NASA's Earth Observatory. (link posted 3 June 2005) El Niño Forecasting Could Aid Fisheries Management, Disease Control, Marine Species Protection. Press release (dtd 20 Feb 2005) from Duke University. (link posted 3 June 2005) West Africa: Meningitis Epidemics Driven by the Wind. Scientific bulletin (dtd Feb 2005) from l'Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD). (link posted 3 June 2005) Meeting report: Joint IPCC WG II & III Expert Meeting on Integration of Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development into the Fourth Assessment Report. [PDF] Report from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) meeting held in St Denis, Reunion Island, France, 16-18 February 2005. (link posted 3 June 2005) |
Nuclear approach may help climate researchers pinpoint volcanic eruptions. Press release (dtd 25 May 2005) from Penn State. "There's gold in them thar rings. Tree rings that is, and Penn State researchers are using the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor to measure gold and link the rings to volcanic eruptions." (link posted 2 June 2005) An Unfortunate Series of Global Atmospheric Greenhouse Spikes. Abstract of keynote address by Gregory J. Retallack (Univ of Oregon, Eugene) before North-Central Section, The Geological Society of America, 39th Annual Meeting (19-20 May 2005). (link posted 3 June 2005) Rock hounds sleuth rise of Earth's atmosphere. Press release (dtd 3 May 2005) from Carnegie Institution. "CSI-like" techniques, used on minerals, are revealing the steps that led to evolution of the atmosphere on Earth. President of the Mineralogical Society of America, Douglas Rumble, III, of the Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory, describes the suite of techniques and studies over the last five years that have led to a growing consensus by the scientific community of what happened to produce the protective ozone layer and atmosphere on our planet.(link posted 3 June 2005) Earth & Sky. Daily science radio series, currently funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Both transcripts & audio files are provided. (link posted 3 June 2005)
Southampton scientists unravel 8,200-year-old climate riddle. Press release (dtd 21 April 2005) from University of Southampton.(link posted 3 June 2005) Low Level of Extinction During Ice Age Linked to Adaptability. Press release (dtd 25 Apr 2005) from Johns Hopkins University. (link posted 3 June 2005) Oceanographers Collect 1.5 Million Year Record of Climate Change in Africa. Press release (dtd 18 Apr 2005) from the University of Rhode Island. (link posted 3 June 2005) Ice Adventures: Tracking Evidence of Abrupt Climate Change Across the Tropics. Lecture (15 April 2005) by Dr. Lonnie G. Thompson, Glaciologist, Ohio State University. Part of the Hot Science - Cool Talks Lecture Series of the Environmental Science Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. Archived webcast and teacher's MS PowerPoint with Notes. (link posted 2 June 2005) Reduced Oxygen Contributed to “Great Dying”. Article (dtd 14 Apr 2005) from the National Science Foundation (NSF) News. (link posted 3 June 2005) Evidence of Short-Term Changes in Sea Level Found in Coral Record. Press release (dtd 14 Apr 2005) from the Earth Institute at Columbia University. (link posted 3 June 2005) Carbon Dioxide Role in Past Climate Revealed. Press Releases (dtd 11 Apr 2005) from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). (link posted 2 June 2005) |
Up-to-Date Weather, Climate & Wildfire Summaries
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Scripps-led Global Ocean Warming Research Paper Published in Science. Press release (dtd 2 June 2005) from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, at the University of California, San Diego. Announces publication in Sciencexpress (2 June 2005) of "Penetration of Human-Induced Warming into the World's Oceans" by Tim P. Barnett et al. Climate Crash: Abrupt Climate Change and What it Means for Our Future. Book (dtd 2005) by John D. Cox, published by Joseph Henry Press (JHP). (link posted 3 June 2005) Improving the Scientific Foundation for Atmosphere-Land-Ocean Simulations: Report of a Workshop. Report (dtd 2005) from the National Academies Press. (link posted 3 June 2005) A continent split by climate change: New study projects drought in southern Africa, rain in Sahel. Press released (dtd 24 May 2005) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the National Science Foundation (NSF). (link posted 3 June 2005) Deep Freeze and Sea Breeze: Changing Land and Weather in Florida. Press release (dtd 20 May 2005) from NASA's Earth Observatory. (link posted 3 June 2005) The Hockey Stick Controversy. "New Analysis Reproduces Graph of Late 20th Century Temperature Rise." Press release (dtd 11 May 2005) from University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). (link posted 3 June 2005) As world warms, vegetation changes may influence extreme weather. Press release (9 May 2005) from Purdue University. (link posted 3 June 2005)
Salty Staircase in the Atlantic Provides Clues to Ocean Mixing. Press release (dtd 29 Apr 2005) from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (link posted 3 June 2005) NOAA, Partners Expand TAO Array into the Indian Ocean As Global Earth Observing System Grows. Press release (dtd 25 Apr 2005) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA. See also: (links posted 3 June 2005)
Global warming in a chaotic climate. Can we be sure?. "Tim Palmer, Science Chair of the UN project on Climate Variability and Predictability, talks [on 26 April 2005] about the scientific methods used to quantify uncertainty in forecasting a complex chaotic system - our climate." (link posted 3 June 2005) Global dimming: does it affect the UKCIP02 climate change scenarios? [PDF] Briefing note (Final version 21 April 2005) from the Hadley Centre, Met Office, Exeter (UK). (link posted 3 June 2005) Solar Storms, Arctic Winds Swirl in a Double Dip Cone of Ozone Loss. Press release (dtd 21 April 2005) from NASA. (link posted 3 June 2005) At Least Part of Climate Change is Man-Made. Press release (dtd 13 Apr 2005) from the University of Bonn. (link posted 3 June 2005) Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues Related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons. Report (dtd April 2005) prepared by Working Group I and Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in collaboration with the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) of the Montreal Protocol. "This Special Report describes both scientific and technical information regarding alternatives to ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) that may affect the global climate system. It addresses scientific linkages between stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change, and how the phase-out of ODSs is affecting climate change. " (links posted 3 June 2005)
Climatologists discover deep-sea secret. Press release (dtd 1 Apr 2005) from Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. "A research team from the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and the Cardiff University has shown for the first time that ocean circulation in the southern hemisphere has, in the past, adapted to sudden changes in the north. The research published in Science will enable more accurate forecasts to be made on how the oceans will react to climate change." (link posted 3 June 2005) Meeting report: IPCC Expert Meeting on Emission Scenarios. [PDF] Report (dated March 2005) of meeting sponsored by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) held in Washington D.C., 12-14 January 2005.(link posted 2 June 2005)
Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Impacts on South Asian Climate and Hydrological Cycle. Research article (dtd 4 March 2005) from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PANS) of the United States of America. (link posted 3 June 2005) Recent Atmospheric Conditions & Impacts:
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East Antarctica puts on weight. "Increased snowfall could slow sea-level rise." Article (dtd 19 May 2005) from news@nature.com. (link posted 3 June 2005) Small Glaciers in Northern California Buck Global Warming Trend. Article (dtd 6 May 2005) from NASA's Earth Observatory News. (link posted 3 June 2005) USGS Scientists Document Widespread Increases in Streamflow and Changes in the Timing. Press release (dtd 5 May 2005) from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Discusses new USGS fact sheet, Streamflow Trends in the United States (March 2005). (link posted 3 June 2005) Climate change and river flooding in Europe [PDF]. Four-page briefing document (dtd April 2005) from the European Environment Agency. (link posted 3 June 2005) Salty Staircase in the Atlantic Provides Clues to Ocean Mixing. Press release (dtd 29 Apr 2005) from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (link posted 3 June 2005) Glaciers from Antarctic Peninsula in Widespread Retreat, Science Study Says. News article (dtd 21 Apr 2005) from NASA's Earth Observatory. (link posted 3 June 2005) Antarctic Peninsula Glaciers in Widespread Retreat. Press Releases (dtd 21 Apr 2005) from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). (link posted 3 June 2005) Evidence of Short-Term Changes in Sea Level Found in Coral Record. Press release (dtd 14 Apr 2005) from the Earth Institute at Columbia University. (link posted 3 June 2005) High Water: Building a Global Flood Atlas. Feature (dtd 6 Apr 2005) from NASA's Earth Observatory. (link posted 3 June 2005) Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Impacts on South Asian Climate and Hydrological Cycle. Research article (dtd 4 March 2005) from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PANS) of the United States of America. (link posted 3 June 2005)
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